MATHEMATICS (860)

CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper I : Theory (3 hours) ……80 marks
Paper II: Project Work ……20 marks
PAPER I (THEORY) – 80 Marks
The syllabus is divided into three sections A, B and C.
Section A is compulsory for all candidates. Candidates will have a choice of attempting questions from
EITHER Section B OR Section C.

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR THE THEORY PAPER

S.No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

SECTION A: 65 MARKS

1. Relations and Functions 10 Marks

2. Algebra 10 Marks

3. Calculus 32 Marks

4. Probability 13 Marks

SECTION B: 15 MARKS
5. Vectors 5 Marks

6. Three - Dimensional Geometry 6 Marks

7. Applications of Integrals 4 Marks

OR
SECTION C: 15 MARKS
8. Application of Calculus 5 Marks

9. Linear Regression 6 Marks

10. Linear Programming 4 Marks

TOTAL 80 Marks

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 SECTION A
1. Relations and Functions  x 1 y  y 1 x 
sin-1 x  sin-1 y  sin -1 2 2

cos x  cos y  cos  xy ∓ 1 y 1 x 

(i) Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, -1 -1 -1 2 2
transitive and equivalence relations. One to
one and onto functions, inverse of a function. x y
similarly tan-1 x  tan-1 y  tan-1 , xy  1
 Relations as: 1 xy
- Relation on a set A xy
tan-1 x  tan-1 y  tan-1 , xy  1
- Identity relation, empty relation, 1 xy
universal relation. - Formulae for 2sin-1x, 2cos-1x, 2tan-1x, 3tan-
1
x etc. and application of these formulae.
- Types of Relations: reflexive,
symmetric, transitive and 2. Algebra
equivalence relation. Matrices and Determinants
 Functions: (i) Matrices
- As special relations, concept of Concept, notation, order, equality, types of
writing “y is a function of x” as y = matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose
f(x). of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric
- Types: one to one, many to one, into, matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition
onto. and multiplication and multiplication with a
scalar. Simple properties of addition,
- Real Valued function. multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-
- Domain and range of a function. commutativity of multiplication of matrices
and existence of non-zero matrices whose
- Conditions of invertibility. product is the zero matrix (restrict to square
- Invertible functions (algebraic matrices of order upto 3). Invertible matrices
functions only). and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it
exists (here all matrices will have realentries).
(ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions
(ii) Determinants
Definition, domain, range, principal value
branch. Elementary properties of inverse Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3
trigonometricfunctions. matrices), properties of determinants,
minors, co-factors and applications of
- Principal values.
- sin-1x, cos-1x, tan-1x etc
determinants in finding the area of a
x
- sin-1x = cos1 1  x2  tan1 . triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square
1  x2 matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and
number of solutions of system of linear
1 
- sin-1x= cosec1 ; sin-1x+cos-1x= and equations by examples, solving system of
x 2 linear equations in two or three variables
similar relations for cot-1x, tan-1x, etc. (having unique solution) using inverse of a
matrix.
- Types of matrices (m × n; m, n  3),
order; Identity matrix, Diagonal matrix.
- Symmetric, Skew symmetric.
- Operation – addition, subtraction,
multiplication of a matrix with scalar,

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 multiplication of two matrices 3. Calculus
(the compatibility).
(i) Continuity, Differentiability and
1 1 Differentiation. Continuity and
 1 2 differentiability, derivative of composite
E.g. 0 2   AB(say) but BA is
2 2 functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse
1 1   trigonometric functions, derivative of
not possible. implicit functions. Concept of exponential
and logarithmic functions.
- Singular and non-singular matrices.
Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential
- Existence of two non-zero matrices
functions. Logarithmic differentiation,
whose product is a zero matrix.
derivative of functions expressed in
AdjA parametric forms. Second order derivatives.
- Inverse (2×2, 3×3) A1 
A  Continuity
- Continuity of a function at a point
 Martin’s Rule (i.e. using matrices) x = a.
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 - Continuity of a function in an
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 interval.
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 - Algebra of continues function.
- Removable discontinuity.
a1 b1 c1  d 1   x  Differentiation
A  a b c  B  d  X   y
 2 2 2  2   - Concept of continuity and
a 3 b3 c3   d 3   z  differentiability of x , [x], etc.
AX = B  X  A1B - Derivatives of trigonometric
functions.
Problems based on above.
- Derivatives of exponential functions.
NOTE: The conditions for consistency of - Derivatives of logarithmic functions.
equations in two and three variables, using
matrices, are to be covered. - Derivatives of inverse trigonometric
functions - differentiation by means
 Determinants of substitution.
- Order. - Derivatives of implicit functions and
chain rule.
- Minors.
- Derivatives of Parametric functions.
- Cofactors.
- Differentiation of a function with
- Expansion. respect to another function e.g.
- Applications of determinants in finding differentiation of sinx3 with respect
the area of triangle and collinearity. to x3.
- Properties of determinants. Problems - Logarithmic Differentiation -
x⋰
based on properties of determinants. Finding dy/dx when y = x x .
- Successive differentiation up to 2nd
order.
NOTE: Derivatives of composite functions
using chain rule.

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 (ii) Applications of Derivatives - Integrals of the type f ' (x)[f (x)]n,
f (x)
Applications of derivatives: rate of change .
of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions, f (x)
tangents and normals, maxima and minima - Integration of tanx, cotx, secx,
(first derivative test motivated cosecx.
geometrically and second derivative test
given as a provable tool). Simple problems - Integration by parts.
(that illustrate basic principles and - Integration using partial fractions.
understanding of the subject as well as real- f (x)
lifesituations). Expressions of the form when
g(x)
 Equation of Tangent and Normal degree of f(x) < degree of g(x)
 Rate measure. x2 A B
E.g.  
 Increasing and decreasing functions. (x  3)(x  1) x  3 x  1
A x
 Maxima and minima. x2   B  2
- Stationary/turning points. (x  2)(x 1)2 x  1  x  12
x 1 Ax  B
- Absolute maxima/minima   C
- local maxima/minima (x  3)(x  1)
2
x  3 x 1
2

- First derivatives test and second When degree of f (x)  degree of g(x),
derivatives test x2 1  3x  1 
- Application problems based on e.g.  1   2 
x 2  3x  2  x  3x  2 
maxima and minima.
(iii) Integrals  Integrals of the type:
dx dx px  q px  q
Integration as inverse process of  , , dx,  dx
differentiation. Integration of a variety of x a
2 2
x2  a2 ax  bx  c
2
ax2  bx  c
functions by substitution, by partial
fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple and  a2  x2 dx,  x2  a2 dx,
integrals of the following types and
problems based on them.  ax2  bx  c dx, ( px  q) ax2  bx  c dx,

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus integrations reducible to the above
(without proof). Basic properties of forms.
definite integrals and evaluation of definite
dx
integrals.  a cos x  b sin x ,
 Indefinite integral dx dx dx
- Integration as the inverse of  a  b cos x ,  a  b sin x a cos x  b sin x  c ,

differentiation. (a cos x  b sin x)dx ,

- Anti-derivatives of polynomials and  c cos x  d sin x
functions (ax +b)n , sinx, cosx, sec2x, dx
cosec2x etc .  a cos x  bsin x  c
2 2

- Integrals of the type sin2x, sin3x,

sin4x, cos2x, cos3x, cos4x. 1  x2
- Integration of 1/x, ex.
1 x 4
dx ,

- Integration by substitution. dx
 1  x4 ,  tan xdx,  cot xdx etc.

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  Definite Integral - Differential equations, order and degree.
- Fundamental theorem of calculus - Formation of differential equation by
(without proof) eliminating arbitrary constant(s).
- Solution of differential equations.
- Properties of definite integrals.
- Variable separable.
- Problems based on the following
- Homogeneous equations.
properties of definite integrals are to dy
be covered. - Linear form  Py  Q where P and Q
b b dx
 f (x)dx   f (t)dt are functions of x only. Similarly, for
a a dx/dy.
b a
NOTE 1: Equations reducible to variable
separable type are included.
 f (x)dx   f (x)dx
a b
NOTE 2: The second order differential
equations are excluded.
b c b
4. Probability
 f (x)dx   f (x)dx   f (x)dx
a a c Conditional probability, multiplication theorem
where a < c < b on probability, independent events, total
probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable
b b
and its probability distribution, mean of random
 f (x)dx   f (a  b  x)dx
a a
variable.

a a
- Independent and dependent events
conditional events.
 f (x)dx   f (a  x)dx
0 0 - Laws of Probability, addition theorem,
a
multiplication theorem, conditional
2a
 2  f (x)dx,if f (2a  x)  f (x) probability.
 f (x)dx   0 - Theorem of Total Probability.
0  f (2a  x)   f (x)
 0,
- Baye’s theorem.
2 f (x)dx,if f is an even function
a
a
 - Theoretical probability distribution,
 f (x)dx   0

probability distribution function; mean of
a
0,if f is an odd function random variable.

(iv) Differential Equations SECTION B
Definition, order and degree, general and 5. Vectors
particular solutions of a differential Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction
equation. Solution of differential equations of a vector. Direction cosines and direction
by method of separation of variables ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit,
solutions of homogeneous differential zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position
equations of first order and first degree. vector of a point, negative of a vector,
Solutions of linear differential equation of components of a vector, addition of vectors,
dy
the type: +py= q, where p and q are multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position
dx vector of a point dividing a line segment in a
dx given ratio. Definition, Geometrical
functions of x or constants. + px = q,
dy Interpretation, properties and application of
scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross)
where p and q are functions of y or
product of vectors.
constants.

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 - As directed line segments. - Distance of a point from a line.
- Magnitude and direction of a vector. - Shortest distance between two lines.
- Types: equal vectors, unit vectors, zerovector.  Planes
- Position vector. - Cartesian and vector equation of aplane.
- Components of a vector. - Direction ratios of the normal to the
plane.
- Vectors in two and three dimensions.
- One point form.
- iˆ, ˆj, kˆ as unit vectors along the x, y and the - Normal form.
z axes; expressing a vector in terms of the - Intercept form.
unit vectors.
- Distance of a point from a plane.
- Operations: Sum and Difference of vectors;
- Intersection of the line and plane.
scalar multiplication of a vector.
- Angle between two planes, a line and a
- Section formula.
plane.
- Scalar (dot) product of vectors and its
7. Application of Integrals
geometrical significance.
- Cross product - its properties - area of a Application in finding the area bounded by
triangle, area of parallelogram, collinear simple curves and coordinate axes. Area
vectors. enclosed between two curves.
NOTE: Proofs of geometrical theorems by - Application of definite integrals - area
bounded by curves, lines and coordinate axes
using Vector algebra are excluded.
is required to be covered.
6. Three - dimensional Geometry - Simple curves: lines, circles/ parabolas/
ellipses, polynomial functions, modulus
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line function.
joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector
equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, SECTION C
shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian
and vector equation of a plane. Angle between 8. Application of Calculus
(i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a Application of Calculus in Commerce and
plane. Distance of a point from a plane. Economics in the following:
- Equation of x-axis, y-axis, z axis and - Cost function,
lines parallel to them.
- average cost,
- Equation of xy - plane, yz – plane,
- marginal cost and its interpretation
zx – plane.
- demand function,
- Direction cosines, direction ratios.
- revenue function,
- Angle between two lines in terms of
direction cosines /direction ratios. - marginal revenue function and its
interpretation,
- Condition for lines to be perpendicular/
parallel. - Profit function and breakeven point.
 Lines - Rough sketching of the following curves:
AR, MR, R, C, AC, MC and their
- Cartesian and vector equations of a line
mathematical interpretation using the concept
through one and two points.
of maxima & minima and increasing-
- Coplanar and skew lines. decreasing functions.
- Conditions for intersection of two lines. Self-explanatory

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 NOTE: Application involving differentiation, The project work will be assessed by the subject
increasing and decreasing function and teacher and a Visiting Examiner appointed locally
maxima and minima to be covered. and approved by the Council.
Mark allocation for each Project [10 marks]:
9. Linear Regression
- Lines of regression of x on y and y on x. Overall format 1 mark
- Scatter diagrams Content 4 marks
- The method of least squares. Findings 2 marks
- Lines of best fit. Viva-voce based on the Project 3 marks
- Regression coefficient of x on y and y on x. Total 10 marks
- b xy ×b yx = r2 , 0  bxy ×b yx  1 List of suggested assignments for Project Work:
- Identification of regression equations Section A
- Properties of regression lines. 1. Using a graph, demonstrate a function which is
- Estimation of the value of one variable using one-one but not onto.
the value of other variable from appropriate 2. Using a graph demonstrate a function which is
line of regression. invertible.
Self-explanatory
3. Construct a composition table using a binary
10. Linear Programming function addition/multiplication modulo upto 5
and verify the existence of the properties of
Introduction, related terminology such as binary operation.
constraints, objective function, optimization,
different types of linear programming (L.P.) 4. Draw the graph of y = sin-1 x (or any other inverse
problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. trigonometric function), using the graph of
problems, graphical method of solution for y = sin x (or any other relevant trigonometric
problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible function). Demonstrate the concept of mirror line
regions (bounded and unbounded), feasible and (about y = x) and find its domain and range.
infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions 5. Explore the principal value of the functionsin-
(up to three non-trivialconstraints). 1
x (or any other inverse trigonometric function)
Introduction, definition of related terminology using a unit circle.
such as constraints, objective function, 6. Find the derivatives of a determinant of the order
optimization, advantages of linear programming; of 3 x 3 and verify the same by other methods.
limitations of linear programming; application
areas of linear programming; different types of 7. Verify the consistency of the system of three
linear programming (L.P.) problems, linear equations of two variables and verify the
mathematical formulation of L.P problems, same graphically. Give its geometrical
graphical method of solution for problems in two interpretation.
variables, feasible and infeasible regions, 8. For a dependent system (non-homogeneous) of
feasible and infeasible solutions, optimum three linear equations of three variables, identify
feasible solution. infinite number of solutions.

PAPER II – PROJECT WORK – 20 Marks 9. For a given function, give the geometrical
interpretation of Mean Value theorems. Explain
Candidates will be expected to have completed two the significance of closed and open intervals for
projects, one from Section A and one from either continuity and differentiability properties of the
Section B or Section C. theorems.
10. Explain the concepts of increasing and
decreasing functions, using geometrical

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 significance of dy/dx. Illustrate with proper 25. Find the area bounded by a parabola and an
examples. oblique line.
11. Explain the geometrical significance of point of 26. Find the area bounded by a circle and an oblique
inflexion with examples and illustrate it using line.
graphs.
27. Find the area bounded by an ellipse and an
12. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples) oblique line.
the concept of local maxima and local minima
28. Find the area bounded by a circle and a circle.
using graph.
29. Find the area bounded by a parabola and a
13. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples)
parabola.
the concept of absolute maxima and absolute
minima using graph. 30. Find the area bounded by a circle and a parabola.
14. Illustrate the concept of definite integral (Any other pair of curves which are specified in
, expressing as the limit of a sum and the syllabus may also be taken.)
verify it by actual integration. Section C
15. Demonstrate application of differential equations 31. Draw a rough sketch of Cost (C), Average Cost
to solve a given problem (example, population (AC) and Marginal Cost (MC)
increase or decrease, bacteria count in a culture,
Or
etc.).
Revenue (R), Average Revenue (AR) and
16. Explain the conditional probability, the theorem
Marginal Revenue (MR).
of total probability and the concept of Bayes’
theorem with suitable examples. Give their mathematical interpretation using the
concept of increasing - decreasing functions and
17. Explain the types of probability distributions and
maxima-minima.
derive mean and variance of binomial probability
distribution for a given function. 32. For a given data, find regression equations by the
method of least squares. Also find angles
Section B
between regression lines.
18. Using Vector algebra, find the area of a 33. Draw the scatter diagram for a given data. Use it
parallelogram/triangle. Also, derive the area to draw the lines of best fit and estimate the value
analytically and verify the same.
of Y when X is given and vice-versa.
19. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of 34. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost
properties of triangles (sine/cosine rule, etc.) by applying the concept of Transportation
20. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of problem.
compound angles, e.g. sin (A + B) = Sin A Cos B 35. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost
+ Sin B Cos A, etc. and maximum nutritional value by applying the
21. Describe the geometrical interpretation of scalar concept of Diet problem.
triple product and for a given data, find the scalar 36. Using any suitable data, find the Optimum cost in
triple product. the manufacturing problem by formulating a
22. Find the image of a line with respect to a given linear programming problem (LPP).
plane.
23. Find the distance of a point from a given plane NOTE: No question paper for Project Work will be
measured parallel to a given line. set by CISCE.
24. Find the distance of a point from a line measured
parallel to a given plane.

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 SAMPLE TABLE FOR PROJECT WORK
S. No. Unique PROJECT 1 PROJECT 2 TOTAL
Identification MARKS
Number A B C D E F G H I J
(Unique ID) Teacher Visiting Average Viva-Voce Total Teacher Visiting Average Viva-Voce Total (E + J)
of the Examiner Marks by Visiting Marks Examiner Marks by Marks
candidate (A + B ÷ Examiner (C + D) (F + G ÷ Visiting (H + I)
2) 2) Examiner
7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 20 Marks

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

*Breakup of 7 Marks to be awarded separately by

Name of Teacher:
the Teacher and the Visiting Examiner is as follows:
Signature: Date
Overall Format 1 Mark
Content 4 Marks Name of Visiting Examiner
Findings 2 Marks
Signature: Date
NOTE: VIVA-VOCE (3 Marks) for each Project is to be conducted only by the Visiting Examiner, and should be based on the Project only

9
(ISC Revised Syllabus 2024) 9