CORE SUBJECT

STATITICS AND PROBABILITY

_____ Semester, SY _____________
QUARTER 2, MODULE 4
IDENTIFYING APPROPRIATE
TEST STATISTICS INVOLVING
POPULATION MEAN
Statistics and probability
Self-Learning Module
___ Semester Quarter 2 – Module 4: Identifying Appropriate Test Statistics Involving
Population Mean
First Edition, 2021

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 Lesson IDENTIFYING APPROPRIATE
TEST STATISTICS INVOLVING
POPULATION MEAN

INTRODUCTION

Hello Senior High! In this lesson you will learn to:

1. identify the appropriate form of test statistics when: (a) the population variance is
assumed to be known; (b) the population variance is assumed to be unknown; and (c) the
Central Limit Theorem is to be used; and
2. apply the concepts of test statistic on real-life problems.

You have already learned hypothesis in your past lessons and had identified. the two
kinds of hypotheses and the directionality test of hypothesis. It discussed about the notations
commonly used in formulating a hypothesis and you also accomplished activities identifying
the test hypothesis to be used after formulating null and alternative hypotheses. Now, you are
ready to determine the correct test statistics to be used in computing the results and making
decisions.
In this lesson, you will learn how to identify the test statistics to be used when the
population variance is known and unknown.

Stay focused.
 LESSON AND PRACTICES

DISCUSSION OF THE LESSON

Miss Cruz is a Senior High School teacher. Before she moves

forward to her discussion about the different test statistics to Grade
11 students, she define first the important terms in order to help
students understand and clarify the lesson. Below are the terms to
be considered:

• Population includes all of elements from a set data.

• Sample consists of one or more observations drawn from the
population.
• Sample mean (x) is the mean sample values collected.
• Population mean (µ) is the mean of all the values in the population.
If the sample is randomly selected and sample size is large, then the
sample mean would be a good estimate of population mean.
• Population standard deviation (σ) is a parameter which is a
measure of variability with fixed value calculated from every
individual in the population.
• Sample standard deviation (s) is a statistic which means that this
measure of variability is calculated from only some of the individuals
in a population.
• Population variance (σ2) in the same sense, indicates how the
population data points are spread out. It is the average of the
distances from each data point in the population to the mean,
squared.

Since Miss Cruz had already defined important things in

identifying the test statistics in hypothesis testing to her students. She is
now presenting the situation to determine those concepts when a
problem is given and how her students fully understand the terms. Below
is the example:

A Grade 12 researcher reported that the average allowance of Senior High

School students was PHP 150. A sample of 50 students has a mean allowance
of PHP 170. At α = 0.01 test, it was the claimed that the students had an
allowance of more than Php 150. The standard deviation of the population is PHP
50.
 Solution:
µ = Php 150 the average allowance of population (Senior High School students)
n = 50 the number of students taken from all Senior High School students
x = Php 170 the mean allowance of the sample
σ = Php 50 the standard deviation of the population

Based on the given problem presented by Miss Cruz, her Grade 11 students
already know how to get the data needed in choosing test statistics. So, this time,
the students will determine what test statistic is appropriate in computing the test
value in the hypothesis testing.

Test Statistics is a statistic used in statistical hypothesis testing. It is considered as a

numerical summary of data-set that reduces the data to one value that can be used to perform
the hypothesis test. It tells you how different two or more groups are from the overall population
mean predicted by a null hypothesis. It is also describes how closely the distribution predicted
under the null hypothesis of the statistical test you are using.
A test statistic is a value used to determine the probability needed in decision-making.
It is a random variable that is calculated from a sample data and used in a hypothesis test.
You can use test statistics to determine whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis and it
compares your data with what is expected under the null hypothesis.

Z-test vs T-test
In a z-test, the sample is assumed to be normally distributed. A z-score is calculated
with population parameters such as population mean and population standard deviation. It is
used to validate a hypothesis that the sample drawn belongs to the same population. Use a
z-test statistic, when the variance is known and either the distribution is normal or sample
size is large.
Like a z-test, a t-test also assumes a normal distribution of the sample. It is used
when the population variance or standard deviation are not known. Use a t-test statistic
when the variance is unknown and a sample size is less than n˂30 assuming that the
population in normal or approximately normal.

Central Limit Theorem

In Central Limit Theorem, it the population is normally distributed or the sample size is
large and the true population mean µ = µo, then z has a standard deviation. The Central Limit
Theorem (CLT), which states in part, that as sample size increases, the sampling distribution
of the mean approaches the normal distribution, regardless of the shape of the parent
population distribution. However, for the CLT to hold, sampling must be random.
When population standard deviation σ is unknown, we may still use z-score by
replacing the population standard deviation σ by its estimate, sample standard deviation s.
Since the sample is large the resulting test statistic still has a distribution that is approximately
standard normal.
In traditional method, this was very useful, as most statisticians before din not have
access to the t-table of quantities for very large number of degrees of freedom. But nowadays
with modern computer, using t-test with a very large sample size is not a problem at all.
The Central Limit Theorem does not apply when sample sizes are small. To test the
procedure you must then impose stricter assumptions on the population to give statistical
validity. One common assumption is that the population from which the sample is taken has
a normal probability distribution to begin with. Under such circumstances, if the population
𝑥− µ
standard deviation is known, then the test statistics 𝑍 = 𝜎 still has the standard normal
√𝑛
distribution.
Note: the given formula is described as:
x – for the sample mean
µ – for the population mean
σ – for the population standard deviation
n – for the number or the value of the sample size

Miss Cruz presented to her Grade11 Senior High Student the table that
shows what test statistic is appropriate when:
Population Variance Is Population Variance Is Central Limit Theorem
Known Unknown (CLT)
Population is normally Population is normally or Population may not be
distributed. nearly normally normally distributed.
distributed.
n ≥ 30 n < 30 n ≥ 30 or considered
sufficiently large
Population standard Sample standard Variance is
deviation (σ) is known. deviation (s) is known. known/unknown.
Population standard
deviation (σ) is unknown.
Use z – test by replacing
population standard
z- test t- test deviation (σ) by sample
standard deviation (s) in
the formula.

Identifying Appropriate Test Statistic

Examples:
1. A study was conducted to look at the average time of students exercise. A researcher
claimed that in average, students exercise; less than 17 hours per month. In a random
sample size n = 120, it was found that the mean time students exercise is x = 12. 6
hours per month with s = 6.43 hours per month.
 Solution: Since n = 120, which means the sample size is large and variance is
unknown. Hence, z – test is the appropriate tool. (Central Limit Theorem)

2. A manufacturer claimed that the average life of batteries used in their electronic games
is 180 hours. I type oft is known that the standard deviation of this type of battery is
25 hours. A consumer wished to test the manufacturer’s claim and accordingly tested
100 electronic games using the battery. It was found out that the mean is equal to 133
hours.
3.
Solution: The sample size (n) is extremely large which is 100 and population standard
deviation is known (25 hours therefore, z -test is the appropriate test statistic to be
used.

4. A Filipino teacher wanted to test whether the mean reading speed of students is 450
words per minute. A sample of 15 students revealed a sample mean of 440 words per
minute with a standard deviation of 5 words per minute. At 5% significance level, is
the reading speed different from 450 words per minute?

Solution: The appropriate test statistic to be used is t-test because the sample size
(n) is 15 which is less than 30 and sample standard which is 5 words per minutes was
given.

Note:
Miss Cruz reminded her students that the illustrative examples above used standard
deviation instead of variances. It means that variance is the square of the standard deviation
and conversely, the square root of the variance is the standard deviation. For this reason, if
the standard deviation is known in the problem, then basically, variance is also known.

Did you get the entire picture and clarification of your thought
about identifying appropriate test statistics involving
population mean?

PRACTICE EXERCISES
Activity 1. Appropriate Test Statistic

A. Directions: Write the z-test if the statement is a characteristic of standard normal

distribution and t-test if the given characteristic describes t-distribution.

1. It is always used for normal distribution.

2. It is also applicable if you do not know the populations standard deviation.
3. This test is often applied in large samples (n>30).
4. This is the best statistical test to use if the population standard deviation is known.
5. It is best applied if you have a limited sample size (n<30) as long as the variables are
approximately normally distributed.

Instruction: Please write your learning from the above discussion. Write your
learning in your notebook/answer sheet.

(Note: Do not copy the lessons in this module. Please write your insights using your
own words.)

Upon reading the lessons, I learned that

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and realized that
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WRITTEN WORKS

B. Direction: Identify the appropriate test statistic to be used in each problem. Write z
for z-test and t for t-test on the space provided.

1. It was known that the number of tickets purchased by students at the ticket booth for
the basketball match of two popular universities followed a distribution that has a mean
of 650 a and standard deviation of 8.5. Suppose that a few hours before the start of
one of these matches, there are 100 eager students standing in line to purchase
tickets. If there are 280 tickets remaining, what is the probability that all 100 students
will be able to purchase the tickets they want? __________
2. A sample of n =20 is selected from a normal population, x = 56 and s = 14. __________

3. The Manager of a battery manufacturing company claimed that their batteries would
last an average of 275 hours under normal use. A researcher randomly selected 20
 batteries from the production line and tested them. The tested batteries had a mean
life span of 250 hours with a standard deviation of 35 hours. Do we have enough
evidence to suggest that the claim of an average of 275 hours is false? ___________

4. Knowing from a previous study that the average of athletes is 85, an athletic adviser
asked how his volleyball players academically doing as compared to other student
athletes. After an initiative to help improve the average of student athletes, the adviser
randomly selected 15 volleyball players and found 90 as the average with standard
deviation of 1.25. ___________

5. Based on the report of the school nurse, the average weight of Grade 11 students has
increased. Five years ago, the average weight of Grade11 student was 165 lbs. with
the standard deviation 40. She took a random sample of 150 students and derived the
average weight of 160 lbs. __________

PERFORMANCE TASK
Activity 2. Complete Me
Directions: Complete the following sentences by filling each blank with the correct word or
phrase.
1. __________ is a measure of variability calculated from every individual in the
population while ___________ is calculated from only some of the individuals in a
population.
2. The number of sample for z – test is ________________ while ___________ in t –
test.
3. A z -score is calculated with population parameters such as population mean and
______________.
4. If the population standard deviation is known, use ________ and if it’s unknown, use
__________.
5. The notations that need to be considered in identifying test statistics are ___________
and ___________.
Book
Belecina, R.R., Baccay, E.S., & Mateo, E. B. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Rex Book
Store.
Caraan, Avelino Jr. S. Introduction to Statistics & Probability: Modular Approach.
Mandaluyong City: Jose Rizal University Press, 2011.
Chua, Jedd Amerson S. Soaring 21st Century Mathematics: Statistics and Probability.
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House Inc., 2016.
De Guzman, Danilo. Statistics and Probability. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc, 2017.
Punzalan, Joyce Raymond B. Senior High School Statistics and Probability. Malaysia: Oxford
Publishing, 2018.
Sirug, W. S. (2017). Statistics and Probability for Senior High School-Core Subject: A
Comprehensive Approach. MINDSHAPERS CO., INC.

Online Resources.
Your Dictionary. “Example of Hypothesis Testing.” Accessed May 23, 2020.
https://examples.youdictionary.com/examples-of-hypothesis-testing.html
 Key to Practice Exercises

Activity 1. Appropriate Test Statistic

1. z - test
2. t - test
3. z - test
4. z - test
5. t- test

B. 1. z
2. t
3. t
4. t
5. z
Activity 2. Complete Me
1. Population standard deviation, sample standard deviation
2. Greater than or equal to 30, less than 30
3. population standard deviation
4. z – test, t -test
5. σ and n