PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

CS3451 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEMS

1
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

CS3451 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEMS LTPC 3 0 0 3

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

threads

f virtual machines and Mobile OS like iOS and

Android.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 7
Computer System - Elements and organization; Operating System Overview - Objectives
and Functions - Evolution of Operating System; Operating System Structures –
Operating System Services - User Operating System Interface - System Calls – System
Programs - Design and Implementation - Structuring methods.
UNIT II PROCESS MANAGEMENT 11
Processes - Process Concept - Process Scheduling - Operations on Processes - Inter-
process Communication; CPU Scheduling - Scheduling criteria - Scheduling algorithms:
Threads - Multithread Models – Threading issues; Process Synchronization - The
Critical-Section problem - Synchronization hardware – Semaphores – Mutex - Classical
problems of synchronization - Monitors; Deadlock - Methods for handling deadlocks,
Deadlock prevention, Deadlock avoidance, Deadlock detection, Recovery from
deadlock.
UNIT III MEMORY MANAGEMENT 10
Main Memory - Swapping - Contiguous Memory Allocation – Paging - Structure of the
Page Table - Segmentation, Segmentation with paging; Virtual Memory - Demand
Paging – Copy on Write - Page Replacement - Allocation of Frames –Thrashing.
2
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

UNIT IV STORAGE MANAGEMENT 10

Mass Storage system – Disk Structure - Disk Scheduling and Management; File-System
Interface - File concept - Access methods - Directory Structure - Directory organization -
File system mounting - File Sharing and Protection; File System Implementation - File
System Structure - Directory implementation - Allocation Methods - Free Space
Management; I/O Systems – I/O Hardware, Application I/O interface, Kernel I/O
subsystem.
UNIT V VIRTUAL MACHINES AND MOBILE OS 7
Virtual Machines – History, Benefits and Features, Building Blocks, Types of Virtual
Machines and their Implementations, Virtualization and Operating-System Components;
Mobile OS - iOS and Android.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of this course, the students will be able to:
CO1 : Analyze various scheduling algorithms and process synchronization.
CO2 : Explain deadlock prevention and avoidance algorithms.
CO3 : Compare and contrast various memory management schemes.
CO4 : Explain the functionality of file systems, I/O systems, and Virtualization
CO5 : Compare iOS and Android Operating Systems.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Baer Galvin and Greg Gagne, ―Operating System
Concepts‖‖, 10th Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2018.
2. Andrew S Tanenbaum, "Modern Operating Systems", Pearson, 5th Edition, 2022 New
Delhi.
REFERENCES:
1. Ramaz Elmasri, A. Gil Carrick, David Levine, ― Operating Systems – A Spiral
Approach‖, Tata McGraw Hill Edition, 2010.

3
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

2. William Stallings, "Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles", 7th Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2018.
3. Achyut S.Godbole, Atul Kahate, ―Operating Systems‖, McGraw Hill Education, 2016.
CO‟s- PO‟s & PSO‟s MAPPING

1 - low, 2 - medium, 3 - high, „-“- no correlation

COURSE OUTCOME
At the end of course, students will have ability to

CO1 Understand the structure and functions of operating system.

CO2 Analyze and Contrast various Memory management schemes.
CO3 Analyze iOS and Android Operating Systems.
Design various scheduling algorithm ,deadlock Prevention and Avoidance
CO4
algorithms.
CO5 Create and Implement prototype File systems.
CO6 Understand the types of virtual machines and its implementation.

4
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 7
Computer System - Elements and organization; Operating System Overview -
Objectives and Functions - Evolution of Operating System; Operating System
Structures – Operating System Services - User Operating System Interface - System
Calls – System Programs - Design and Implementation - Structuring methods.
PART – A
1. List and briefly define the four main elements of a computer? [R]
 Processor – Controls the operation of the computer & performs its data
processing functions
 Main memory – Stores data & programs.it is volatile.
 I/O modules – Move data between the computer & its external environment
such as disks, communication equipment & terminals.
 System Bus – Provides for communication among processors, main memory &
I/O modules.
2. Define the two main categories of processor register? [R]
Two categories are
User- visible registers: - It Enable the machine or assembly language
programmer to minimize main memory references by optimizing register use.
Control & Status registers: - Registers used by the processor to control the
operation of the processor.
3. In general terms, what are the four distinct actions that machine instruction can
specify? [An]
 Processor – Memory
 Processor –I/O
 Data Processing
 Control

5
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

4. What is an Interrupt? [R]

 Interrupt are provided primarily as way to improve processor utilization.
 It is a mechanism by which other modules( I/O, Memory) may interrupt the
normal sequencing of the processor.
Classes of interrupts:-
 Program
 Timer
 I/O
 Hardware failure
5. How are multiple interrupt dealt with? [An]
Two approaches can be taken to dealing with interrupts
 Disabled Interrupt – Processor ignores any new interrupt request signal.
 Define Priority for interrupt – It allows an interrupt of higher priority.
6. What characteristics distinguish the various elements of a memory hierarchy?
[R]
Characteristics are
1. Cost Per bit
2. Capacity
3. Access Time
4. Frequency of access to the memory by the processo
7. What is Cache Memory? [R]
1. Cache memory is invisible to the OS
2. It interacts with other memory management hardware
3. Cache contains a copy of a portion of main memory .

6
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

8. List and briefly define 3 Techniques of I/O operation? [R]

 Programmed I/O
 Interrupt Driven I/O
 Direct memory access
9. What is the distinction b/w spatial locality & temporal locality? [An]
Temporal locality refers to the reuse of specific data and/or resources within
relatively small time durations.
Spatial locality refers to the use of data elements within relatively close storage
locations.
Sequential locality, a special case of spatial locality, occurs when data elements
are arranged and accessed linearly, e.g., traversing the elements in a one-
dimensional array.
10. Define Locality of Reference [R]
Locality of reference, also known as the principle of locality, is the phenomenon
of the same value or related storage locations being frequently accessed.
There are two basic types of reference locality.
o Temporal locality refers to the reuse of specific data and/or resources within
relatively small time durations.
o Spatial locality refers to the use of data elements within relatively close storage
locations.
o Sequential locality, a special case of spatial locality, occurs when data elements
are arranged and accessed linearly, e.g., traversing the elements in a one-
dimensional array.
11. What is an operating system? (NOV/DEC 2013) [R]
An operating system is a program that manages the computer hardware. it
act as an intermediate between a user‘s of a computer and the computer hardware. It
controls and coordinates the use of t h e hardware among the various application

7
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

programs for the various users.

12. What are the 3 objective of an OS Design? [R]
 Convenience – An OS makes a computer more convenient to use
 Efficiency -- An OS allows the system resources to be used in efficient
manner
 Ability to Evolve – An OS Constructed in such a way as to permit the effective
development, testing & introducing new function.
13. List the Services of operating system function. (NOV/DEC 2013) [R]
1. Program development
2. Program execution
3. User Interface
4. I/O Operations
5. File system Manipulation
6. Communication
7. Error Detection
8. Resource allocation
9. Accounting
10. Security
14. Define Kernel[R]
The kernel is a software code that resides in the central core of a operating
system. It has complete control over the system.
15. Define system call. (MAY/JUNE 2009, APRIL/MAY 2019) [R]
System Call provides the interface between running program and the OS
User can request any services from OS through System Call.
Categories of system call:-
 File management
 Process Management

8
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

 Inter process Communication

 I/O Device Management
 Information Processing & Maintenance
16. What is System Programs? (APRIL/MAY 2011) [R]
System programs provides an convenient environment to the user for developing
and executing the programs.
Categories:-
1. File management
2. Status Information
3. File Modification
4. Programming language support
5. Program loading & execution
6. Communication
17. What is Boot strapping? [R]
The boot program is stored on disk with predetermined address called boot sector.
The boot program then loads the operating system into memory to startup the computer
this arrangement is known as bootstrapping.
18. Difference b/w Monolithic & Microlithic. [An]

Monolithic Micro lithic

Kernel size is large Kernel size is small
OS is Complex to design OS is easy to Design Implement &
Install
Request may be serviced faster Request may be serviced slower
All OS services are included in the Kernel Provides only IPC and low level
Kernel Device management services

9
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

19. What is Multiprogramming? (MAY/JUNE 2013) [R]

Multi Programming increases CPU Utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU
always has one to execute.
Advantage:-
 It increase CPU utilization
 It makes efficient use of the CPU overlapping the demands for the CPU & I/O
devices
 Increased throughput.
 Lower response time.
20. Define Real Time System [R]
Real time system is one that must react to input & responds to them quickly. A
real time system has well defined, fixed time constants.
21.What does the CPU do when there are no user programs to run? (NOV/DEC
2011) [R]
The CPU will always do processing. Even though there are no application
programs running, the operating system is still running and the CPU will still have to
process.
22.Describe the actions taken by a kernel to context-switch between processes.
[An] (NOV/DEC 2013)
In general, the operating system must save the state of the currently running
process and restore the state of the process scheduled to be run next. Saving the state of a
process typically includes the values of all the CPU registers in addition to memory
allocation. Context switches must also perform many architecture-specific operations,
including flushing data and instruction caches.

10
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

23.What is multicore processor? [R]

Hardware has been to place multiple processor cores on the same physical chip,
resulting in a multicore processor. Each core maintains its architectural state and thus
appears to the operating system to be a separate physical processor.
24.What is memory stall? [R]
Researchers have discovered that when a processor accesses memory, it spends a
significant amount of time waiting for the data to become available. This situation,
known as a memory stall , may occur for various reasons, such as a cache miss.
25.What is Boot strapping? [R]
 The boot program is stored on disk with predetermined address called boot sector.
 The boot program then loads the operating system into memory to startup the
computer. This arrangement is known as bootstrapping.
26.Can multiple user level threads achieve better performance on a multiprocessor
system than a single processor system? Justify your answer. (MAY/JUNE 2014 )
[An]
We assume that user-level threads are not known to the kernel. In that case, the
answer is because the scheduling is done at the process level. On the other hand, some
OS allows user-level threads to be assigned to different kernel-level processes for the
purposes of scheduling. In this case the multithreaded solution could be faster
27.Mention the circumstances that would a user be better off using a time-sharing
system rather than a PC or a single user workstation? (MAY/JUNE 2014) [An]
A user is better off fewer than three situations: when it is cheaper, faster, or easier.
For example:
1. When the user is paying for management costs and the costs are cheaper for a
time-sharing system than for a single-user computer.
2. When running a simulation or calculation that takes too long to run on a single PC
or workstation.

11
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

3. When a user is travelling and doesn't have laptop to carry around, they can connect
remotely to a time-shared system and do their work.
28. Do timesharing differ from Multiprogramming? If so, How?(APR/MAY 2015)
[An]
Time Sharing: here, OS assigns some time slots to each job. Here, each job is
executed according to the allotted time slots.
Job1: 0 to 5 Job2: 5 to 10 Job3: 10 to 15
Multi-Tasking: in this operating system, jobs are executed in parallel by the
operating system. But, we can achieve this multi-tasking through multiple
processors (or) multicore CPU only.
CPU1: Job1 CPU2: Job2 CPU3: Job3
29.Why API s need to be used rather than system calls?(APR/MAY 2015) [An]
System calls are much slower than APIs (library calls) since for each system call, a
context switch has to occur to load the OS (which then serves the system call).Most
details of OS interface hidden from programmer by API Managed by run-time support
library (Set of functions built into libraries included with compiler.)
30.Describe the actions taken by a thread library to context switch between user-
level threads. [An]
The user-level threads are known only within a given process. To context switch,
we only need to save the thread-specific context: the program counter, CPU registers,
and the thread-specific stack pointer
31.What is the purpose of system programs? (May/Jun 2016) [R]
System programs can be thought of as bundles of useful system calls. They
provide basic functionality to users so that users do not need to write their own programs
to solve common problems.
32.What are the advantages of peer-to-peer systems over client-server systems?
(May/Jun 2016) [R]

12
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

 It is easy to install and so is the configuration of computers on this network, all the
resources and contents are shared by all the peers, unlike server-client architecture
where Server shares all the contents and resources.
 P2P is more reliable as central dependency is eliminated. Failure of one peer
doesn‘t affect the functioning of other peers. In case of Client –Server network, if
server goes down whole network gets affected.
 There is no need for full-time System Administrator. Every user is the
administrator of his machine. User can control their shared resources.
 The over-all cost of building and maintaining this type of network is
comparatively very less.
33.Compare and contrast DMA and cache memory. (Nov/Dec 2015) [An]
 DMA is a hardware device that can move to/from memory without using CPU
instructions.
 For instance, a hardware device (lets say, your PCI sound device) wants audio to
play back. You can either:
 Write a word at a time via a CPU mov instructions.
 Configure the DMA device. You give it a start address, a destination, and the
number of bytes to copy. The transfer now occurs while the CPU does something
else instead of spoon feeding the audio device.
 DMA can be very complex (scatter gather, etc), and varies by bus type and system.
34.Write the difference between Batch systems and Time sharing systems. (Nov/Dec
2015) [An]
 A batch is a sequence of jobs. This batch is submitted to batch processing
operating systems, and output would appear some later time in the form of a
program or as program error. To speed up processing similar jobs are batched
together.

13
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

 The major task of batch operating systems is to transfer control automatically from
one job to next. Here the operating is always in the memory.
 Time sharing or multi-tasking is a logical execution of multiprogramming.
Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU switching between them. Here the
computer system provides on line communication between the user and the
system.
 Here the CPU is never idle. Time shared operating system allows many users to
share the computer simultaneously.
 Time sharing systems requires some sort of memory management and protection.
35.How does an interrupt differ from a trap or what is the difference between trap
and interrupt? (NOV/DEC 2016) [An] (APR/MAY 2018)
An interrupt handler is called to deal with the cause of the interrupt; control is then
returned to the interrupted context and instruction. A trap is a software-generated
interrupt. An interrupt can be used to signal the completion of an I/O to obviate the
need for device polling.
36.What are the disadvantages of multiprocessor systems? (NOV/DEC 2016) [R]
 If one processor fails then it will affect in the speed
 Multiprocessor systems are expensive.
 Complex OS is required.
 It's more complex.
 It requires context switching which slightly impacts
37.Consider memory systems with a cache access time of 10 ns and a memory access
time of 110 ns-assume the memory access time includes the time to check the
cache. if the effective access time is 10 % greater than the cache access time,
What is the hit ration H? (APR/MAY 2017) [E]

14
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

38.What are the objectives of operating systems? (APR/MAY 2017) [R] (NOV/DEC
2017) [R]
An OS is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts as
an interface between applications and the computer hardware. Objectives of OS:
Convenience: An OS makes a computer more convenient to use. Efficiency: An OS
allows the computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner.
39.What is SYS GEN and system boot ?[R] (NOV/DEC 2017) (NOV/DEC 2021)
SYS GEN :It is the Short for SYStem GENeration, sysgen is a utility that enables
an operating system to configure hardware and software setups properly.
System Boot:
Booting the system is done by loading the kernel into main memory, and starting
its execution.
The CPU is given a reset event, and the instruction register is loaded with a
predefined memory location, where execution starts.
40.Mention the purpose of system calls.[R] (APR/MAY 2018)
 System calls allow user-level processes to request services of the operating system.
 If a file system requires the creation or deletion of files.
 Reading and writing from files also require a system call.
 Creation and management of new processes.
 Network connections also require system calls. This includes sending and receiving
packets.
15
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

 Access to a hardware devices such as a printer, scanner etc. requires a system call.
41.What is dual mode operation and what is the need of it?(APRIL/MAY 2019)
In monitor mode, the CPU can use all instructions and access all areas of memory.
In user mode, the CPU is restricted to unprivileged instructions and a specified area
of memory. User code should always be executed in user mode and the OS design
ensures that it is.
42.Distinguish between Multicore and Multiprocessor. (NOV/DEC 2021)
Multicore systems have a single processor with multiple processing units. These
processing units are termed cores. On the other hand, multiprocessor systems have
two or more processors. A multiprocessor system is much more reliable than a
multicore system but a multiprocessor system has a complex configuration compared
to a multicore system. Both multicore processors and multiprocessors are used to
speeding up the computing process of the system.
PART – B &C
1. Explain Operating System Structure and components. [R] (APRIL/MAY 2010,
NOV/DEC 2013)
2. Discuss multiprocessor systems in detail. [U] (MAY/JUNE 2013)
3. Explain in detail the types of system calls provided by a typical operating system.
[R] (NOV/DEC 2012)
4. Explain the purpose of system calls and discuss the calls related to device management
and communications in brief. [An] (MAY/JUNE 2014)
5. Explain the concepts of virtual machines, their implementation and benefits in
details.[An] (MAY/JUNE 2014)
6. What is a virtual machine? List out the advantages of virtualization. Explain the
creation of a Virtual machine with a architecture diagram [An] (NOV/DEC 2013)
7. Write short notes on operating system services and components. [U] (MAY/JUNE
2012)
8. Write in detail about the real time system and multiprocessor system. [U]
16
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

9. Explain the various types of System calls with an example for each?[U] (APR/MAY
2015)
10. Discuss about the functionality of system boot with respect to operating system.
[An] (APR/MAY 2015)
11. Discuss about the evolution of virtual machines. Also explain how virtualization
could be implemented in operating systems. [Ap] (APR/MAY 2015)
12. Sketch the structure of Direct Memory Access in detail. [U] (APR/MAY 2015)
13. (i) With neat sketch discuss computer system overview
(ii) Enumerate the different operating system structure and explain with neat sketch.
[U] (Nov/Dec 2015)
14. (i) State the basic functions of OS and DMA.
(ii) Explain system calls, system programs and OS generation. [U] (Nov/Dec 2015)
15.(i) Distinguish between the client-server and peer-to-peer models of distributed
systems.
(ii) Describe three general methods for passing parameters to the operating system
with example. [An] (MAY/JUNE 2016)
16.(i) How could a system be designed to allow a choice of operating systems from
which to boot? What would the bootstrap program need to do? [Ap]
(ii) Describe the differences between symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing.
What are three advantages and one disadvantage of multiprocessor systems? [An]
(MAY/JUNE 2016)
17.(i) Describe a mechanism for enforcing memory protection in order to prevent a
program from modifying the memory associated with other programs (8)[An]
(NOV/DEC 2016)
(ii)What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the same system call interface
for manipulating both files and devices? (8) [An] (NOV/DEC 2016)
18.(i) State and explain the major activities of an operating system with regard to file
management? (8) [U] (NOV/DEC 2016)
17
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

(ii) Discuss the different multiprocessor organizations with block diagrams [An] (8)
(NOV/DEC 2016)
19.(i)Explain the concept of multiprocessor and Multicore organizations (7) [U]
(APR/MAY 2017)
(ii) Discuss about direct memory access (6) [U] (APR/MAY 2017)
20.(i) Explain the various structures of an operating system (8) [U](APR/MAY 2017)
(ii)Describe system calls and system programs in detail with neat sketch (5)
[An] (APR/MAY 2017)
21. Explain Cache memory and its mapping. [U](13) (NOV/DEC 2017)
22. Describe evolution of operating system. [U](13) (NOV/DEC 2017)
23. State the operating system structure. Describe the operating-system operations in
detail. Justify the reason why the lack of a hardware-supported dual mode an cause
serious shortcoming in an operating system? (13) [U] (APR/MAY 2018)
24. i) Give reason why caches are useful. What problems do they solve? What problems
do they cause? If a cache can be made as large as the device for which it is caching why
not make it that large and eliminate the device? [An](8)
ii) Describe the major activities of operating system with regards to file management.
[U](5) (APR/MAY 2018)
25. Explain in detail the difference architecture of OS starting from simple structure,
Layered structure, micro kernel, modules and hybrid system with suitable example OS
structures, including Google‘s android. (13) (APR/MAY 2019)
26. (i) Discuss the pros and cons of single processor system, multi core system and
clustered system. (8)
(ii) Explain the steps involved to transfer the stored historical information in a
magnetic tapes to the CPU for further processing through various storage device.(5)
(APR/MAY 2019)
27. (i) Explain important and need of cache with its working principle. (7) (NOV/DEC
2021)
18
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

(ii) What is function of DMA operation? Explain with neat diagram. (6)
28. (i) Discuss in detail about the varies memory hierarchies with neat block diagram. (7)
(ii) Discuss about the functionality of system boot with respect to operating
system. (6) (NOV/DEC 2021)

19
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

UNIT II PROCESS MANAGEMENT 11

Processes - Process Concept - Process Scheduling - Operations on Processes - Inter-
process Communication; CPU Scheduling - Scheduling criteria - Scheduling
algorithms: Threads - Multithread Models – Threading issues; Process
Synchronization - The Critical-Section problem - Synchronization hardware –
Semaphores – Mutex - Classical problems of synchronization - Monitors; Deadlock -
Methods for handling deadlocks, Deadlock prevention, Deadlock avoidance, Deadlock
detection, Recovery from deadlock.

PART – A
1. Define Process?[R]
A Process can be thought of as a program in execution. A process will need certain
resources such as CPU time, memory, files & I/O devices to accomplish its task.
Draw & briefly explain the process states?[U] or Name and draw five different
process states with proper definition. (NOV/DEC 2017)

New- The process is being created.

Running – Instructions are being executed
Waiting – The process is waiting for some event to occur
Ready – The process is waiting to be assigned a processor
20
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

Terminated - the process has finished execution

2. What is process control block? List out the data field associated with PCB.
(APR/MAY2015)[R]
Each process is represented in the operating system by a process control block also called
a task control block. (PCB) also called a task control block.

Process state
Process number
Program counter
CPU registers
Memory limits
List of open files
CPU scheduling information
Memory management information
Accounting information
I/O status information

3. What is meant by context switching?[R]

Switching the CPU to another process requires saving the state of the old process and lo
ading the savetthe state for the new process. This task is known as context switch.
4. Define co- operating process and independent process.[R]
Independent process:
o A process is independent if it cannot affect or be affected by the other processes
executing in the system.
o A process that does not share data with any other process is independent.
Cooperating process:
o A process is co-operating if it can affect or be affected by other processes
executing in the system.
o Any process that shares data with any other process is cooperating.
21
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

5. What are the benefits of multithreaded programming? [R]

The benefits of multithreaded programming can be broken down into four major categ
ories
 Responsiveness
 Resource sharing
 Economy scalability
 Utilization of multiprocessor architectures.
6. What is a thread?[R]
A thread otherwise called a lightweight process (LWP) is a basic unit of CPU uti
lization, it comprises of a thread id, a program counter, a register set and a stack. It shares
with otherthreads belonging to the same process its code section, data section, and opera
ting system resources such as open files and signals.

7. Under What circumstances CPU scheduling decision takes place.[An]

(1) When a process switches from running state to waiting state
(2) When a process switches from running state to ready state.
(3) When a process switches from running state to waiting state to ready state
(4) When a process terminates.

22
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

8. What are the various scheduling criteria for CPU scheduling?[R]

The various scheduling criteria are
 CPU utilization
 Throughput
 Turnaround time
 Waiting time
 Response time
9. Write down the definition of TestAndSet() Instruction.[R]
boolean TestAndSet (boolean &target)
{
boolean rv = *target;
*target = true;
return rv;
}
10. Define busy waiting and spinlock. [R]
Busy waiting:-
When a process is in its critical section, any other process that tries to enter its critical s
ection must loop continuously in the entry code. This is called as busy waiting.
Spinlock:-
Busy waiting waster CPU cycles that some other process might be able to use
productively. This type of semaphore is also called a spinlock because the process
―spin‖ while waiting for the lock.
11. What is mean by monitors?[R]
A high level synchronization construct. A monitor type is an ADT which presents set of
programmer define operations that are provided mutual exclusion within the monitor.

23
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

12. What are the characterizations of deadlock?[R]

1. Mutual exclusion: only one process at a time can use a resource.
2. Hold and wait: a process holding at least one resource is waiting to acquire
additional resources held by other processes.
3. No preemption: a resource can be released only voluntarily by the process holding
it, after that process has completed its task.
4. Circular wait: there exists a set {P0, P1, …, P0} of waiting processes such that P0
is waiting for a resource that is held by P1, P1 is waiting for a resource that is
held by P2, …, Pn–1 is waiting for a resource that is held by Pn, and P0 is
waiting for a resource that is held by P0.Deadlock can arise if four conditions
hold simultaneously.
13. Differentiate a Thread form a Process. (NOV/DEC 2012)[An]
Threads
 Will by default share memory
 Will share file descriptors
 Will share file system context
 Will share signal handling
Processes
 Will by default not share memory

24
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

 Most file descriptors not shared

 Don't share file system context
 Don't share signal handling
14. What are the difference b/w user level threads and kernel level threads? (MAY
/JUNE 2012) (MAY/ JUNE 2016) (NOV/DEC 2015)[An]
User threads
User threads are supported above the kernel and are implemented by a thread library
at the user level. Thread creation & scheduling are done in the user space, without
kernel intervention. Therefore they are fast to create and manage blocking system call
will cause the entire process to block
Kernel threads
Kernel threads are supported directly by the operating system .Thread creation,
scheduling and management are done by the operating system. Therefore they are
slower to create & manage compared to user threads. If the thread performs a blocking
system call, the kernel can schedule another thread in the application for execution
15. What is the use of fork and exec system calls?[R]
Fork is a system call by which a new process is created. Exec is also a system call,
which is used after a fork by one of the two processes to place the process memory space
with a new program.
16. Define thread cancellation & target thread.[R]
The thread cancellation is the task of terminating a thread before it has completed. A
thread that is to be cancelled is often referred to as the target thread. For example, if
multiple threads are concurrently searching through a database and one thread returns the
result, the remaining threads might be cancelled.
17. What are the different ways in which a thread can be cancelled?[An]
Cancellation of a target thread may occur in two different scenarios:
• Asynchronous cancellation: One thread immediately terminates the target thread

25
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

is called asynchronous cancellation.

• Deferred cancellation: The target thread can periodically check if it should
terminate, allowing the target thread an opportunity to terminate itself in an orderly
fashion.
18. Define PThreads[R]
PThreads refers to the POSIX standard defining an API for thread creation and
synchronization. This is a specification for thread behavior, not an implementation.
19. What is critical section problem?[R]
Consider a system consists of 'n' processes. Each process has segment of code called
a critical section, in which the process may be changing common variables, updating a
table, writing a file. When one process is executing in its critical section, no other
process can be allowed to execute in its critical section.
21.What are the requirements that a solution to the critical section problem must
satisfy?[R]
The three requirements are
 Mutual exclusion
 Progress & Bounded waiting
22.Define mutual exclusion. (MAY/JUNE 2013)[R]
Mutual exclusion refers to the requirement of ensuring that no two process or threads
are in their critical section at the same time.
i.e. If process Pi is executing in its critical section, then no other processes can be
executing in their critical sections.
23. Define entry section and exit section.[R]
The critical section problem is to design a protocol that the processes can use to
cooperate. Each process must request permission to enter its critical section.
Entry Section: The section of the code implementing this request is the entry section.
Exit Section: The section of the code following the critical section is an exit section.

26
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

The general structure:

do {
entry section
critical section
exit section
remainder section
} while(1);
24. Give two hardware instructions and their definitions which can be used for
implementing mutual exclusion.[An]
TestAndSet
boolean TestAndSet (boolean &target)
{
boolean rv = target;
target = true;
return rv;
}
Swap
void Swap (boolean &a, boolean &b)
{
boolean temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
25. What is semaphore? Mention its importance in operating system. (APRIL/MAY
2010, NOV/DEC 2012)[R]
A semaphore 'S' is a synchronization tool which is an integer value that, apart
from initialization, is accessed only through two standard atomic operations; wait and

27
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

signal. Semaphores can be used to deal with the n-process critical section problem. It
can be also used to solve various Synchronization problems.
26. How the mutual exclusion may be violated if the signal and wait operations are
not executed automatically (MAY/JUNE 2014)[An]
A wait operation atomically decrements the value associated with a semaphore. If two
wait operations are executed on a semaphore when its value is1, if the two operations are
not performed atomically, then it is possible that both operations might proceed to
decrement the semaphore value, thereby violating mutual exclusion
27. Define CPU scheduling.[R]
CPU scheduling is the process of switching the CPU among various processes. CPU
scheduling is the basis of multi programmed operating systems. By switching the CPU
among processes, the operating system can make the computer more productive.
28. What is preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling? [An] (NOV/DEC 2008
,APRIL/MAY2010, MAY /JUNE 2012)
Under non preemptive scheduling once the CPU has been allocated to a process,
the process keeps the CPU until it releases the CPU either by terminating or switching
to the waiting state.
Preemptive scheduling can preempt a process which is utilizing the CPU in
between its execution and give the CPU to another process.
29. What is a Dispatcher?[R]
The dispatcher is the module that gives control of the CPU to the process selected by
the short-term scheduler. This function involves:
 Switching context.
 Switching to user mode.
 Jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that program.
30. Define the term „dispatch latency‟ (APR/MAY 2015)[R]
The time taken by the dispatcher to stop one process and start another running

28
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

is known as dispatch latency.

31. Define throughput?[R]
Throughput in CPU scheduling is the number of processes that are completed per
unit time. For long processes, this rate may be one process per hour; for short
transactions, throughput might be 10 processes per second.
32. What is turnaround time? (NOV/DEC 2013)[R]
Turnaround time is the interval from the time of submission to the time of
completion of a process. It is the sum of the periods spent waiting to get into
memory, waiting in the ready queue, executing on the CPU, and doing I/O.
33. Define race condition.[R]
When several process access and manipulate same data concurrently, then the outcome
of the execution depends on particular order in which the access takes place is called
race condition. To avoid race condition, only one process at a time can manipulate the
shared variable.
34. Write the four situations under which CPU scheduling decisions take place
(MAY/JUNE 2014) [R]
CPU scheduling decisions take place under one of four conditions:
 When a process switches from the running state to the waiting state, such as for an
I/O request or invocation of the wait ( ) system call.
 When a process switches from the running state to the ready state, for example in
response to an interrupt.
 When a process switches from the waiting state to the ready state, say at
completion of I/O or a return from wait ( ).
 When a process terminates.
35. Define deadlock. (APRIL/MAY 2010)[R]
A process requests resources; if the resources are not available at that time, the
process enters a wait state. Waiting processes may never again change state, because the

29
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

resources they have requested are held by other waiting processes. This situation is called
a deadlock.
36. What is the sequence in which resources may be utilized?[R]
Under normal mode of operation, a process may utilize a resource in the following
sequence:
 Request: If the request cannot be granted immediately, then the requesting
process must wait until it can acquire the resource.
 Use: The process can operate on the resource.
 Release: The process releases the resource.
37. What are conditions under which a deadlock situation may arise? (MAY/JUNE
2009 , MAY/JUNE 2012, MAY/JUNE 2013) (NOV/DEC 2013) [R]
A deadlock situation can arise if the following four conditions hold simultaneously
in a system:
a. Mutual exclusion
b. Hold and wait
c. No pre-emption
d. Circular wait
38. What is a resource-allocation graph? [R]
Resource allocation graph is directed graph which is used to describe deadlocks.
This graph consists of a set of vertices V and a set of edges E. The set of vertices V is
partitioned into two different types of nodes; P the set consisting of all active processes
in the system and R the set consisting of all resource types in the system.
39. Define request edge and assignment edge. [R]
A directed edge from process Pi to resource type Rj (denoted by Pi → Rj) is called
as request edge; it signifies that process Pi requested an instance of resource type Rj and
is currently waiting for that resource. A directed edge from resource type Rj to process
Pi (denoted by Rj → Pi) is called an assignment edge; it signifies that an instance of

30
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

resource type has been allocated to a process Pi.

40. What are the methods for handling deadlocks? (APRIL/MAY 2011)[R]
The deadlock problem can be dealt with in one of the three ways:
1. Use a protocol to prevent or avoid deadlocks, ensuring that the system will never enter
a deadlock state.
2. Allow the system to enter the deadlock state, detect it and then recover.
3. Ignore the problem all together, and pretend that deadlocks never occur in the system.
41. How real-time Scheduling does differs from normal scheduling? (NOV/DEC
2012) [R]
In a normal Scheduling, we have two types of processes. User process & kernel
Process. Kernel processes have time constraints. However, user processes do not have
time constraints.
In a RTOS, all process are Kernel process & hence time constraints should be
strictly followed. All process/task (can be used interchangeably) are based on priority
and time constraints are important for the system to run correctly.
42. What do you meant by short-term scheduler (NOV/DEC 2010) [R]
The selection process is carried out by the short-term scheduler or CPU scheduler.
The scheduler selects the process form the process in memory that is ready to execute
and allocates the CPU to the process.
43. What is the concept behind strong semaphore and spinlock? (NOV/DEC 2015)
[R]
A spinlock is one possible implementation of a lock, namely one that is
implemented by busy waiting ("spinning"). A semaphore is a generalization of a lock (or,
the other way around, a lock is a special case of a semaphore). Usually, but not
necessarily, spinlocks are only valid within one process whereas semaphores can be used
to synchronize between different processes, too.
A semaphore has a counter and will allow itself being acquired by one or several
threads, depending on what value you post to it, and (in some implementations)
31
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

depending on what its maximum allowable value is.

43. What is the meaning of the term busy waiting? (May/Jun 2016) [R]
Busy waiting means that a process is waiting for a condition to be satisfied in a
tight loop without relinquish the processor. Alternatively, a process could wait by
relinquishing the processor, and block on a condition and wait to be awakened at some
appropriate time in the future.
44. Distinguish between CPU-bounded and I/O bounded processes (NOV/DEC
2016) [An]
CPU Bound means the rate at which process progresses is limited by the speed of
the CPU. A task that performs calculations on a small set of numbers, for example
multiplying small matrices, is likely to be CPU bound.
I/O Bound means the rate at which a process progresses is limited by the speed of the I/O
subsystem. A task that processes data from disk, for example, counting the number of
lines in a file is likely to be I/O bound.
45. What resources are required to create threads (NOV/DEC 2016) [R]
When a thread is created, the thread does not require any new resources to execute
the thread shares the resources like memory of the process to which they belong. The
benefit of code sharing is that it allows an application to have several different threads of
activity all within the same address space.
46.”Priority inversion is a condition that occurs in real time systems where a low
priority process is starved because higher priority processes have gained hold of the
CPU”-Comment on this statement. (APR/MAY 2017) [An]
Priority inversion is a problematic scenario in scheduling in which a high priority
task is indirectly preempted by a lower priority task effectively "inverting" the relative
priorities of the two tasks. This violates the priority model that high priority tasks can
only be prevented from running by higher priority tasks and briefly by low priority tasks
which will quickly complete their use of a resource shared by the high and low priority
tasks.
32
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

47. Differentiate single threaded and multi-threaded processes. (APR/MAY 2017)

[An]
S. Multithreaded Programming Single Threaded Programming
No.
1 In this type of programming multiple In this type of programming a single
threads run at the same time thread runs at a time.
2 Multi-threaded model doesn‘t use event Single threaded model uses a process
loop with polling event loop with polling
3 CPU time is never wasted. CPU time is wasted.

4 Idle time is minimum. Idle time is more.

5 It results in more efficient programs. It results in less efficient programs.

6 When one thread is paused due to some When one thread is paused, the system
reason, other threads run as normal. waits until this thread is resumed.

48. Elucidate mutex locks with its procedure. (NOV/DEC 2017)

Mutex is a program object that allows multiple program threads to share the same
resource, such as file access, but not simultaneously. When a program is started a mutex
is created with a unique name. After this stage, any thread that needs the resource must
lock the mutex from other threads while it is using the resource. The mutex is set to
unlock when the data is no longer needed or the routine is finished. In mutex locks
approach, in the entry section of code, a LOCK is acquired over the critical resources
modified and used inside critical section, and in the exit section that LOCK is released.
As the resource is locked while a process executes its critical section hence no other
process can access it.
49. What are the benefits of synchronous and asynchronous communication?
(APR/MAY 2018)
Benefits of synchronous communication:
33
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

 Synchronous communication enables flexibility and offer higher availability.

 There‘s less pressure on the system to act on the information or immediately
respond in some way.
 Also, one system being down does not impact the other system. For example,
emails –thousands of emails can be sent without having to revert back..
Benefits of Asynchronous communication:
 Asynchronous message passing allows more parallelism.
 Since a process does not block, it can do some computation while the message is
in transit.
 In the case of receive, this means a process can express its interest in receving
messages on multiple ports simultaneously.
50. Give a programming example in which multithreading does not provide better
performance than single-threaded solutions. (APR/MAY 2018)
Multi-threading does not perform well for any sequential program. For example;
program to calculate an individual tax return. Another example where multithreading
does not work good would be shell program like ―Korn‖ shell.
51. Give the queuing diagram representation of process scheduling. (APR/MAY
2019)

52. List out the benefits and challenge of thread handling. (APR/MAY 2019)
Benefits
34
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

 Responsiveness.
 Resource sharing
 Economy
 Scalability.
Challenges
 Dividing activities
 Balance
 Data splitting
 Data dependency
 Testing and debugging
PART-B&C
1) Explain the FCFS, preemptive and non-preemptive versions of Shortest-Job First and
Round Robin (time slice = 2) scheduling algorithms with Gantt charts for the four
Processes given. Compare their average turnaround and waiting time. [E] (NOV/DEC
2012)
Process Arrival Time Waiting Time
P1 0 8
P2 1 4
P3 2 9
P4 3 5

2) Discuss how scheduling algorithms are selected for a system. What are the criteria
considered? Explain the different evaluation Methods.[An] (MAY/JUNE 2014)
3) Write in detail about several CPU scheduling algorithms. [An] (APRIL/MAY2011)
4) What is critical section? Specify the requirements for a solution to critical section
problem. [An] (NOV/DEC 2012)
5) How monitors help in process synchronization. [An] (NOV/DEC 2009)
35
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

6) Write in detail about deadlock avoidance. [U] (NOV/DEC 2009)

7) Write in detail about deadlock recovery. [U] (APRIL/MAY2011)
8) Explain the Banker algorithm for deadlock avoidance in detail with an example. [Ap]
(APRIL/MAY2010, NOV/DEC 2012) (NOV/DEC 2013)
9) Consider the following set of processes, with the length of the CPU – burst time given
in Milliseconds:
Process Burst Time Priority
P1 10 3
P2 1 1
P3 2 3
P4 1 4
P5 5 2
The processes are arrived in the order P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, all at time 0.
1. Draw 4 Gantt charts illustrating the execution of these processes using FCFS, SJF
Priority and RR (Time Slice = 1) scheduling
2. What is the turnaround time of each process for each of the scheduling?
3. Calculate the waiting time for each of the process [E] (MAY/JUNE2012)
(NOV/DEC2015)
10) Consider the following questions based on the banker‘s algorithm: [E]
(MAY/JUNE 2012)
Process Allocation Max Available
P0 A B C D A B C D A B C D
P1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 5 2 0
P2 1 0 0 0 1 7 5 0
P3 1 3 5 4 2 3 5 6
P4 0 6 3 2 0 6 5 2
P5 0 0 1 4 0 6 5 6

36
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

(1) Define safety algorithm.

(2) What is the content of the matrix Need?
(3) Is the system in a safe state?
(4) If a request from process P1 arrives for (0, 4, 2, 0), can the request be granted
immediately?
11) (i) What is meant by critical section problem? Propose a solution based on bakery
algorithm.
(ii) Consider the following snapshot of a system:
P0 – P4 are 5 processes present and A, B, C, D are the resources. The maximum need of
a Process and the allocated resources details are given in the table.
Answer the following based on banker‘s algorithm.
(1) What is the content of NEED matrix?
(2) Is the system in a safe state?
(3) If a request from process P0 arrives for (0, 2, 0) can the request be granted
immediately. [E]
Allocation Max Available
A B C A B C A B C
P0 0 1 0 7 5 3 3 3 2
P1 2 0 0 3 2 2
P2 3 0 2 9 0 2
P3 2 1 1 2 2 2
P4 0 0 2 4 3 3

12) Discuss the threading issues which are considered with multithreaded programs.
[An] MAY/JUNE 2014)(APRIL/MAY2011, MAY/JUNE 2012)

37
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

Consider the following snapshot of a system:

P0-P4 are 5 processes present and A, B, C, D are the resources .The maximum need of
a process and the allocated resources details are given in the table.
Allocation Max Available
A B C D A B C D A B C D
P0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 5 2 0
P1 1 0 0 0 1 7 5 0
P2 1 3 5 4 2 3 5 6
P3 0 6 3 2 0 6 5 2
P4 1 0 1 4 0 6 5 6
Answer the following based on banker‘s algorithm
i) What is the content of NEED matrix?
ii) Is the system in a safe state?
iii) Which processes may cause deadlock if the system is not safe.
iv) If a request from process p1 arrives for (0, 4, 3, 1) can the request be granted
immediately? Justify. [E] (MAY/JUNE 2014)
13) Discuss in detail the critical section problem and also write the algorithm for
Readers-Writers Problem with semaphores [An] (NOV/DEC 2013)
14) Explain the FCFS, preemptive and non-preemptive versions of Shortest-Job First and
Round Robin (time slice = 2) scheduling algorithms with Gantt charts for the four
Processes given. Compare their average turnaround and waiting time. [Ap]
(APR/MAY 2015)
Process Arrival Time Waiting Time
P1 0 10
P2 1 6
P3 2 12
P4 3 15

38
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

Discuss how deadlocks could be detected in detail. [An] (APR/MAY 2015)

15) Show how wait () and signal () semaphore operations could be implemented in
multiprocessor environments using the test and set instruction. The solution should
exhibit minimal busy waiting. Develop pseudo code for implementing the operations.
[An] (APR/MAY 2015)
16) Discuss about the issues to be considered in the multithreaded program. [An]
(APR/MAY 2015)
17) (i) Explain thread and SMP management.
(ii) Illustrate Semaphores with neat example.
(iii) The operating system contains 3 resources, the number of instance of each
resource type are 7, 7, 10. The current resource allocation state is as shown
below:
Process Current Allocation Maximum Need
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
P1 2 2 3 3 6 8
P2 2 0 3 4 3 3
P3 1 2 4 3 4 4
18) Is the current allocation in a safe state? [E] (NOV/DEC 2015) [An] (MAY/JUNE
2016)
20) (i) Is it possible to have concurrency but not parallelism? Explain.
(ii) Consider a system consisting of four resources of the same type that are shared by
three processes, each of which needs at most two resources. Show that the system is
deadlock free.
(i) Describe the actions taken by a kernel to context-switch between processes.
(ii) Provide two programming examples in which multithreading does not provide
better performance than a single-threaded solution. [An] (MAY/JUNE 2016)

39
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

19) (i) Give an example of a situation in which ordinary pipes are more suitable than
named pipes and an example of a situation in which named pipes are more suitable than
ordinary pipes. (8) (NOV/DEC 2016) [An]
(ii) Describe the differences among short-term, medium-term, and long term
scheduling [U](8) (NOV/DEC 2016)
20) (i) Explain why interrupts are not appropriate for implementing synchronization
primitives in multiprocessor systems[An] (8) (NOV/DEC 2016)
(i) What are the different thread libraries used? Explain any one with example
[An](8) (NOV/DEC 2016)
21) Consider the following set of processes, with the length of the CPU-burst time in
given ms:
Process Burst Time Arrival Time
P1 8 0.00
P2 4 1.001
P3 9 2.001
P4 5 3.001
P5 3 4.001
Draw four Gantt charts illustrating the execution of these processes using FCFC,SJF,
Priority and RR (Quantum=2) scheduling. Also calculate waiting time and turnaround
time for each scheduling algorithms [E]. (13) (APR/MAY 2017)
22) What is a race condition? Explain how a critical section avoids this condition. What
are the properties which a data item should possess to implement a critical section?
Describe a solution to the Dining philosopher problem so that no races arise. [An] (13)
(APR/MAY 2017) (APR/MAY 2019).
23) i) What is a process ? Discuss components of process and various states of a process
with the help of a process state transition diagram. (8) [U](NOV/DEC 2017)
ii)Write the difference between user thread and kernel thread. (5)[An] (NOV/DEC
2017)
40
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

24) i) What is the average turnaround time for the following processes using
a) FCFS (3)
b) SJF non-preemptive. (3)
c) Preemptive SJF.(3) [U] (NOV/DEC 2017)

ii) With example elucidate livelock. (4) [R](NOV/DEC 2017)

25) Describe the difference among short-term, medium-term and long term scheduling
with suitable example. [An] (APR/MAY 2018)
29) Explain the differences in the degree to which the following scheduling algorithms
discriminate in favor of short processes: [An] (APR/MAY 2018)
i) RR
ii) Multilevel feedback queues.
30) What do you mean by term synchronization? 'What is Semaphore? Explain how
semaphore can used as synchronization tool. Consider a coke machine that has 10 slots.
The producer is the delivery person and the consumer is the student using the machine- It
uses the following three semaphores (15)[An](APR/MAY 2017)
semaphore mutex
semaphore fullBuffer /* Number of filled slots: */
semaphore emptyBuffer /* Number of empty slots */
(i) Write pseudo code for delivery_person() and student()
(ii)What will be the initial values of the semaphores?
(iii)Write a solution that guarantees the mutual exclusion and has no deadlocks

41
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

31) What is deadlock? What are the necessary conditions for deadlock to occur? Explain
the deadlock prevention method of handling deadlock. (15)[An] (APR/MAY 2017)
Consider the following information about resources in a system.
(i) There are two classes of allocatable resource labeled R1 and R2
(ii) There are two instances of each resource
(iii) There are four processes labeled p1 through p4
(iv) There are some resource instances already allocated to processes as follows:
 One instance of R1 held by p2, another held by p3
 One instance of R2 held by p1, another held by p4
(v) Some processes have requested additional resources, as follows:-
 p1 wants one instance of R1 .
 p3 wants one instance of R2
(1) Draw the resource allocation graph for this system
(2) What is the state (runnable, waiting) of each process? For each process that is
waiting indicate what it is waiting for
(3) Is this system deadlocked? If so, state which processes are involved. If not, give
an execution sequence that eventually ends, showing resource acquisition and release at
each step.
32) Consider the following system snapshot using data structures in the Banker‘s
algorithm, with resources A, B, C and D and process P0 to P4 : [E](NOV/DEC 2017)

Using Banker‘s algorithm, answer the following questions:

42
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

a) How many resources of type A, B, C and D are there? (2)

b) What are the contents of the need matrix? (3)
c) Is the system in a safe state? Why? (3)
d) If a request from process P4 arrives for additional resources of (1,2,0,0) ,can the
Banker‘s algorithm grant the request immediately ? Show the new system state and other
criteria. (7)
33) i) Consider the atomic fetch-and-set x, y instruction unconditionally sets the memory
location x to 1 and fetches the old value of x in y without allowing any intervening
access to the memory location x. Consider the following implementation of P and V
functions on a binary semaphore.(15) [An] (NOV/DEC 2017)
void P (binary_semaphore *s) {
unsigned y;
unsigned *x = & (s- > value);
do {
fetch-and-set x, y; b
}While (3');
}
void V (binary_semaphore *s) {
S- >value = 0;
}
Write whether the implementation may or may not work if context switching is disabled
in P.
(ii) Consider a situation where we have a file shared between many people. If one of the
people tries editing the file, no other person should be reading or writing at the same
time, otherwise changes will not be visible to him/her. However if some person is
reading the file, then others may read it at the same time. [An](NOV/DEC 2017)
a) What kind of situation is this?
b) Consider the following problem parameters to solve this situation.
43
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

Problem parameters:
1) One set of data is shared among a number of processes.
2) Once a writer is ready, it performs its write. Only one writer may write at a time.
3) If a process is writing, no other process can read it.
4) If at least one reader is reading, no other process can write.
5) Readers may not write and only read.
34) Consider a system consisting of 'm' resources of the same type being shared by n
Processes. Resource can be requested and released by processes only one at a time. Show
that the system is deadlock free if the following two conditions hold :(15) [An]
(APR/MAY 2018)
i) The maximum need of each process is between 1 and m resources.
ii) The sum of all maximum needs is less then m + n.
35. Consider the following set of processes, with the length of the CPU burst given in
milliseconds: [E] (APR/MAY 2018)
The process is assumed to have arrived in the order P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 time 0.
i) Draw Gantt charts that illustrate the execution of these processes using the
scheduling algorithms FCFS (smaller priority number implies higher priority) and RR
(quantum = 1). (10)
ii) What is the waiting time of each process for each of the scheduling algorithms? (5)
25. Write the algorithm using test and set() instruction that satisfy all the critical section
requirements. (5) (APR/MAY 2019)
26.Consider the following snapshot of a system:
P0-P4 are 5 processes present and A, B, C, D are the resources. The maximum need of
a process and the allocated resources details are given in the table.
Allocation Max Available
A B C D A B C D A B C D
P0 2 0 0 1 4 2 1 2 3 3 2 1

44
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

P1 3 1 2 1 5 2 5 2
P2 2 1 0 3 2 3 1 6
P3 1 3 1 2 1 4 2 4
P4 1 4 3 2 3 6 6 5
Answer the following based on banker‘s algorithm
1. Illustrate that the system is in safe state by demonstrating an order in which the
process may complete?
2. If a request from a process p1 arrives for (1,1,0,0) can the request be granted
immediately.
3. If the request from p4 arrives for (0,0,2,0) can the request be granted immediately?
(13) [E] (APR/MAY 2019)
39. (i) Consider the following set of processes with the length of CPU- burst time
given in milliseconds.
Brust Priority Arrival
Process Time Time
P1 10 3 0
P2 1 1 1
P3 2 3 2
P4 1 4 1
P5 5 2 2
Draw the Gantt chart for the execution of these processes using FCFS, SJF, SRTS, pre-
emptive and non-pre-emptive priority, round robin with time slice of 2 ms. Find the
average waiting and turnaround time using each of the methods. (10)
(ii) Explain Multi level queue and multi-level feedback queue scheduling with suitable
example. (5) (APR/MAY 2019)

45
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

40. (i) Consider two processes, p1 and p2 where p1 = 50, t1 = 25, p2 = -75 and t2 = 30. Can
these two processes be scheduled using rate-monotonic scheduling and earliest deadline
first scheduling. Illustrate your answer using Gantt charts. (10)
(ii) Explain in detail about paging in 32 bit and 64 bit architectures. (5) (APR/MAY
2019)
41. (i) Explain banker algorithm for deadlock avoidance with suitable example. (7)
(ii) A system has four processes and five resources. The current allocation and
maximum need are as follows (NOV/DEC 2021)

Consider value of x as 1,2,3.

What is the smallest value of x in which the above system become a safe state?
42. (i) What is critical section? Discuss in detail reader‘s writer‘s problem. (7)
(NOV/DEC 2021)
(ii) Define Deadlock. State the condition for deadlock. Explain the steps involved in
deadlock recovery. (6)

46
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

UNIT III MEMORY MANAGEMENT 10

Main Memory - Swapping - Contiguous Memory Allocation – Paging - Structure of
the Page Table - Segmentation, Segmentation with paging; Virtual Memory - Demand
PART-A
Paging – Copy on Write - Page Replacement - Allocation of Frames –Thrashing.

1. Why page are sizes always powers of 2? [An]

Recall that paging is implemented by breaking up an address into a page and offset
number. It is most efficient to break the address into X page bits and Y offset bits, rather
than perform arithmetic on the address to calculate the page number and offset. Because
each bit 25 26 position represents a power of 2, splitting an address between bits results
in a page size that is a power of 2.
2. Consider a logical address space of eight pages of 1024 words each, mapped onto
a physical memory of 32 frames.[E]
a. How many bits are there in the logical address?
b. How many bits are there in the physical address?
Each page/frame holds 1K; we will need 10 bits to uniquely address each of those
1024 addresses. Physical memory has 32 frames and we need 25 bits to address each
frame, requiring in total 5+10=15 bits. A logical address space of 64 pages requires 6 bits
to address each page uniquely, requiring 16bits in total.
a. Logical address: 13 bits
b. Physical address: 15 bits
3. In the IBM/370, memory protection is provided through the use of keys. A key is
a 4-bit quantity. Each 2K block of memory has a key (the storage key) associated
with it. The CPU also has a key (the protection key) associated with it. A store
operation is allowed only if both keys are equal, or if either is zero. Which of the
following memory-management schemes could be used successfully with this
hardware? [E]
a. Bare machine
47
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

b. Single-user system
c. Multiprogramming with a fixed number of processes
d. Multiprogramming with a variable number of processes
e. Paging
f. Segmentation
Answer:
a. Protection not necessary set system key to 0.
b. Set system key to 0 when in supervisor mode.
c. Region sizes must be fixed in increments of 2k bytes, allocate key with memory
blocks.
d. Same as above.
e. Frame sizes must be in increments of 2k bytes, allocate key with pages.
f. Segment sizes must be in increments of 2k bytes, allocate key with segments
4. What is address binding? [R]
The process of associating program instructions and data to physical memory
addresses is called address binding, or relocation.
5. Difference between internal and external fragmentation (NOV/DEC 2013) [An]
Internal fragmentation is the area occupied by a process but cannot be used by
the process. This space is unusable by the system until the process release the space.
External fragmentation exists when total free memory is enough for the new
process but it's not contiguous and can't satisfy the request. Storage is fragmented into
small holes.
6. Consider the following page reference string: 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1, 5, 6, 2, 1, 2, 3, 7, 6, 3,
2, 1, 2, 3, 6. How many page faults would occur for the following replacement
algorithms, assuming one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven frames? Remember all
frames are initially empty, so your first unique pages will all cost one fault each. •
LRU replacement • FIFO replacement •Optimal replacement Answer:

48
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

Number of frames LRU FIFO Optimal

1 20 20 20
2 18 18 15
3 15 16 11
4 10 14 8
5 8 10 7
6 7 10 7
7 7 7 7
7. Define dynamic loading. [R]
To obtain better memory-space utilization dynamic loading is used. With dynamic
loading, a routine is not loaded until it is called. All routines are kept on disk in are
locatable load format. The main program is loaded into memory and executed. The calling
routine checks whether the routine has been loaded. If not, there locatable linking loader
is called to load the desired program into memory.
8. Define dynamic linking. [R]
Dynamic linking is similar to dynamic loading, rather that loading being
postponed until execution time, linking is postponed. This feature is usually used with
system libraries, such as language subroutine libraries
9. What are overlays? Compare swapping and overlays [An]
To enable a process to be larger than the amount of memory allocated to it,
overlays are used. The idea of overlays is to keep in memory only those instructions and
data that are needed at a given time. When other instructions are needed, they are loaded
into space occupied previously by instructions that are no longer needed.
10. List the strategies for managing free memory in kernel? [R]
1. Buddy System
2. Slab Allocation

49
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

Buddy System: - The buddy system allocates memory from a fixed size segment
consists of physical contiguous pages. Memory is allocated using power-of-2. This
allocation satisfy request in units sized as a power of 2.
Slab Allocation:- A Slab is made up of one or more physically contiguous pages. A
cache consists of one or more slabs. The slab allocation uses caches to store kernel
Objects.
11. What is virtual memory? Mention its advantages. (NOV/DEC 2012)
(MAY/JUNE 2014) [R]
Virtual memory is a technique that allows the execution of processes that may not be
completely in memory. It is the separation of user logical memory from physical
memory. This separation provides an extremely large virtual memory, when only a
smaller physical memory is available.
The main visible advantage of this scheme is that programs can be larger than physical
memory.
12. Define Demand paging and write advantages. [R]
Virtual memory is commonly implemented by demand paging. In demand paging,
the pager brings only those necessary pages into memory instead of swapping in a whole
process. Thus it avoids reading into memory pages that will not be used anyway,
decreasing the swap time and the amount of physical memory needed.
13. What is the purpose of paging the page tables? [R]
In certain situations the page tables could become large enough that by paging the
page tables, one could simplify the memory allocation problem (by ensuring that
everything is allocated as fixed-size pages as opposed to variable-sized chunks) and also
enable the swapping of portions of page table that are not currently used.
14. Compare paging with segmentation with respect to the amount of memory
required by the address translation structures in order to convert virtual addresses
to physical addresses. [An]

50
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

 Paging requires more memory overhead to maintain the translation structures.

Segmentation requires just two registers per segment: one to maintain the base of the
segment and the other to maintain the extent of the segment.
 Paging on the other hand requires one entry per page, and this entry provides the
physical address in which the page is located
15. What do you mean by thrashing? (APR/MAY 2015) [R] (APR/MAY 2019)
Thrashing is the coincidence of high page traffic and low CPU utilization.
16.How do you limit the effects of thrashing? [An]
To limit the effect of thrashing we can use local replacement algorithm. With Local
replacement algorithm, if the process starts thrashing, it cannot steal frames from another
process and cause the latter to thrash as well. The problem is not entirely solved. Thus
the effective access time will increase even for the process that is not thrashing.
17. What do mean by page fault? [R]
Page fault is the situation in which the page is not available whenever a processor
needs to execute it.
18. Differentiate between Global and Local page replacement algorithms. [An]

Global Page Replacement Algorithm Local Page Replacement Algorithm

Allows a process to select a Each process select form only its own
replacement frame from the set of all set of allocated frames
The number
frames, even of frames
if that allocated
frame to a The number of frames allocated to a
is currently
process
allocatedcan changeother
to some sinceprocess
a process may process does not change
happen to select only frames allocated
to other processes, thus increasing the
number of frames allocated to it.
A process cannot control its own page- A process can control its own page-
fault rate fault rate

51
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

19. Define TLB. [R]

 Translation Look-Aside Buffer, a table in the processors memory that contains
information about the pages in memory the processor has accessed recently
 The TLB enables faster computing because it allows the address processing to take
place independent of the normal address-translation pipeline
20. Define Pre paging. [R]
It is an attempt to prevent the high level of initial paging. This strategy is to bring into
memory at one time all the pages the will be needed.
Example: - Solaris uses pre paging.
21. Define logical address and physical address. [R]
An address generated by the CPU is referred as logical address. An address seen
by the memory unit that is the one loaded into the memory address register of the
memory is commonly referred as physical address
22. What is the main function of the memory-management unit?[R]
The runtime mapping from virtual to physical addresses is done by a hardware
device called a memory management unit (MMU).
23. What is difference between demands paging n pure demand paging? [R]
In demand paging, a page is not loaded into main memory until it is needed. In
pure demand paging, even a single page is not loaded into memory initially. Hence pure
demand paging causes a page fault.
24. Define Copy-on-write. [R]
Copy-on-write finds its main use in virtual memory operating systems; when
a process creates a copy of itself, the pages in memory that might be modified by either
the process or its copy are marked copy-on-write.
25.Define swapping. (NOV/DEC 2013) [R]
A process needs to be in memory to be executed. However a process can be
swapped temporarily out of memory to a backing store and then brought back into

52
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

memory for continued execution. This process is called swapping.

26.What are the common strategies to select a free hole from a set of available
holes? [R]
The most common strategies are
A. First fit B. Best fit C. Worst fit
27.Define lazy swapper. [R]
Rather than swapping the entire process into main memory, a lazy swapper is
used. A lazy swapper never swaps a page into memory unless that page will be needed.
28.Define effective access time. [R]
Let p be the probability of a page fault (0£p£1). The value of p is expected to be
close to 0; that is, there will be only a few page faults. The effective access time is
Effective access time = (1-p) * ma + p* page fault time. ma: memory-access time
29.What is the basic approach of page replacement? [R]
If no frame is free is available, find one that is not currently being used and free
it. A frame can be freed by writing its contents to swap space, and changing the page
table to indicate that the page is no longer in memory. Now the freed frame can be used
to hold the page for which the process faulted.
30. What is the various page replacement algorithms used for page replacement?[R]
 FIFO page replacement
 Optimal page replacement
 LRU page replacement
 LRU approximation page replacement
 Counting based page replacement
 Page buffering algorithm.

53
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

31.Differentiate between Global and Local page replacement algorithms.

(NOV/DEC 2012)

Global Page Replacement Algorithm Local Page Replacement Algorithm

Allows a process to select a replacement Each process select form only its own set
frame from the set of all frames, even if of allocated frames
The number
that frame is of frames allocated to some
currently a The number of frames allocated to a
process can change since a process may
other process process does not change
happen to select only frames allocated to
other processes, thus increasing the
number of frames allocated to it.
A process cannot control its own page- A process can control its own page-fault
fault rate rate
32.What are the major problems to implement demand paging? [R]
The two major problems to implement demand paging is developing
 Frame allocation algorithm
 Page replacement algorithm
33.What is a reference string? [R]
An algorithm is evaluated by running it on a particular string of memory
references and computing the number of page faults. The string of memory reference is
called a reference string.
34.Differentiate a page from a segment. (APRIL/MAY 2010) [An]
In segmentation, the address space is typically divided into a preset number of
segments like data segment (read/write), code segment (read-only), stack (read/write) etc.
And the programs are divided into these segments accordingly. Logical addresses are
represented as tuple <segment, offset>. While with paging, the address space is divided
into a sequence of fixed size units called "pages". And logical addresses take the form of
a tuple <page, offset>.

54
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

35.What is address binding? (NOV/DEC 2010) [R]

The process of associating program instructions and data to physical memory
addresses is called address binding, or relocation.
36.How do you limit the effects of thrashing? (APRIL/MAY 2011)[An]
To limit the effect of thrashing we can use local replacement algorithm. With
Local replacement algorithm, if the process starts thrashing, it cannot steel frames from
another process and cause the latter to thrash as well. The problem is not entirely solved.
Thus the effective access time will increase even for the process that is not thrashing.
37.Mention the significance of LDT and SDT. (APR/MAY 2015)[R]
The Global Descriptor Table or GDT is a data structure used by Intel x86-family
processors starting with the 80286 in order to define the characteristics of the various
memory areas used during program execution, including the base address, the size and
access privileges like executability and writability. These memory areas are called
segments.
The Local Descriptor Table (LDT) is a memory table used in the x86 architecture in
protected mode and contains memory segment descriptors: start in linear memory, size,
executability, writability, access privilege, actual presence in memory, etc.
 The LDT is supposed to contain memory segments which are private to a specific
program, while the GDT is supposed to contain global segments.
 The x86 processors contain facilities for automatically switching the current LDT
on specific machine events, but no facilities for automatically switching the GDT.
 The LDT is the sibling of the Global Descriptor Table (GDT) and defines up to
8192 memory segments accessible to programs –
 Unlike the GDT, the zeroth entry is a valid entry, and can be used like any other
LDT entry.
 Unlike the GDT, the LDT cannot be used to store certain system entries: TSSs or
LDTs.

55
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

38.Define demand paging in memory management. What are the steps required to
handle a page fault in demand paging. (Nov/Dec 2015) [R]
A demand paging system is quite similar to a paging system with swapping where
processes reside in secondary memory and pages are loaded only on demand, not in
advance. When a context switch occurs, the operating system does not copy any of the
old program‘s pages out to the disk or any of the new program‘s pages into the main
memory Instead, it just begins executing the new program after loading the first page and
fetches that program‘s pages as they are referenced. While executing a program, if the
program references a page which is not available in the main memory because it was
swapped out a little ago, the processor treats this invalid memory reference as a page
fault and transfers control from the program to the operating system to demand the page
back into the memory.
39.How does the system detect thrashing? (May/Jun 2016) [An]
Thrashing is caused by under allocation of the minimum number of pages required by
a process, forcing it to continuously page fault. The system can detect thrashing by
evaluating the level of CPU utilization as compared to the level of multiprogramming. It
can be eliminated by reducing the level of multiprogramming.
40.Name two differences between logical and physical addresses. (May/Jun 2016)
[R]
A logical address does not refer to an actual existing address; rather, it refers to an
abstract address in an abstract address space. Contrast this with a physical address that
refers to an actual physical address in memory. A logical address is generated by the
CPU and is translated into a physical address by the memory management unit(MMU).
Therefore, physical addresses are generated by the MMU.
41.Why page are sizes always powers of 2? (NOV/DEC 2016)[An]
Paging is implemented by breaking up an address into a page and offset number. It is
most efficient to break the address into X page bits and Y offset bits, rather than perform
arithmetic on the address to calculate the page number and offset. Because each bit 25 26
56
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

position represents a power of 2, splitting an address between bits results in a page size
that is a power of 2.
42.What is the purpose of paging the page tables (NOV/DEC 2016)[R]
A page table is the data structure used by a virtual memory system in a computer
operating system to store the mapping between virtual addresses and physical addresses.
Virtual addresses are used by the accessing process, while physical addresses are used by
the hardware, or more specifically, by the RAM subsystem.
43.What is the difference between a user-level instruction and a privilege
instruction? Which of the following instruction should be privileged and only
allowed to execute in kernel mode?[An]
(a) Load a value from a memory address to a general-purpose register
(b) Set a new value in the program counter (PC) register
(c)Turn off interrupts (APR/MAY 2017)
Privileged instruction
 A privileged instruction is a processor op-code (assembler instruction) which can
only be executed in "supervisor" (or Ring-0) mode. These types
of instructions tend to be used to access I/O devices and protected data structures
from the windows kernel.
User Level instruction
 User-level is generic and can run on any operating system.
 Load a value from a memory address to a general-purpose register (User
Level Instruction)
 Set a new value in the program counter (PC) register (User Level
Instruction)
 Turn off interrupts (privilege Instruction)
44.Will optimal page replacement algorithm suffer from Belady‟s anamaly? Justify
your answer (APR/MAY 2017)[An]

57
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

In computer storage, Belady‘s anomaly is the phenomenon in which increasing the

number of page frames results in an increase in the number of page faults for certain
memory access patterns. This phenomenon is commonly experienced when using the
first-in first-out (FIFO) page replacement algorithm.
45.Write about swapping. Let us assume the user process is of size 1MB and the backing
store is a standard hard disk with a transfer rate of 5MBPS. Calculate the transfer
rate. [E] (NOV/DEC 2017)
Swapping: A process can be swapped temporarily out of memory to a backing
store(SWAP OUT)and then brought back into memory for continued execution(SWAP
IN).
Let us assume the user process is of size 1MB & the backing store is a standard hard
disk with a transfer rate of 5MBPS.
Transfer time = 1000KB/5000KB per second
= 1/5 sec = 200ms

46. Consider the following page-reference string : [E] (NOV/DEC 2017)

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
How many page faults and page fault ratio would occur for the FIFO page replacement
algorithm ? Assuming there is four frames.
The number of page faults =12
The page fault ratio is 1:1
58
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

47. Define external fragmentation. [U] (APR/MAY 2018)

External fragmentation occurs when there is a sufficient amount of space in the
memory to satisfy the memory request of a process. But the process‘s memory request
cannot be satisfied as the memory available is in a non-contiguous manner. Either
first-fit or best-fit memory allocation strategy will cause external fragmentation.
48. What is the counting based page replacement algorithm? [U] (APR/MAY 2018)
In this algorithm, we keep the counter of the number of reference that have been
made to each page. In this 2 schemes are used :-
i) Least Frequency Used (LFU) Page Replacement Algorithm
It requires that the page with smallest count to be replaced.
ii) Most Frequency (MFU) Used Page Replacement Algorithm: It is based on the
argument that the page with the smallest count was probably just brought in and has
yet to be used.
49. Consider the following segmentation table.

Segment Base Length

0 219 600
1 2300 14
2 90 100
3 1327 580
4 1952 96

What are the physical addresses for the logical addresses 3400 and 0110?
(APR/MAY 2019)
a. illegal reference; traps to operating system
b.2300+0110 = 2410
50. What is thrashing? and how to resolve this problem? (APR/MAY 2019)
In a virtual storage system (an operating system that manages its logical storage or
memory in units called pages), thrashing is a condition in which excessive paging

59
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

operations are taking place. A system that is thrashing can be perceived as either a very
slow system or one that has come to a halt.
One of the recommended ways to eliminate thrashing is to add more memory to main
memory. Another way of resolving the issue of thrashing is by adjusting the size of the
swap file.
51. When trashing is used? (NOV/DEC 2021)
Refer pervious
52. What is demand paging? (NOV/DEC 2021)
Refer pervious
PART-B &C
1. Describe the hierarchical paging technique for structuring page tables. (8) [An]
(MAY/JUNE 2013)
2. What is the cause for thrashing? How does the system detect thrashing? Once it
detects, what can the system do to eliminate this problem? [An] (MAY/JUNE 2009)
3. Write in detail about Segmentation.[U] (NOV/DEC 2009)
4. Write in detail about Segmentation with Paging. [U] (APRIL/MAY2010)
5. Explain the segmentation with paging implemented in OS/2 32-bit IBM system.
Describe the following algorithms: [An] (APRIL/MAY2010)
a. First fit
b. Best Fit
c. Worst Fit
6. Explain how paging supports virtual memory. With a neat diagram explain how
logical address is translated into physical address. [An] (NOV/DEC 2012)
7. Explain the principles of segmented and paging implemented in memory with a
diagram. [U] (NOV/DEC2013)
8. Explain the segmentation with paging implemented in MULTICS system. [U]
9. Explain the various page table structures in detail. [U]
(APRIL/MAY2011)(MAY/JUNE 2014)
60
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

10.Write short notes on LRU, FIFO and clock replacement strategies? [An]
(APRIL/MAY2010, APRIL/MAY2011)
11.Explain any four page replacement algorithms in detail? [An] (NOV/DEC 2009)
(NOV/DEC 2013)
12.(i)Why page sizes are always powers of 2?
(ii)Consider the following segment table:
Segment Base Length
i. 0 0219 600
ii. 1 2300 14
iii. 2 090 100
iv. 3 1327 580
v. 4 1952 96 [Ap] (APR/MAY 2019)
13.What are the physical addresses for the following logical addresses?
0430
110
2500
400
4112 [E]
14.What is thrashing? Explain the working set model in detail. [An] (MAY/JUNE 2009)
15.Given memory partitions of 100KB, 500KB, 200KB, 300KB and 600KB(in order),
how would each of the first-fit, best-fit and worst-fit algorithms place processes
of212KB, 417KB, 12KB and 426KB(in order)? Which algorithm makes the most
efficient use of memory? [Ap] (NOV/DEC 2008)
16.(i) Explain in briefly and compare, fixed and dynamic memory partitioning schemes.
(ii) Explain FIFO, optimal and LRU page replacement algorithms with an example
reference Strings. Mention the merits and demerits of each of the above algorithms.
[An] (NOV/DEC 2012)
17.Consider the following page reference string (MAY/JUNE 2012) (APR/MAY 2015)
61
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

1,2,3,4,2,1,5,6,2,1,3,7,6,3,2,1,3,6.
How many page faults would occur for the following replacement algorithms,
assuming one, two, three and four frames?
i)LRU replacement
ii) FIFO replacement
iii) Optimal replacement [E]
18.(i) Consider the following page reference string:
i. 2, 1, 0, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0, 2, 4, 2, 1, 0, 3, 2.
How many page faults would occur if the working set policy were used with a
window size of 4? Show when each page fault would occur clearly. [E]
(ii) What is meant by thrashing? Discuss in detail. [An] (MAY/JUNE 2013)
19.Explain the concept of demand paging in detail with neat diagram.[U] (MAY/JUNE
2014)
20.Why are translation look-aside buffers important? Explain the details stored in a TLB
table entry? [An] (MAY/JUNE 2014)
21.Consider the following page reference string :
1,2,3,4,2,1,5,6,1,2,3,7,6,3,2,1,2,3,6.How Many page faults would occur for the LRU,
FIFO, LFU and optimal page replacement algorithms, assuming two and five frames?
[E] (MAY/JUNE 2014)
22.Explain the concept of demand paging and the performance issue of short process
Explain the issue of demand paging [An] (NOV/DEC 2013)
23.With a neat sketch, explain how logical address is translated into physical address
using paging mechanism? [An] (APR/MAY 2015)
24.Write short notes on Memory Mapped Files. [U] (APR/MAY 2015)
25.(i) Consider the following page reference string:
1,2,3,2,5,6,3,4,6,3,7,3,1,5,3,6,3,4,2,4,3,4,5,1

62
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

Indicate page faults and calculate total number of page faults and successful ratio for
FIFO, optimal and LRU algorithms. Assume there are four frames and initially all the
frames are empty. [E]
(ii) Explain the effect of thrashing. [An] (NOV/DEC 2015)
26.Discuss the given memory management techniques with diagrams.
a. Partition Allocation Methods
b. Paging and Translation Look-aside Buffer. [An] (NOV/DEC 2015)
27.(i) Describe a mechanism by which one segment could belong to the address space of
two different processes.
(ii) Why are segmentation and paging sometimes combined into one scheme? Explain
them in detail with example. [An] (MAY/JUNE 2016)
28.(i) Under what circumstances do page faults occur? Describe the actions taken by the
operating system when a page fault occurs.
(ii) Discuss situations in which the least frequently used (LFU) page replacement
algorithm generates fewer page faults than the least recently used (LRU) page
replacement algorithms. Also discuss under that circumstances the opposite holds
good. [An] (MAY/JUNE 2016)
29.(i) What is the copy-on-write feature, and under what circumstances is its use
beneficial? Why hardware support is required to implement this feature? (8) [An]
(NOV/DEC 2016)
(ii) Consider a system that allocates pages of different sizes to its processes. What are
the advantages of such a paging scheme? What modifications to the virtual memory
system provide this functionality? (8) [U] (NOV/DEC 2016)
30.(i) Explain the difference between internal and external fragmentation (8) [An]
(NOV/DEC 2016)
(ii) Discuss situations in which the most frequently used (MFU) page replacement
algorithm generates fewer page faults than the least recently used (LRU) page-

63
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

replacement algorithm. Also discuss under what circumstances the opposite holds. (8)
[An] (NOV/DEC 2016)
31.Discuss the given memory management techniques with diagrams
(i) Partition Allocation Methods
(ii) Paging and Translation Look-aside Buffer [U] (APR/MAY 2017)
32.(i)Describe about free space management on I/O buffering and blocking(7)[U]
(APR/MAY 2017)
(ii)Discuss the concept the buddy system allocation with neat sketch (6) [U]
(APR/MAY 2017)
33.Draw the diagram of segmentation memory management scheme and explain its
principle.(13) [U](NOV/DEC 2017)
34. When do page faults occur ? Consider the reference string : [E] (NOV/DEC 2017)
1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1, 5, 6, 2, 1, 2, 3. 7, 6, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 6.
How many page faults and page fault rate occur for the FIFO, LRU and optimal
replacement algorithms, assuming one, two, three, four page frames?
35. Explain why sharing a reentrant module is easier when segmentation is used than
when pure paging is used with example.[U] (APR/MAY 2018)
36. Discuss situation under which the most frequently used page replacement algorithm
generates fewer page faults than the least recently used page replacement algorithm. Also
discuss under which circumstances the opposite holds.[U](APR/MAY 2018)
37. (i) Consider a computer system with 16 bit logical address and 4 KB page size. The
system supports up to 1 MB of physical memory. Assume that the actual process size is
only 33 KB, page table base register contains 1000 and free frame list contains
13,1,9,7,5,3,1,2,4,6,8.
Construct the physical and logical memory structures page table of the corresponding
process.
Find the physical address of 13,256 and another logical address with page number 2 and
offset of 128.
64
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

Discuss about the possible valid invalid bit and possible protection bits in page table.
(ii) Consider a paging system with page table stored in memory.
1) If a memory reference takes 50 ns, how long does a paged memory reference take?
2) If we add TLB and 75% of all page table reference are found in TLB what is the
effective memory reference time. (13) (APR/MAY 2019)
38. (i) Explain the global and local frame allocation algorithms and their pros and cons.
(3)
(ii)Consider the following page reference string.
1, 2 5,4 24, 5, 6 2s, 2-3, 74, 3, 21, 2-358
3) How many page faults would occur for the following replacement algorithms,
assuming 1. and 3 free frames. Remember that all frames are initially empty so
that first unique page request will all cost one fault each. LRU a FIFO, Optimal
replacement, LFU and MFU. (10) (APR/MAY 2019)
27. (i) Compare paging with segmentation in terms of memory requirement by the
address translation structure in order to convert virtual addresses to physical memory.
(ii) Explain in detail about page replacement algorithm with suitable example.
(NOV/DEC 2021)
28.With a neat diagram. discuss about a mechanism of paging scheme. (NOV/DEC
2021)

65
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

UNIT IV STORAGE MANAGEMENT 10

Mass Storage system – Disk Structure - Disk Scheduling and Management; File-System Interface -
File concept - Access methods - Directory Structure - Directory organization - File system
mounting - File Sharing and Protection; File System Implementation - File System Structure -
Directory implementation - Allocation Methods - Free Space Management; I/O Systems – I/O
Hardware, Application I/O interface, Kernel I/O subsystem.

PART-A
1) What is a file? [R]
A file is a named collection of related information that is recorded on secondary
storage. A file contains either programs or data. A file has certain "structure" based on its
type.
2) List the various file attributes. (APRIL/MAY 2011, NOV/DEC 2012)(MAY/JUNE
2014)(APRIL/MAY 2015) [R]
A file has certain other attributes, which vary from one operating system to another,
but typically consist of these:
 Identifier
 Name
 Type
 Location
 Size
 Protection
 Time
 Date
 User identification
3) What are the various file operations? (NOV/DEC 2012, APRIL/MAY 2015) [R]
The six basic file operations are:
 Creating a file

66
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

 Writing a file
 Reading a file
 Repositioning within a file
 Deleting a file
 Truncating a file
4) What are all the information‟s associated with an open file? [R]
Several pieces of information are associated with an open file which may be:
 File pointer
 File open count
 Disk location of the file
 Access rights
5) What are the different accessing methods of a file? (APRIL/MAY 2010) [R]
The different types of accessing a file are:
Sequential access: Information in the file is accessed sequentially
Direct access: Information in the file can be accessed without any particular order.
Other access methods: Creating index for the file, indexed sequential access
method (ISAM),etc.
6) What is Directory? [R]
The device directory or simply known as directory records information-such as
name, location, size, and type for all files on that particular partition. The directory can
be viewed as a symbol table that translates file names into their directory entries.
7) What are the operations that can be performed on a directory? [R]
The operations that can be performed on a directory are
 Search for a file
 Create a file
 Delete a file
 Rename a file
67
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

 List directory
 Traverse the file system
8) What are the most common schemes for defining the logical structure of a
directory? [R] (MAY/JUNE 2012)
The most common schemes for defining the logical structure of directory
 Single-Level Directory
 Two-level Directory
 Tree-Structured Directories
 Acyclic-Graph Directories
 General Graph Directory
9) Define UFD and MFD. [R]
In the two-level directory structure, each user has her own user file directory
(UFD). Each UFD has a similar structure, but lists only the files of a single user. When
a job starts the system's master file directory (MFD) is searched. The MFD is indexed
by the user name or account number, and each entry points to the UFD for that user.
10) What is a path name? [R]
A pathname is the path from the root through all subdirectories to a specified file.
In a two-level directory structure a user name and a file name define a path name.
11) What are the various layers of a file system? [R]
The file system is composed of many different levels. Each level in the design
uses the feature of the lower levels to create new features for use by higher levels.
i. Application programs
ii. Logical file system
iii. File-organization module
iv. Basic file system
v. I/O control vi Devices

68
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

12) What are the structures used in file-system implementation? (APRIL/MAY

2011) [R]
Several on-disk and in-memory structures are used to implement a file system
On-disk structure include
Boot control block
Partition block
Directory structure used to organize the files
File control block (FCB)
In-memory structure include
In-memory partition table
In-memory directory structure
System-wide open file table
Per-process open table
13) What are the functions of virtual file system (VFS)? [R]
 It separates file-system-generic operations from their implementation defining a
clean VFS interface. It allows transparent access to different types of file systems
mounted locally.
 VFS is based on a file representation structure, called a vnode. It contains a
numerical value for a network-wide unique file .The kernel maintains one vnode
structure for each active file or directory.
14) Define seek time and latency time. [R]
The time taken by the head to move to the appropriate cylinder or track is called
seek time. Once the head is at right track, it must wait until the desired block rotates
under the read-write head. This delay is latency time.
15) What are the allocation methods of a disk space? [R]
Methods of allocating disk space which are widely in use are
 Contiguous allocation

69
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

 Linked allocation
 Indexed allocation
16) What are the advantages of Contiguous allocation? [R]
The advantages are
 Supports direct access
 Supports sequential access
 Number of disk seeks is minimal.
17) What are the drawbacks of contiguous allocation of disk space? [R]
The disadvantages are
 Suffers from external fragmentation.
 Suffers from internal fragmentation.
 Difficulty in finding space for a new file.
 File cannot be extended.
 Size of the file is to be declared in advance.
18) What are the disadvantages of linked allocation? [R]
The disadvantages are
 Used only for sequential access of files.
 Direct access is not supported.
 Memory space required for the pointers.
 Reliability is compromised if the pointers are lost or damaged
19) What are the advantages of Indexed allocation? [R]
The advantages are
 No external-fragmentation problems.
 Solves the size-declaration problems.
 Supports direct access.

70
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

20) How can the index blocks be implemented in the indexed allocation scheme?
[R]
The index block can be implemented as follows
 Linked scheme
 Multilevel scheme
 Combined scheme
21) What is garbage collection? (MAY /JUNE 2012 ) [R]
Garbage Collection (GC) is a form of automatic memory management. The
garbage collector, or just collector, attempts to reclaim garbage, or memory occupied by
objects that are no longer in use by the program.
22) Mention the objectives of File Management System. (APR/MAY 2010) [R]
The system that an operating system or program uses to organize and keep track of
files. For example, a hierarchical file system is one that uses directories to organize files
into a tree structure.
23) What is the content of a typical file control block? (APR/MAY 2011,
APR/MAY 2010) [R]
File permissions
File dates (create, access,
write)
File owner, group, ACL
File size
File data blocks

File Control Block (FCB) is a file system structure in which the state of an open
file is maintained.
24) What are the two types of system directories? (MAY/JUNE 2012) [R}
Device directory, describing physical properties of files.

71
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

File directory, giving logical properties of the files.

25) What is meant by polling?(MAY/JUNE 2014) [R]
Polling is the process where the computer waits for an external device to check for
its readiness. The computer does not do anything else than checking the status of the
device .Polling is often used with low-level hardware. Example: when a printer
connected via a parallel port the computer waits until the next character has been
received by the printer. These processes can be as minute as only reading 1 Byte. Polling
is the continuous (or frequent) checking by a controlling device or process of other
devices, processes, queues, etc.
26) State any three disadvantages of placing functionality in a device controller,
rather than in the kernel. (MAY/JUNE 2014) [R]
Three advantages:-
a. Bugs are less likely to cause an operating system crash.
b. Performance can be improved by utilizing dedicated hardware and hard-coded
algorithms.
The kernel is simplified by moving algorithms out of it.
Three disadvantages:
a. Bugs are harder to fix - a new firmware version or new hardware is needed
b. Improving algorithms likewise require a hardware update rather than just kernel or
device driver update
c. Embedded algorithms could conflict with application‘s use of the device, causing
decreased performance.
27) How free-space is managed using bit vector implementation?[An]
The free-space list is implemented as a bit map or bit vector. Each block is
represented by 1 bit. If the block is free, the bit is 1; if the block is allocated, the bit is 0.
28) List the attributes of a file(MAY/JUNE 2014)[R]
Name, Identifier, Type, Location, Size, Protection, Time, Date and User
authentication.
72
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

29) What are the information contained in a boot control block and partition
control block? (MAY/JUNE 2014) [R]
Boot control block:
Contain information needed by the system to boot an operating from that partition.
If the disk does not contain an operating system, this block can be empty. It is typically
the first block of a partition. In UFS, this is called the boot block.
Partition Control block:
Contains partition details, such as number of blocks in the partition, size of the
blocks, free block count and free block pointers, and free FCB count and FCB pointers.
30) Define buffering. [R]
A buffer is a memory area that stores data while they are transferred between
two devices or between a device and an application. Buffering is done for three reasons
a. To cope with a speed mismatch between the producer and consumer of a data stream
b. To adapt between devices that have different data transfer sizes
c. To support copy semantics for application I/O
31) Define caching. [R]
A cache is a region of fast memory that holds copies of data. Access to the
cached copy is more efficient than access to the original. Caching and buffering are
distinct functions, but sometimes a region of memory can be used for both purposes.
32) Define spooling. [R]
A spool is a buffer that holds output for a device, such as printer, that cannot
accept interleaved data streams. When an application finishes printing, the spooling
system queues the corresponding spool file for output to the printer. The spooling
system copies the queued spool files to the printer one at a time.
33) Define rotational latency and disk bandwidth. (NOV/DEC 2010, MAY/JUNE
2013) [R]
Rotational latency is the additional time waiting for the disk to rotate the desired
sector to the disk head.
73
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

Disk bandwidth is the total number of bytes transferred, divided by the time
between the first request for service and the completion of the last transfer.
34) What are the various disk-scheduling algorithms? [R]
The various disk-scheduling algorithms are
 First Come First Served Scheduling
 Shortest Seek Time First Scheduling
 SCAN Scheduling
 C-SCAN Scheduling
35) What is the need for disk scheduling? (NOV/DEC 2012) [R]
In operating systems, seek time is very important. Since all device requests are
linked in queues, the seek time is increased causing the system to slow down.
Disk Scheduling Algorithms are used to reduce the total seek time of any request.
36) What is low-level formatting? [R]
Before a disk can store data, it must be divided into sectors that the disk
controller can read and write. This process is called low-level formatting or physical
formatting. Low-level formatting fills the disk with a special data structure for each
sector. The data structure for a sector consists of a header, a data area, and a trailer.
37) What is the use of boot block? [R]
For a computer to start running when powered up or rebooted it needs to have an
initial program to run. This bootstrap program tends to be simple. It finds the
operating system on the disk loads that kernel into memory and jumps to an initial
address to begin the operating system execution. The full bootstrap program is stored in
a partition called the boot blocks, at fixed location on the disk. A disk that has boot
partition is called boot disk or system disk.
38) What is sector sparing? [R]
Low-level formatting also sets aside spare sectors not visible to the operating
system. The controller can be told to replace each bad sector logically with one of the

74
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

spare sectors. This scheme is known as sector sparing or forwarding.

39) What is seek time? (MAY /JUNE 2012) [R]
Seek time: the time to position heads over a cylinder (~8 msec on average).
40) What are storage area networks? (April/May 2011) [R]
A storage area network (SAN) is a dedicated network that provides access to
consolidated, block level data storage. SANs are primarily used to make storage devices,
such as disk arrays, tape libraries, and optical jukeboxes, accessible to servers so that the
devices appear like locally attached devices to the operating system.
41) Write a brief note on RAID. (MAY/JUNE 2013) [R]
RAID (redundant array of independent disks; originally redundant array of
inexpensive disks) is a way of storing the same data in different places (thus,
redundantly) on multiple hard disks. By placing data on multiple disks, I/O (input/output)
operations can overlap in a balanced way, improving performance. Since multiple disks
increase the mean time between failures (MTBF), storing data redundantly also increases
fault tolerance.
42) What Characteristics determine the disk access speed? (MAY /JUNE 2012)
[R]
 Seek time
 Rotational latency
 Command processing time
 Settle time
43) Give the importance of Swap space Management. [R] (NOV/DEC 2012,
APR/MAY2010, NOV/DEC 2010)
Swap-space management: Swap-space management is low- level task of the
operating system. The main goal for the design and implementation of swap space is to
provide the best throughput for the virtual memory system.

75
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

Swap-space use: The operating system needs to release sufficient main memory
to bring in a process that is ready to execute. Operating system uses this swap space in
various ways. Paging systems may simply store pages that have been pushed out of main
memory. UNIX operating system allows the use of multiple swap spaces. These swap
space are usually put on separate disks, so the load placed on the I/O system by paging
and swapping can be spread over the systems I/O devices.
Swap-space location: Swap space can reside in two places:
1. Separate disk partition
2. Normal file system
44) Write three basic functions which are provided by the hardware clocks and
timers. (APRIL/MAY 2011) [R]
 OSTickInit()
 OSTimeSet()
 OSTimeGet()
45) What are the advantages of Linked allocation? [R]
The advantages are
 No external fragmentation.
 Size of the file does not need to be declared.
46) Define FAT(NOV/DEC 2014) [R]
FAT is a much older file-system format that is understood by many systems besides
Windows, such as the software running on cameras. A disadvantage is that the FAT file
system does not restrict file access to authorized users. The only solution for securing data
with FAT is to run an application to encrypt the data before storing it on the file system.
47) What is Relative block number? (NOV/DEC 2014) [R]
Relative block number is an index relative to the beginning of a file. Thus the 1st
relative block of the file is 0, the next is 1, and so on.

76
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

48) What is double buffering? (NOV/DEC 2014) [R]

OS can use various kinds of buffering:
1. Single buffering — OS assigns a system buffer to the user request
2. Double buffering — process consumes from one buffer while system fills the next
3. Circular buffers — most useful for burst I/O
49) Draw the diagram for interrupt driven I/O cycle? (NOV/DEC 2014) [Ap]

50) What is HSM? Where it is used? [R]

Hierarchical storage management (HSM) is a data storage technique, which
automatically moves data between high-cost and low-cost storage media. HSM systems
exist because high-speed storage devices, such as hard disk drive arrays, are more
expensive (per byte stored) than slower devices, such as optical discs and magnetic tape
drives.

77
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

51) Identify the two important functions of Virtual File System (VFS) layer in the
concept of file system implementation. (Nov/Dec 2015) [R]
Linux VFS provides a set of common functionalities for each files system, using
function pointers accessed through a table. The same functionality is accessed through
the same table position for all file system types, though the actual functions pointed to by
the pointers may be files system-specific. Common operations provided include open( ),
read( ), write( ), and mmap( ).
52) How does DMA increase system concurrency? (May/Jun 2016)[An]
DMA increases system concurrency by allowing the CPU to perform tasks while the
DMA system transfers data via the system and memory buses. Hardware design is
complicated because the DMA controller must be integrated into the system and the
system must allow the DMA controller to be a bus master.
53) Why rotational latency is usually not considered in disk scheduling?
(May/Jun 2016)[An]
Most disks do not export their rotational position information to the host. Even if they
did, the time for this information to reach the scheduler would be subject to imprecision
and the time consumed by the scheduler is variable, so the rotational position information
would become incorrect. Further, the disk requests are usually given in terms of logical
block numbers, and the mapping between logical blocks and physical locations is very
complex.
54) Define C-SCAN scheduling (NOV/DEC 2016)[R]
In the C-Scan all the Processes are Arranged by using Some Circular List. Circular
List is that in which there is no start and end point of the list means the End of the List is
the Starting Point of the list. In the C-Scan Scheduling the CPU will search for the
Process from Start to end and if an End has Found then this again start from the Starting
Process.

78
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

55) Why it is important to scale up system –bus and device speeds as CPU speed
increases? (NOV/DEC 2016)[An]
Consider a system which performs 50% I/O and 50% computers. Doubling the CPU
Performance on this system would increase the total system performance by only 50%.
Doubling both system aspects would increase performance by 100%.Generally,it is
important to remove the current system bottleneck and to increase overall system
performance rather than blindly increasing the performance of individual system
components.
56) Suppose that the disk rotates at 7200 rpm. What is the average rotational
latency of the disk drive? (APR/MAY 2017) [E]
Average disk access time=average seek time+ average rotational delay + transfer
time + controller overhead.

57) Differentiate between file and directory (NOV/DEC 2016) [An]

Directory is a collection of files and folders. difference between directory and File : A
file is any kind of computer document and a directory is a computer document folder or
filing cabinet. Directory is a collection of a the folders and files.
58) Suppose that the disk rotates at 7200 rpm[E](NOV/DEC 2017)
a) What is the average rotational latency of the disk drive ?
b) Identify seek distance can be covered in the time ?
a)7200 rpm gives 120 rotations per second.
Therefore Full rotation takes 8.33 ms and Average rotational latency takes 4.167ms.
b)t=4.167ms
t=0.7561+0.24L
4.167=0.756+0.2439L
L=195.58
79
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

Therefore We can seek over 195 tracks(about 4% of the disk) during an average
rotational latency
59) Enlist different types of directory structure. [R](NOV/DEC 2017)
There are many types of directory structure in Operating System. They are as follows
:- 1) Single Level Directory
2) Two Level Directory
3) Tree Structured Directory
4) Acyclic Graph Directory
5) General Graph Directory
60) State the typical bad-sector transactions. [R] (APR/MAY 2018)
Typical bad sector transactions might be as follows :
 The OS tries to read logical block.
 The controller calculates the ECC and finds that the sector is bad. It reports this
finding to the OS.
 The next time that the system is rebooted ,a special command is run to tell the
SCSI controller to replace the bad sector with a spare.
 After that, whenever the system requests logical block, the request is translated
into the replacement sector‘s address by the controller.
61) What is the advantage of bit vector approach in free space management ? [R]
(APR/MAY 2018)
Advantages of bit vector approach:
 Relatively simple
 Efficient to find the first free blocks or n consecutive free blocks on the disk
62. Write short notes on file system mounting. (APR/MAY 2019)
The mount procedure is straightforward. The operating system is given the name
of the device and the mount point—the location within the file structure where the file
system is to be attached. Some operating systems require that a file system type be

80
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

provided, while others inspect the structures of the device and determine the type of file
system. Typically, a mount point is an empty directory.
63. What is SSD? (APR/MAY 2019)
The highest level, the operating system may maintain a cache of file-system data
in main memory. In addition, electronic RAM disks (also known as solid-state disks)
may be used for high-speed storage that is accessed through the file-system interface.
64. Enlist different types of file directory structure. (NOV/DEC 2021)
65. Is FAT file system advantageous? Justify. (NOV/DEC 2021)
PART-B&C
1) Explain the different disk scheduling algorithms with examples. [An] (APRIL/MAY
2010, MAY/JUNE 2012, APRIL/MAY 2011, MAY/JUNE 2013) (MAY/JUNE 2014)
2) Explain and compare FCFS, SSTF, C-SCAN and C-LOOK disk scheduling algorithms
with examples. [An] (NOV/DEC 2012)
3) Write short notes on disk management. [U] (NOV/DEC 2009)
4) Write short notes on file system in Linux. [U] (NOV/DEC 2009) (NOV/DEC 2014)
5) Write an elaborate note on RAID and RAID Levels. [U] (APRIL/MAY 2010,
MAY/JUNE 2012, NOV/DEC 2012, MAY/JUNE 2013)
6) Explain the services provided by Kernel I/O subsystem. [An] (APRIL/MAY 2010,
APRIL/MAY 2011, NOV/DEC2012, MAY/JUNE 2013)
7) Consider the following I/O scenarios on a single-user PC.
 A mouse used with a graphical user interface.
 A tape drive on a multitasking operating system (assume no device preallocation is
available)
 A disk drive containing user files.
 A graphics card with direct bus connection, accessible through memory-mapped
I/O For each of these I/O scenarios, would you design the operating system to use

81
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

buffering, Spooling, caching, or a combination? Would you use polled I/O, or

interruption driven I/O? [An]
8) Write short notes on
1. File types
2. File attributes
3. File operations [U]
9) Explain the file allocation methods. [U] (APRIL/MAY 2010)
10) Explain the role of Access Matrix for protection in files. [An] (APRIL/MAY
2010)
11) Write in detail the security measures taken in file system?
1. Write short notes on file system mounting
2. Write in detail about the various file organizations [An]
12) Explain the allocation of frames in detail. [An]
13) Explain directory subsystem [U] (APRIL/MAY 2011)
(i) Explain Linked File Allocation method (6)
(ii) Explain the issues in designing a file system. (8)
(ii) Explain the various file directory structures. (8) (NOV/DEC 2012)
14) (i) Explain the different file access methods in detail. (8) (MAY/JUNE 2014)
(ii) Describe the two level and acyclic graph schemes for defining the logical
structure of a directory. [An] (MAY/JUNE 2013)
15) Explain the Linked list and indexed file allocation methods with neat diagram.
Mention their advantages and disadvantages. (8) [An] (MAY/JUNE 2013)
16) What are the most common schemes for defining the logical structure of a
directory? [An] (MAY/JUNE 2014)
17) Write a brief note on the steps involved in DMA transfer [U] (MAY/JUNE 2014)
18) Explain the data structures supported by kernel I/O system [U] (MAY/JUNE 2014)
19) Write a brief note on tertiary storage devices [U] (MAY/JUNE 2014)
20) Explain different directory implementation methods [U](NOV/DEC 2013)
82
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

21) Why disk scheduling is necessary? Explain the different seek optimization
techniques [An] (NOV/DEC 2013)
22) Explain about RAID structure in disk management with various RAID levels of
organization in detail [An] (Apr/May 2015)
23) Briefly discuss about the various directory structures. [An] (APR/MAY 2015)
24) Compare the functionalities of FCFS, SSTF, SCAN AND C-LOOK disk scheduling
algorithms with an example for each. [An] (APR/MAY 2015)
25) Write short notes on free space management. [U] (APR/MAY 2015, MAY/JUNE
2013)
26) (i) Discuss the functions of files and file implementation.
(ii) Explain free space management with neat example. [U] (Nov/Dec 2015)
27) On a disk with 200 cylinders, numbered 0 to 199, compute the number of tracks the
disk arm must move to satisfy the entire request in the disk queue. Assume the last
request received was at truck 100. The queue in FIFO order contains requests for the
following tracks. 55, 58, 39, 18, 90, 160, 150, 38, 184. Perform the computation to find
the seek time for the following disk scheduling algorithms.
(i) FCFS
(ii) SSTF
(iii) SCAN
(iv) C-SCAN
(v) LOOK [E] (Nov/Dec 2015)
28) (i) Why it is important to balance file-system I/O among the disks and controllers on
a system in a multitasking environment?
(ii) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of supporting links to files that cross
mount points. [An] (MAY/JUNE 2016)
29) (i) Explain why logging metadata updates ensures recovery of a file system after a
file-system crash.

83
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

(iii) Could a RAID level 1 organization achieve better performance for read
requests than a RAID level 0 organizations? If so, how? [An] (MAY/JUNE
2016)
30) (i) Describe some advantages and disadvantages of using SSDs as a caching tier
and as a disk-drive replacement compared with using only magnetic disks. (8) [An]
(NOV/DEC 2016)
(ii) Discuss how performance optimizations for file systems might result in
difficulties in maintaining the consistency of the systems in the event of computer
crashes (8) [U] (NOV/DEC 2016)
31) (i) Distinguish between a STREAMS driver and a STREAMS module (8) [An]
(NOV/DEC 2016)
(ii) Could a RAID level l organization achieve better performance for read requests than
a RAID level 0 organization? If so, how? Explain. (8) [An](NOV/DEC 2016)
32) (i) Discuss about the various file access methods (7) [U] (APR/MAY 2017)
(ii)With neat sketch explain about the Directory structure, File Sharing (6) [U]
(APR/MAY 2017)
33) (i) Explain about kernel I/O subsystem and transforming I/O to hardware
operations (7) [U] (APR/MAY 2017)
34) (ii) On a disk with 1000 cylinders, numbers 0 to 999, Compute the number of tracks
the disk arm must move to satisfy the entire request in the disk queue. Assume the last
received was at track 345 and the head is moving towards track 0.The queue in FIFO
order contains requests for the following tracks. 123,874,692,475,105 and 376.Find the
seek length for the following scheduling algorithm. (1) SSTF (2) LOOK (3) CSCAN
[An] (APR/MAY 2017)
35) (i)In a variable partition scheme the operating system has to keep track of allocated
and free space. Suggest a means of achieving this. Describe the effects of new allocations
and process terminations in your suggested scheme.(5) [An] (NOV/DEC 2017)

84
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

(ii)What are different allocation methods in disk storage? Explain with neat
sketch.(8)
36) Consider a disk queue with requests for I/O to blocks on cylinders
93,183, 37,122, 14, 124, 65, 67
If the disk head is start at 53, then find out the total head movement with respect to
FCFS,SSTF, SCAN,C-SCAN and LOOK scheduling.(13) [E] (NOV/DEC 2017)
37) What are the various disk space allocation methods? Explain any two in detail.
[U] (APR/MAY 2018)
38) State and explain the FCFS, SSTF and SCAN disk scheduling with examples.
[U] (APR/MAY 2018)
39. Suppose that a disk drive has 5000 cylinders, numbered 0 through 4999. The drive is
serving a request at cylinder 143. The queue of pending requests, in FIFO order is 86,
1470, 913, 1774, 948, 1509, 1022, 1750, 130 Starting from the head position what is the
total distance (in cylinders) that the disk arm moves to satisfy all the pending requests for
each of the following disk-scheduling algorithms? FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, LOOK, C-
SCAN C-LOOK. Explain the pros and cons of all disks scheduling algorithms. (13)
(APR/MAY 2019)
40. (i) Explain in detail the various allocation methods with their pros and cons. (8)
(ii) Brief the various procedures need to be followed ‗in disk management. (5)
(APR/MAY 2019)
41.(i) What do you mean by directory structure? Also discuss Tree-Structure Directories
and Acyclic-Graph Directories. (7) (NOV/DEC 2021)
(ii) Describe in details about file system implementation and file allocation method
(6).
42.Suppose that a disk drive has 200 cylinder, numbered 0 to 199. The work queue is:
23,89,132,42,187. Determine the total distance for the following disk scheduling
algorithms
(i) SCAN (ii) LOOK (iii) C-SCAN (iv) C-LOOK
85
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

Work Queue : 23,89,132,42,187

 There are 200 cylinder numbered from 0 – 199
 The disk head stars at number 100. (NOV/DEC 2021)

86
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

UNIT V VIRTUAL MACHINES AND MOBILE OS 7

Virtual Machines – History, Benefits and Features, Building Blocks, Types of Virtual
Machines and their Implementations, Virtualization and Operating-System Components;
Mobile OS - iOS and Android.

PART-A
1) What is Linux distribution?[R]
A Linux distribution includes all the standard components of the Linux system,
plus a set of administrative tools to simplify the initial installation and subsequent
upgrading of Linux and manage installation and removal of other packages on the
system.
2) What is the use of User mode? [R]
Under Linux, no user code is built into the kernel. Any operating-system-support
code that does not need to run in kernel mode is placed into the system libraries and runs
in user mode.
3) What are the components of kernel mode[R]
The module support under Linux has four components:
1. The module-management system allows modules to be loaded into memory
and to communicate with the rest of the kernel.
2. The module loader and unloader, which are user-mode utilities, work with the
module-management system to load a module into memory.
3. The driver-registration system allows modules to tell the rest of the kernel that
a new driver has become available.
4. A conflict-resolution mechanism allows different device drivers to reserve
hardware resources and to protect those resources from accidental use by another driver.
4) What is process Identity? [R]
Each process has a unique identifier. The PID is used to specify the process to the
operating system when an application makes a system call to signal, modify, or wait for
87
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

the process. Additional identifiers associate the process with a process group (typically, a
tree of processes forked by a single user command and login session.
5) Define DNS[R]
The Domain Name System (DNS) provides host-name-to-network-address
translations for the entire Internet. Before DNS became widespread, files containing the
same information were sent via e-mail or ftp between all networked hosts.
6) What is virtualization? [R]
Virtualization, in computing, refers to the act of creating a virtual (rather than
actual) version of something, including but not limited to a virtual computer hardware
platform, operating system (OS), storage device, or computer network resources.
7) What is pluggable authentication modules [R]
The pluggable authentication modules (PAM) system is based on a shared library
that can be used by any system component that needs to authenticate users. An
implementation of this system is available under Linux. PAM allows authentication
modules to be loaded on demand as specified in a system-wide configuration file. If a
new authentication mechanism is added at a later date, it can be added to the
configuration file, and all system components will immediately be able to take advantage
of it. PAM modules can specify authentication methods, account restrictions, session
setup functions, and password-changing functions (so that, when users change their
passwords, all the necessary authentication mechanisms can be updated at once).
8) What is the use of firewall manager[R]
The firewall manager maintains a number of separate firewall chains and allows a
skbuff to be matched against any chain. Chains are reserved for separate purposes: one is
used for forwarded packets, one for packets being input to this host, and one for data
generated at this host. Each chain is held as an ordered list of rules, where a rule specifies
one of a number of possible firewall-decision functions plus some arbitrary data for
matching purposes.

88
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

9) Do FAT file system is advantageous? Why?[An]

FAT File System is best for cross-compatibility with other platforms. There are
NTFS file system drivers for Linux, but not really for Windows. FAT, however, can be
read more or less transparently by both operating systems. There is also a slight speed
gain in FAT.
10) What is the responsibility of kernel in Linux operating system?[R]
Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for all major activities of this
operating system. It is consists of various modules and it interacts directly with the
underlying hardware. Kernel provides the required abstraction to hide low level hardware
details to system or application programs.
11) Why Virtualization is required? (Nov/Dec 2015) [An]
Virtualization reduces the number of physical servers, reducing the energy
required to power and cool them. Save time. With fewer servers, you can spend less time
on the manual tasks required for server maintenance. It's also much faster to deploy a
virtual machine than it is to deploy a new physical server.
12) Enumerate the requirements for Linux system administrator. Brief any one.
(Nov/Dec 2015) [An]
1. While specific knowledge is a boon, most hiring managers require that you possess
basic knowledge about all aspects of Linux. For example, a little knowledge about
Solaris, BSD or various flavors of Linux never hurt anyone!
2. Knowledge in at least one of the upper tier scripting language is a must. You have
options before you, for instance, Python, Perl, Ruby or more, but you need to make
yourself proficient in at least one of them.
3. Experience is welcome, but you at least need to have some hands-on experience of
system management, system setup and managing Linux or Solaris based servers as well
as configuring them.

89
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

4. Knowledge in shell programming and architecture is valued very much in the job
market. If you know Buorne or Korn well, you can even score a high-paying salary with
minimal experience.
5. Storage technologies like FC, NFS or iSCSI is great, while knowledge regarding
backup technologies is a must for a system administrator.
13) State the components of a Linux System? (May/Jun 2016)[R]
 Kernel: The kernel is responsible for maintaining all the important abstractions of the
operating system, including such things as virtual memory and processes.
 System libraries: The system libraries define a standard set of functions through
which applications can interact with the kernel. These functions implement much of the
operating-system functionality that does not need the full privileges of kernel code.
 System utilities: The system utilities are programs that perform individual,
specialized management tasks. Some system utilities are invoked just once to initialize
and configure some aspect of the system.
14) Define the function of Caching-only servers. (May/Jun 2016)[R]
All DNS servers cache answers to queries they receive from outside their own
zone of authority. A cache-only DNS server is not authoritative for any zone. Related
Topics: DNS root servers: Root servers are critical to the function of a DNS server that is
directly connected to the Internet.
15) What is virtualization? (NOV/DEC 2016)[R]
In computing, virtualization refers to the act of creating a virtual (rather than
actual) version of something, including virtual computer hardware platforms, storage
devices, and computer network resources.
16) What scheduling algorithm is used in linux operating system to schedule jobs?
(NOV/DEC 2016)[R]
The Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) Algorithm is used in Linux operating
system to schedule jobs.

90
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

17) Mention any two features of Linux file systems. (APR/MAY 2017)[U]
 Portable
 Open Source
 Multi user
 Multi Programming
18) Enlist the advantages of using kernel modules in Linux (APR/MAY 2017)[U]
 Loading and unloading a module is much more flexible and faster than
recompiling a kernel and rebooting.
 You can try different options each time you load a module. Most drivers that
handle hardware will take options for I/O addresses, IRQ or DMA numbers, plus
more esoteric options like full or half duplex. When you have problems getting a
card to run correctly, the ability to try different options can save hours.
 Makes it easier to maintain multiple machines on a single kernel base.
17) List the advantages of Linux OS.[U] (NOV/DEC 2017)
Advantages of Linux OS:
Low cost
Stability
Performance
Security, Flexibility, Compatibility
18) Write the purpose of using virtualization.[R] (NOV/DEC 2017)
Operating system virtualization provides application-transparent virtualization to
users by decoupling applications from the OS. The OS virtualization technique offers
granular control at the application level by facilitating the transparent migration of
individual applications. OS virtualization can also be used to migrate critical applications
to another running operating system instance.

91
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

19) List the advantages and disadvantage of writing an operating system in high
level language such as C.[R] (APR/MAY 2018)
The code can be written faster, is more compact, and is easier to understand and
debug. In addition, improvements in compiler technology will improve the generated
code for the entire operating system by simple recompilation. Finally, an operating
system is far easier to port to move to some other hardware if it is written in a higher-
level language
20) What is handle? How does a process obtain a handle? [U] (APR/MAY 2018)
The handle is an integer value in the operating system assigned to the associated
process when the process was started. The system uses this handle to keep track of
process attributes. An application can obtain a handle to a process that can be used as a
parameter to many process-information and control functions.
21. Write short notes on driver registration in Linux. (APR/MAY 2019)
The driver registration allows modules to tell the rest of the kernel that a new driver has
become available.
22. List out the methods used to recover from the deadlock. (APR/MAY 2019)
We can use a protocol to prevent or avoid deadlocks, ensuring that the system will never
enter a deadlocked state.
• We can allow the system to enter a deadlocked state, detect it, and recover.
• We can ignore the problem altogether and pretend that deadlocks never occur in the
system.
44. What are the Components of a Linux System?
Every OS has component parts, and the Linux OS also has the following components
parts:
 Boot loader
 OS Kernel
 Background services
 OS Shell

92
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

 Graphics server
 Desktop environment
 Applications.
45. Which layer of iOS contains fundamental system services for apps?
The Core Services layer contains the fundamental system services that all
applications use, The Core Services layer provides an abstraction over the services
provided in the Core OS layer. It provides fundamental access to iOS services and
consists of the following components:
 Collections
 Address Book
 Networking
 File Access
 SQLite
 Core Location
 Net Services
 Threading
 Preferences
 URL Utilities
PART-B & C
1. Explain in detail about the concepts of Linux system. [U]
2. Explain in detail about virtualization [U]
3. Explain in detail about setting up a Linux mainframe server [An]
4. Explain in detail about Linux host and adding guest OS [U]
5. Explain the significance and steps involved in setting up Xen, VMware software‘s on
Linux host for successful virtualization in detail. [An] May/June 2015
6. Briefly discuss about the requirements to become a Linux system administrator.
[An] May/June 2015
7. Discuss about the steps involved in the installation of a Linux Multifunction server.
93
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

[An] May/June 2015

8. Write a short note on Linux Network Services. [U] May/June 2015
9. Write about LINUX architecture and LINUX kernel with neat sketch. [U] (Nov/Dec
2015)
10.Explain in detail about LINUX multifunction server, DNS VMware on LINUX host.
[An] (Nov/Dec 2015)
11.(i) Why is live migration possible in virtual environments but much less possible for a
native operating system?
(ii) What are the primary goals of the conflict-resolution mechanism used by the
Linux kernel for loading kernel modules. [An] (May/June 2016)
12.Explain in step-by-step procedure for setting up a Linux multifunction server.
[An] (May/June 2016)
13.(i) Discuss three advantages of dynamic (shared) linkage of libraries compared with
static linkage. Describe two cases in which static linkage is preferable (8) [U]
(NOV/DEC 2016)
(ii) Explain the step by step procedure for setting up a local network services. (8)
[U] (NOV/DEC 2016)
14.Explain the concepts of domain name system and multifunction server (13) [U]
(APR/MAY 2017)
15.Write short notes on Linux kernel and virtualization with neat sketch.(13)[U]
(APR/MAY 2017)
16.What do you mean by term synchronization? What is semaphore? Explain how
semaphore can used as synchronization tool. Consider a coke machine that has 10
slots.The producer is the delivery person and the consumer is the student using the
machine.it uses the following three semaphores:
Semaphore mutex
Semaphore fullBuffer /*Number of filled slots */
Semaphore emptyBuffer /* Number of empty slots */
94
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

(i) Write pseudo code for delivery person() and student ()

(ii) What will be the initial values of the semaphores?
(iii) Write a solution that guarantees the mutual exclusion and has no deadlocks (15)
[An] (APR/MAY 2017)
17.What is deadlock? What are the necessary conditions for deadlock to occur? Explain
the deadlock prevention method of handling deadlock.
Consider the following information about resources in a system.
(i) There are two classes of allocatable resource labeled R1 and R2
(ii) There are two instances of each resource
(iii) There are four processes labeled p1 through p4
(iv) There are some resource instances already allocated to processes as follows:
 One instance of R1 held by p2,another held by p3
 One instance of R2 held of P1, another held by p4
(v) Some processes have required additional resources, as follows:
 P1 wants one instance of R1
 P3 wants one instance of R2
1. Draw the resource allocation graph for this system
2. What is the state (runnable, waiting) of each process ? For each process that is
waiting indicate what it is waiting for.
(iv) Is this system deadlocked? If so, state which processes are involved. If not, give an
execution sequence that eventually ends, showing resource acquisition and release at
each step. [An] (APR/MAY 2017)
18. (i)Explain the components of Linux system with neat sketch. (6)[U (ii)Write the
various system administrator roles in LINUX OS. [R] (7) ] (NOV/DEC 2017)
19. (i)How to install and configuring network services in LINUX. (9) [U]
(ii)Describe the benefits of virtualization in LINUX OS. [U] (4) (NOV/DEC 2017)

95
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPT OF CSE

20. i) Under what circumstance would an user process request an operation that results
in the allocation of a demand-zero memory region.(8)[An] (APR/MAY 2018)
ii) Describe an useful application of the no-access page facility provided in Window
XP.(5) [U] (APR/MAY 2018)
21. i) What optimization were used to minimize the discrepancy between CPU and I/O
speeds on early computer systems. [R](8)
ii) What manages cache in Windows XP ? How is cache managed?(5) [R]
(APR/MAY 2018)
22. Discuss the process and memory management in Linux. (13) (APR/MAY 2019)
23. Explain the architecture of iOS. Discuss the media and service layers clearly. (13)
(APR/MAY 2019)
24. (i) Explain in details about how process is managed and scheduled in linux?
(ii) Discuss about Inter Process Communication (IPC) in linux. (NOV/DEC 2021)
46. With frame work explain the working function of android operating system
architecture. Compare the feature of IoS and android. (13) (NOV/DEC 2021)

*************

96