Scribd
Upload
37 views

Chapter 4-Subgrade Soils

Uploaded by

znabu asefa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
37 views

Chapter 4-Subgrade Soils

Uploaded by

znabu asefa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Rift Valley University

Labu-Lafto Campus
Civil Engineering Dep’t.

Highway Engineering-II
CENG (4202)
Chapter 4: Subgrade Soils

Instructor: Ebisa A.
[email protected]
Introduction
2

 Soil is the most important foundation and


construction material for pavement structures.
🞑 Foundation material for all pavements as undisturbed in
situ subgrade material or transported and reworked
embankment material.
🞑 Construction material for pavement structures either in
its natural form (sand and gravel) or in a processed
form as stabilized layer.
 Soil investigation is, thus, an integral part of the
location, design and construction of highways
Soil Surveys and Investigations
3

 Soil survey for highway purposes involve the exploration of


the soils along the highway routes and the identification of
suitable soils for use as subbase and fill materials.
 decision on one or more of the following subjects:
🞑 Selection of roadway alignment;
🞑 Decision on the need for subgrade or embankment foundation
treatment;
🞑 Investigation of slope stability in cuts and embankments;
🞑 Location and design of ditches and culverts;
🞑 Selection and design of the roadway pavement;
🞑 Location and evaluation of suitable borrow and construction
materials; and
🞑 Design of foundations for bridges and other structures.
Soil Surveys and Investigations
4

 first step in selecting the alignment


🞑 to define a number of conceivable corridors between the end termini of
the road.
🞑 to select the best corridor for the proposed road
🞑 Select one for design purposes.
 preliminary information regarding soil condition:
🞑 Geological and agricultural soil maps.
🞑 Aerial photographs.
🞑 Satellite images.
🞑 Area reconnaissance.
 Field investigations and sample collection for laboratory tests:
🞑 Geophysical methods (seismic or electrical).
🞑 Test pits or trenches:
🞑 Hand augers
🞑 Boring test holes and sampling with drill rigs:
Soil Surveys and Investigations
5

 Depth of Investigations:
 the depth from the finished road level to the depth that the
load bearing strength of the soil no longer has an effect on
the pavement’s performance in relation to traffic loading.
🞑 test pits and borings should in no case be less than 1.5 m below
the proposed subgrade level unless rock material is encountered.
🞑 go to a depth of about 3 m below the proposed foundation level
in areas of cut and 3 mbelow the existing ground in areas of fill.
Soil Surveys and Investigations
6

 Testing Frequency:
🞑 increased according to site conditions.
Investigation Stage Test Description Frequency of Cumulative Sampling Frequency
Sampling (ERA, Site
Investigation Manual,
Feasibility/Preliminary Identification 1 Km
2001)
CBR 2 – 5 Km

Final Identification 0.5Km

CBR 1Km

Frequency of Cumulative
Sampling Frequency
Type of Road Test Description Sampling
(Tanzanian Pavement
Paved Trunk Roads Identification 0.25Km Design Manual, 1999)
CBR 0.5Km
Other Paved Roads Identification 0.5Km
CBR 1km
Gravel Roads Identification 0.5Km
CBR 2Km
Essential Laboratory Tests
7

 Particle Size Distribution Test:


🞑 internal friction, voids content, wear resistance and permeability,
and depend on the gradation
 Water Content:
❑ strength and deformation characteristics
 Atterberg Limits:
❑ water content levels at which the soil changes from one state to
the other
Essential Laboratory Tests
Compaction Test
8

❑ .Soil Compaction:
Essential Laboratory Tests
Compaction Test
9
Essential Laboratory Tests
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test
10
Essential Laboratory Tests
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test
11

 Short discussion of the test procedure:


🞑 1.Compact laboratory specimen in standard CBR mold at OMC.
🞑 2.Based on climatic conditions of the site: Immerse specimen in
water for four days before test to get saturated condition as in the
case of field.
🞑 3.Load sample with surcharge load: To represent estimated weight
of pavement layer over the material tested.
🞑 4.Measure the amount of swell due to soaking.
🞑 5.Apply a load by cylindrical metal plunger of 56mm diameter: To
penetrate specimen at a rate off 1.3mm per minute.
🞑 6.Take reading of applied load at interval of penetration of
0.64mm up to 7.62mm.
🞑 7.Finally plot resistance verses penetration graph, then correct if
needed and calculate the value of CBR.
Essential Laboratory Tests
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test
12
Essential Laboratory Tests
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test
13
Essential Laboratory Tests
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test
14

The CBRis generally selected at 2.5mm penetration but if the ratio at 5.08mm
penetration is grater, the test rerun. And if the check teat gives a similar
result, the ratio at 5.08mm penetration is taken. (AASHTO Lab. Manual)
Essential Laboratory Tests
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test
15
Design Subgrade CBR value
16
Design Subgrade CBR value
17
Flexible Pavement : ERA Manual
18

Example 2 of Ch. 3:

 Determine design CBRvalue and subgrade class for


flexible pavement.
 Use subgrade CBR values:
 9,12,15,10,13,12,10,13,14,14.
Essential Laboratory Tests
Resilient Modulus Test
19
Essential Laboratory Tests
Resilient Modulus Test
20

 Other Soil Tests:


🞑 include field and laboratory tests:
◼ determine the shear and compression strength, settlement,
and permeability of soils.
Soil Classification for Highway Use
AASHTO Classification System
21

❑ AASHTO Classification System:


Soil Classification for Highway Use
Unified Soil Classification System
22

❑ Unified Soil Classification System (USCS):


PROBLEM SOILS: Expansive soil
23
PROBLEM SOILS: Expansive soil
24
THANK YOU!
25

QUESTIONS?

You might also like