BASIC

MATHEMATICS
Lecture #2
 PROPERTIES OF
INDEX LAW RADICALS
1
1. 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 … 𝑛
1. 𝑎 = 𝑛 𝑎
2. 𝑎 𝑚 𝑥 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚
𝑛 𝑛 𝑚
2. 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎
𝑎𝑚
3. 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑚−𝑛 3.
𝑛
𝑎 𝑛
=𝑎
𝑎

4. 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 4.
𝑛
𝑎𝑥 𝑏=
𝑛 𝑛
𝑎𝑏
𝑛
5. 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 𝑐 𝑛 𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎
5. 𝑛 =
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 𝑏
6. =
𝑏 𝑏𝑛
𝑚
𝑛
7. 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚
−𝑚 1 1
8. 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 −𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚
𝑎𝑚 𝑎
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM
1. log 𝑎 𝑀𝑁 = log 𝑎 𝑀 + log 𝑏 𝑁
𝑀
2. log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑀 − log 𝑏 𝑁
𝑁

3. log 𝑎 𝑀 𝑛 = 𝑛log 𝑎 𝑀

4. log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1

5. log 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥log 𝑎 𝑎 = 𝑥

6. log 𝑎 1 = 0

7. If log 𝑎 𝑀 = 𝑁, then 𝑎𝑁 = 𝑚
8. If log 𝑎 𝑀 = log 𝑎 𝑁, then 𝑀 = 𝑁
9. log 𝑒 𝑀 = 𝑙𝑛𝑀
Find the product
1. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 1
2. 2𝑟 2 − 𝑠 2𝑟 2 + 𝑠
1 2
3. 𝑐+
𝑐
3
4. 2𝑎 − 5𝑏
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 1 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 , find
the following:
a. 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥
b. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥
c. (𝑔𝑓)(𝑥)
Find the binomial expansion of 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 4

Find the fifth term of the expansion of ൫𝑥 + 3

13
𝑦൯

𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑛
= 𝑛𝐶 𝑟 − 1 𝐴𝑛−𝑟+1 𝐵𝑟−1
𝑛!
𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑛
= 𝐴𝑛−𝑟+1 𝐵𝑟−1
𝑛−𝑟+1 ! 𝑟−1 !
Factor each polynomial:
2 2
a. 25𝑟 − 49𝑠
b. 81𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4
c. 8𝑐 6 − 27𝑑 9
Divide 𝑥 4 − 16 by 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 using long
division.

Use synthetic division to find the quotient

and remainder if the polynomial 2𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 −
2𝑥 − 8 is divided by x + 3.
Find the remainder if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 5
is divided by 𝑥 − 2 .

Remainder Theorem
If a polynomial 𝑓 𝑥 is divided by 𝑥 − 𝑐,
then the remainder is 𝑓 𝑐 .
Which of the following is a factor of 𝑥 3 −
2
4𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2?
A. 𝑥+1
B. 𝑥−1
C. 𝑥+2
D. 𝑥−2

Factor Theorem
A polynomial 𝑓 𝑥 has a factor 𝑥 − 𝑐, if
and only if 𝑓 𝑐 = 0.
Find a polynomial f(x) of degree 3 that has
zeros 2, -1, and 3.
Solve the equation
8𝑥 − 2 3𝑥 + 4 = 4𝑥 + 3 6𝑥 − 1

Solve the equation

3𝑥 6
=1+
𝑥−2 𝑥−2

Solve for x
𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 24 = 0
APPLIED
MATHEMATICS
Lecture #2
PARTIAL
FRACTIONS
A proper fraction may be written as the sum of partial
fractions according to the following rules:
Case 1. Linear factors none of which are repeated
If a linear factor ax + b occurs once as factor of the
denominator of the given fraction, then corresponding to this
A
factor associate a partial fraction , where A is a constant
ac+b
≠ 0.

Example:
𝑥+4 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥 + 7)(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 7 2𝑥 − 1
Case 2. Linear factors some of which are repeated
If a linear factor ax + b occurs p times as factor of the
denominator of the given fraction, then corresponding to this
factor associate the p partial fractions
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑝
+ 2
+ ⋯+
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑝
Where A1, A2, …, Ap are constants and 𝐴𝑝 ≠ 0

Examples:
3𝑥 − 1 𝐴 𝐵
2
= +
𝑥+4 𝑥+4 𝑥+4 2
5𝑥 2 − 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
3 2
= 3+ 2+ + 2
+
𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥+1
Case 3. Quadratic factor none of which are repeated
If a quadratic factor 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 occurs once as factor of
the denominator of the given fraction, then corresponding to
this factor associate a partial fraction
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

where A and B are constants which are not both zero:

Note: It is assumed that 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 cannot be factored into
two real linear factors with integer coefficients.
Case 3. Quadratic factor none of which are repeated

Examples:
𝑥 2 −3 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
1. (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +4)
=
𝑥−2
+
𝑥 2 +4

2𝑥 3 −6 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶 𝐷𝑥+𝐸
2. 𝑥(2𝑥 2 +3𝑥+8)(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)
= +
𝑥 2𝑥 2 +3𝑥+8
+ 2
𝑥 +𝑥+1
Case 4. Quadratic factor some of which are repeated

If a quadratic factor 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 occurs p times as factor of

the denominator of the given fraction, then corresponding to
this factor associate the p partial fraction
𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝐴𝑝 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑝
2
+ 2 2
+ ⋯+
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑝

where A1, B1, A2, B2, …, Ap, Bp are constants and Ap, Bp which
are both not zero:

Examples:
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 𝐸𝑥 + 𝐹
2 2 2
= 2 + 2 2
+ 2
𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 +1 𝑥 +𝑥+1
Find the partial fraction decomposition
of the following and solve for its A, B,
C.

2
4𝑥 + 13𝑥 − 9
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
Find the partial fraction decomposition
of the following and solve for its A, B,
C.

2
𝑥 − 𝑥 − 21
2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 4
Find the partial fraction decomposition
of the following and solve for its A, B,
C, and D.

3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 7
𝑥 − 2 2 (𝑥 2 + 1)
Find the partial fraction decomposition
of the following and solve for its A, B,
C.

2
7𝑥 − 25𝑥 + 6
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 − 2
SEQUENCES
Arithmetic Sequence
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , … , 𝑎𝑛
𝑎1 , 𝑎1 + 𝑑, 𝑎1 + 2𝑑, 𝑎1 + 3𝑑, … , 𝑎𝑛

The nth term

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚 𝑑

CalTech
Use Mode 3:2
Arithmetic Sequence
Sum of the first n terms

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛
2

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2

CalTech
𝑎𝑛

෍ (𝑎𝑚 + 𝑥 − 𝑚 𝑑)
𝑥=𝑛
Geometric Sequence
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , … , 𝑎𝑛
𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑟= =
𝑎1 𝑎2
𝑎1 , 𝑎1 𝑟, 𝑎1 𝑟 2 , 𝑎1 𝑟 3 , … , 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1

The nth term

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1

CalTech
Use Mode 3:6
Geometric Sequence
Sum of the first n terms

𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟

CalTech
𝑎𝑛

෍ 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑥−1
𝑥=𝑛
Harmonic Sequence
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , … , 𝑎𝑛
1 1 1 1 1
, , , ,…,
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎4 𝑎𝑛
1 1 1 1
− = − = 𝑑ℎ
𝑎2 𝑎1 𝑎3 𝑎2

The nth term

1 1
= + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑ℎ
𝑎𝑛 𝑎1
1. Find the 40th term and the sum of the first
40 terms of the arithmetic sequence: 10, 8, 6,
…
2. Which term of the sequence 5, 14, 23, … is
239?
3. Compute the sum of all integers between 100
and 800 that are divisible by 3.
4. Find the 8th term and the sum of the first
eight terms of the sequence 4, 8, 16.
5. The second term of a geometric sequence is 3
and the fifth term is 81/8. Find the eight
term.
6. Find the 8th term of the sequence 2/3, ½, 2/5.