Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 1 Lecture No.

INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED CONCRETE

Concrete and Reinforced Concrete

 Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held
together in a rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water. Other
admixtures might be added.
 Admixtures are materials, other than cement, aggregate and water, that are
added to concrete either before or during mixing to alter its properties,
such as workability, curing temperature range, set time, or color.
 Concrete has a high compressive strength (𝑓 ′𝑐) and a very low tensile
strength.
 There are different types of structural concrete: plain concrete, reinforced
concrete, prestressed concrete.

 Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel. The steel

reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete.
 Reinforcing steel can also be used to resist compression (Columns).

Concrete Stress-strain curve

Figure 1: Typical stress-strain curve, with short-term loading

 The curves are roughly straight while the load is increased from zero to about
one-third to one-half the concrete’s ultimate strength (𝑓𝑐′). After this range the
behavior of concrete is nonlinear.

 All the concretes reach their ultimate strengths (𝑓𝑐′ ) at strains of about 0.002.
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 1 Lecture No.1

 Concrete does not have a definite yield strength; the curves run to the point of
rupture at strains of from 0.003 to 0.004. It will be assumed for the purpose of
future calculations in this text that concrete fails at 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3):
𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003

 The weaker grades of concrete are less brittle than the stronger ones—that is,
they will take larger strains before breaking.

Concrete Modulus of Elasticity

Concrete has no clear-cut modulus of elasticity. Its value varies with different
concrete strengths, concrete age, type of loading, and the characteristics and
proportions of the cement and aggregates.

There are several different definitions of the modulus:

1. The initial modulus: is the slope of the stress–strain diagram at the origin of
the curve.

2. The tangent modulus: is the slope of a tangent to the curve at some point
along the curve—for instance, at 50% of the ultimate strength of the concrete.

3. Secant modulus: The slope of a line drawn from the origin to a point on the
curve somewhere between 25% and 50% of its ultimate compressive strength.

Figure 2: Several different definition of concrete modulus

 Section 8.5.1 of the ACI Code states that the following expression can be
used for calculating the modulus of elasticity of concretes (Ec) weighing (wc)
from1500 to 2500 kg/m3 and with 𝑓𝑐′ in N/mm2 or MPa (megapascals):

𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤1.5(0.043)√𝑓′
𝑐 𝑐

 Normal crushed stone or gravel concrete (with a mass of approximately 2320

kg/m3) be used:
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓𝑐′
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.2

SRUCTURES AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

 Structure: a system of connected parts used to support a load.

 Examples of reinforced structures: buildings, bridges, pavements, dams,

retaining walls, tunnels, tanks, drainage and irrigation facilities.

 Structural concrete elements:

1. Slabs are horizontal plate elements in building floors and roofs. They may
carry gravity loads as well as lateral loads. The depth of the slab is usually
very small relative to its length or width.

2. Beams are long, horizontal, or inclined members with limited width and
depth. Their main function is to support loads from slabs.

3. Columns are critical members that support loads from beams or slabs.
They may be subjected to axial loads or axial loads and moments.

4. Frames are structural members that consist of a combination of beams and

columns or slabs, beams, and columns. They may be statically determinate
or statically indeterminate frames.

5. Footings are pads or strips that support columns and spread their loads
directly to the soil.

6. Walls are vertical plate elements resisting gravity as well as lateral loads as
in the case of basement walls.

7. Stairs are provided in all buildings either low or high rise.

Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.2
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.3

LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

1. Types of loads
The structures are subjected to the following types of loads: dead loads, live loads,
and environmental loads.

1. Dead loads
Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position.
Dead loads include: the weight of the structure, and any permanent
attachments. For a reinforced concrete building, dead loads include: frames,
walls, floors, ceilings, stairways, roofs, and plumbing.

2. Live loads
Live loads are loads that can change in magnitude and position. Live loads
include: occupancy loads, warehouse materials, construction loads, overhead
service cranes, equipment operating loads and other.

3. Environmental loads
Environmental loads are loads caused by the environment in which the
structure is located. Environmental loads include: rain, snow, wind,
temperature change, and earthquake.
Environmental loads are live loads not caused by gravity or operating
conditions.

2. Load Combinations

Where:

U = the design or ultimate load the structure needs to be able to resist

D = dead load
L = live load
Lr = roof live load
S = snow load
R = rain load
W = wind load
E = seismic or earthquake load effects
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.3

Example 1:
Determine the required design strength for a column for which PD = 120 k, PL = 40 k,
and wind PW = 60 k compression or 80 k tension.

Homework 2:
The estimated service or working axial loads and bending moments for a particular
column are as follows: PD = 100 k, PL = 40 k, MD = 30 ft-k, and ML = 16 ft-k.
Compute the axial load and moment values that must be used in the design.

(Ans. Pu = 184 k, Mu = 61.6 ft-k)

Note:
Service (working) loads: the actual loads that are assumed to be applied to a
structure when it is in service.
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.4

ULTIMATE-STRENGTH DESIDN METHOD

 In ultimate-strength design method, the service (working) loads are

multiplied by certain load factors (equivalent to safety factors) and the
resulting values are called factored loads.

 The ultimate strength is estimated by multiplying theoretical (nominal)

strength by strength reduction factors ().

 strength reduction factors take into account:

1. The uncertainties in material strengths
2. Inaccuracies in the design equations
3. Approximations in analysis
4. Possible variations in dimensions of the concrete sections and
placement of reinforcement
5. The importance of the member in the structure.

 Design strength ≥ Factored load

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ≥ 𝛴 (𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 × 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠)

 In general, load factors (> 1) amplify loads, while reduction factors (< 1)
reduce strength.

 Strength reduction values:

Figure 3: variation of  with net tensile strain 𝜀𝑡 and 𝑐⁄𝑑𝑡

Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.4

Example 1:
Determine the required nominal strength for a column for which PD = 120 k, PL = 40
k, and wind PW = 60 k compression or 80 k tension.

Example 2:
The estimated service or working axial loads and bending moments for a particular
column are as follows: PD = 100 k, PL = 40 k, MD = 30 ft-k, and ML = 16 ft-k.
Compute the nominal axial load and the nominal moment values.
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.5

INTRODUTION TO FLEXURAL MEMBERS

 Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry

vertical loads.
 Beams are classified according to the way they are supported.
 Beams are primarily designed to resist bending moment; however, if they
are short and carry large loads, the internal shear force may be large and
govern the design.

Figure 1: Types of beams according to supports

Table 1: Maximum moments in simple spans and cantilever beams

No. Mmax location

𝑃𝐿
1 Under point load
4
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.5

𝑃𝑎𝑏
2 Under point load
𝐿

3 Pa Under point load

𝑤𝐿
4 2 8
At center

5 PL At support A
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.5

6 Pa At support A

𝑤𝐿
7 At support A
2

Figure 2: Typical Singly reinforced concrete rectangular beam

Where:
b: width of compression face of a beam
h: total thickness of beam
d: effective depth measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of
tensile reinforcement
As: area of tensile reinforcing
𝜌: Percentage of tensile steel “ reinforcement ratio”

𝐴𝑆
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.5

Positive bending tension reinforcement

(+M)

Negative bending tension reinforcement

(-M)
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.6

FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF BEAM

 Assume that a small transverse load is placed on a concrete beam with tensile
reinforcing and that load is gradually increased in magnitude until the beam
fails. As this happen the beam will go through three behavior stages before
collapse:
1. Uncracked Concrete Stage
2. Concrete Cracked–Elastic Stresses Stage
3. Beam Failure—Ultimate-Strength Stage

 Definitions and Notations

o Modulus of rupture, 𝒇𝒓 : the bending tensile stress at which the
concrete begins to crack.
o Cracking moment, Mcr: the moment in a member when the concrete
tensile stress equals the modulus of rupture.

1. Uncracked Concrete Stage

At small loads when the tensile stresses are less than the modulus of
rupture,𝑓𝑟, the entire cross section of the beam resists bending, with
compression on one side and tension on the other.

1. Concrete Cracked–Elastic Stresses Stage

a. As the load is increased after the modulus of rupture of the
concrete is exceeded, cracks begin to develop in the bottom of
the beam. The moment at this stage is cracking moment, Mcr.
As the load is more increased, these cracks quickly spread up
close to the neutral axis, and then the neutral axis begins to
move upward (for positive moment).
b. Cracked concrete cannot resist tension, tensile stress must be
resisted by steel.
c. This stage continues until concrete stresses are about one-half
concrete compressive strength and steel stress is less than yield.
d. Stress varies linearly with strain.
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.6

2. Beam Failure–Ultimate Strength Stage

a. Tensile cracks and neutral axis move upward (positive moment).
b. Stresses are no longer linearly related to strain
c. Reinforcing bars yield.
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.6

𝝀 : modification factor* Type of concrete

0.85 Sand-light weight concrete
0.75 All-light weight concrete
1.0 Normal weight concrete
*8.6 ACI-code

 Based on tests, ACI-Code (9.5.2.3) provides the value of modulus of rupture

in MPa:

𝑓𝑟 = 0.7𝜆√𝑓𝑐′

 The cracking moment:

𝑓𝑟𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦𝑡

Example:
Assuming the concrete is uncracked, (a) compute the bending stresses in the extreme
fibers of the beam for a bending moment of 70 kN.m. The normal weight concrete
has 𝑓𝑐′ = 28 MPa and the modulus of rupture 𝑓𝑟 = 0.7√𝑓𝑐′.
(b) Determine the cracking moment of the section.

HW: calculate (a) the cracking moment for a beam of an overall depth equals 600
mm, and a width of 400 mm. if this beam is simply supported of 10 m length and
subjected to a concentrated load P at mid span, determine the value of this load that
will cause cracks to form.
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.7

ULTIMATE and NOMINAL STRENGTH

 ACI 10.2.3 requires that the tensile reinforcing bars are yielded (𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦)
before the concrete on the compression side of the beam is crushed (𝜀𝑐𝑢 =
0.003).

 After the concrete compression stresses exceed about 0.5𝒇′𝒄, stresses no longer
vary linearly as the distance from the neutral axis (N.A.).

 Whitney replaced the curved stress block with an equivalent rectangular

block with a constant of 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄. The rectangular diagram of depth α = β1c is
assumed to have the same c.g. (center of gravity) and total magnitude as the
curved diagram.

FIGURE 1: Actual compression stress variation and Assumed compression stress

(Whitney block)
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.7

𝒇𝒄′ − 𝟐𝟖
𝖰𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ( ) ; 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 ≤ 𝖰 𝟏 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
𝟕

 Nominal (Theoretical) moment Mn

1. Compute total tensile force T = As fy
2. Equate total compression force C = 0.85𝒇𝒄′ ab to Asfy and solve for a.
3. Calculate the distance between the centers of gravity of T and C. (For a
rectangular beam cross section, it equals d − a/2.)
4. Determine Mn which equals T or C times the distance between their
centers of gravity.

EXAMPLE:
Determine the nominal moment strength Mn of the beam shown, if 𝑓𝑐′ =28
MPa and fy = 420 MPa.

HW: Determine the nominal moment strength

Mn, if 𝑓𝑐′ =30 MPa and fy = 350 MPa.
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.8

MODES of FLEXURAL FAILURES And ULTIMATE MOMENT STRENGTH

● Modes of Failure:

1. Ductile Failure:
If the amount of steel is low enough, steel would yield before crushing of
concrete, resulting into a ductile failure mode in which there is large
deformation.

2. Brittle Failure:
If the amount of steel is high enough, steel remains elastic at the time of
crushing of the concrete, causing a brittle sudden failure.

● Section Types:

• Balanced sections/ Balanced reinforced members:

Sections of beam when the tensile steel will theoretically yield at the same
time the extreme compression fiber crushes at strain equal 0.003. The member
can fail suddenly without warning, and this type of failure is brittle and must
be avoided.

• Tension –controlled sections/ Under-reinforced members:

Members whose computed tensile strains are equal or greater than 0.005 at the
same time the concrete strain is 0.003. For these members, the steel will yield
before the compression side crushes and deflections will be large giving users
warning of failure, which is a ductile failure.

• Compression-controlled sections/ Over-reinforced members:

Members whose compression side controls; compression strain reaches 0.003
before the steel yields. Deflections will not be noticeable and member will fail
suddenly without warning to users of structure; brittle failure.
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.8

● Reinforcement ratios:

1- Balanced percentage of steel: the percentage of steel required for a

balanced design.

ρb= (
0.85 β1 f c'
fy )( ) 600
600+f y

2- Minimum percentage of steel: a certain minimum amount of reinforcing

specified by ACI (10.5.1) that must be used at every section of flexural
members where tensile reinforcing is required that must be used, for either
positive or negative moment. In the following equations b w : the web width
of the beams.

0.25 √f c' 1.4

ρmin = not less than
fy fy

3- Maximum percentage of steel: In old codes, the maximum ratio of tensile

reinforcement was limited to 0.75 ρb . Now ρmax is calculated at
ϵ t =0.004 .

f c'
ρmax =0.364 β 1
fy

▪ Values of ρ Balanced ( ρb ), ρ Maximum ρmax ) , ρ Minimum (ρmin ) are

given in Table B.7
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.8

EXAMPLE 1: Compute ρb , ρmax , ρmin for the beam shown and

compare these values with actual reinforcement ratio ρ using:
a) Equations
b) Table B.7
Use f c =35 MPa , f y =420 MPa .
'

EXAMPLE 2: Determine the nominal flexural strength Mn and the design flexural
strength φMn for the shown beam section. f'c =28 MPa , f y =420 MPa .
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.7

Balanced Sections, Tension-controlled sections, and Compression controlled

sections:

1. Balanced Section: the tensile steel will reach its yield point at the same time
the extreme compression concrete fibers attain a strain equal to 0.003.

2. Tension Controlled Section: members whose computed tensile strains are

equal or greater than 0.005 at the same time the concrete strain is 0.003. For
such members the steel will yield before the compression side crushes and
deflections will be large giving users warning. Members with 𝜖𝑡 ≥ 0.005 are
fully ductile.

3. Compression Controlled Section: compression strain reaches 0.003 before the

steel yields, the member suddenly fails without warning to users of the
structure "brittle failure", and deflections will not be noticeable and 𝜖𝑡 ≤
0.002.

Derivation of 𝝆𝒃:

Figure 1: Balanced section

From triangular similarity :

𝑐 0.003 0.003 0.003

= = =
𝑑 0.003+𝗀𝑦 0.003+(𝑓𝑦⁄𝐸𝑆) 0.003+(𝑓𝑦⁄200,00)

600
𝑐= 𝑑 … (1)
600 + 𝑓𝑦

𝜌𝑓 𝑦𝑑
𝑎=
0.85 𝑓𝑐𝘍
𝑎 𝜌𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑐= =
𝛽1 0.85𝛽1𝑓′ … (2)
𝑐

Equation (2) equals equation (1):

𝜌𝑓 𝑦𝑑 600 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝖰 𝟏𝒇𝒄𝘍 𝟔𝟎𝟎
= 𝑑 → 𝝆𝒃 = ( 𝟔𝟎𝟎+𝒇 )
0.85𝛽1𝑓𝑐𝘍 600+𝑓𝑦 𝒇𝒚 𝒚
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.9

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR

Example:

Determine the nominal flexural strength Mn and the design flexural strength φMn for
the shown beam section. f 'c = 21 MPa , f y = 420 MPa .
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.6

Examples
1. For the section shown below, 𝑓 ′ = 35 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Compute the
𝑐 𝑦
following:
a. Cracking moment 𝑴𝒄𝒓
b. Area of steel 𝑨𝒔
c. Tension force T
d. Compression force C
e. Depth of Whitney block a
f. 𝖰𝟏
g. Distance from extreme fiber to neutral axis c
h. Percentage of tensile steel 𝝆
i. Nominal flexural strength 𝑴𝒏
j. Design flexural strength ∅𝑴𝒏
k. Coefficient of resistance 𝑹𝒏
l. Yield strain of steel 𝝐𝒚
m. Strain in tension reinforcement 𝝐𝒔
n. Plot the stress distributions" Actual + Whitney" at nominal moment

2. Repeat for the section shown. 𝑓 ′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓 = 350 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑐 𝑦
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No. 10

ONE-WAY SOLID SLABS

 Reinforced Concrete Slab: are large flat plates that are supported by
reinforced concrete beams, walls, or columns, by masonry walls, by structural
steel beams or columns, or by the ground.

 One-way slab: a slab supported on two opposite sides only and bending is in
one direction only; perpendicular to the supported edge.

 Two-way slab: a slab supported by beams on all four edges and bending is in
both directions.

 If a rectangular slab is supported on all four sides, but the long side is two or
more times as long as the short direction, this slab will act as a one-way slab.

 One-way slab is assumed to be a rectangular beam with a large ratio of width

to depth.

Figure 1: one meter strip width in a simply supported one-way slab.

 Reinforcement in one-way slab:

1. Main reinforcement
 Reinforcing for flexure is placed perpendicular to supports;
parallel to the long direction of the 1 meter wide beam (strip).

 According to ACI (7.6.5), spacing between center of bars may

not be more than three times the slab thickness, or 450 mm.

2. Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcing placed in the other
direction to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses.

 Spacing is not more than 5 times the slab thickness or 500 mm.

 As = 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 × 𝑏 × ℎ

1
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No. 10

Table 1:Minimum percentage of steel for shrinkage and

temperature

Steel Grade (fy) Minimum percentage of steel (𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏)

300 and 350 0.002
420 0.0018
> 420 (0.0018× 420/ fy)

Example :

Design the one-way slab shown in the figure below. It is to support a live load of 10
kN/m2 .Do not use the ACI-Code thickness limitation for deflection and assume
concrete weighs 23.5 kN/m3 . 𝑓 ′ = 28 MPa , 𝑓 = 420 MPa. Use 𝜌 = 𝜌 .
𝑐 𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑥

2
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.9

Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections in Flexure

1. Beam Proportions: most economical beam sections are usually with ratio of
d to b in the range of 1.5 to 2 for beam of length (6 – 7.5m). For longer spans
better economy is obtained if deep, narrow sections are used with a ratio of (3-
4).

2. Deflections: ACI-code provides minimum thickness of beams and one-way

slabs- as shown in Table 9.5(a) below- to prevent deflections that would affect
the use adversely or damage the structure.

3. Estimated Beam Weight: Beam must support itself and the external loads.
 Assume minimum overall depth h as specified by ACI- code.
ℎ ℎ
 𝑏≅ ~
2 1.5
 Estimated beam weight =𝑏 × ℎ × 𝛾𝑐
Where 𝛾𝑐 : 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
 No need to revise if the difference between the actual Mu and
calculated Mu is 1~1.5 %.

4. Selection of Bars
 Use Table B.4
 It is usually preferred to use bars of one size only

5. Cover: certain minimum distance from the surface of concrete over

reinforcing bars to protect them from fire and corrosion
 ACI- code requires a minimum cover of 40 mm for beams.
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.9

6. Minimum Spacing of Bars:

 The code (7.6) states that the clear distance between parallel bars
cannot be less than 25 mm or less than the nominal bar diameter.
 When bars are placed in more than one layer, the clear distance
between layers must be not less than 25 mm.
Example:
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 2 Lecture No.9
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 3 Lecture No. 11

ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS

 Reinforced concrete floor systems consists of slabs and beams that are placed
monolithically, as a result, slab and beams act together to resist loads.

 T- beams: beams have extra widths at their tops called flanges, and the part
below is called web or stem. These two parts act together to resist the loads.
Stirrups in the webs extend up into the slab.

 L-shaped beam: a T beam at the edge of a reinforced concrete slab which has
a flange on only one side.

Figure 1: T-beam and L-shaped beam

 How much of the slab acts a part of the beam?

𝒃𝒆 : effective width of the flange of a T or L beam

1
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 3 Lecture No. 11

Figure 2: Effective width of T –beam

 Neutral axis location in T-beams:

1. N.A. in the flange
2. N.A. in the web

 Analysis of T –beams:

2
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 3 Lecture No. 11

Example 1:
Determine the design strength of the T-beam shown below. 𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa,
𝑓𝑐′ = 35 MPa.

Example 2:
Determine the design strength of the T-beam shown below. 𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa,
𝑓𝑐′ = 28 MPa.

3
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 3 Lecture No. 12

DESIGN OF T-BEAMS

1. Dimensions:
o The flange thickness has been selected in the slab design as it is the
slab thickness.
o The width of the web is normally selected based on shear requirement
not on the basis of moment requirements; a sufficient area is used to
provide a certain minimum shear capacity. It is also possible that the
width of the web may be selected on the basis of the minimum width
required to place the reinforcing bars.
o Sizes may be preselected to simplify formwork for architectural
requirements or for deflections.

1. Area of steel :
o Trial-and-error process is often used starting by estimation the lever
arm (z) measured from the center of the gravity of the compression
block to the center of the gravity of the steel .
0.9 𝑑
o 𝒛 ≥ {𝑑 − ℎ 𝑓 }
2
𝑀𝑛
o Trial steel area : 𝐴 𝑆 =
𝑓𝑦× 𝑧

Example 1:
A floor system shown below, consists of 100 mm concrete slab supported by
a continuous T-beam with 7.5 m span, 1.2 m on centers. Web dimensions, as
determined by negative –moment requirements at the supports, are 𝑏𝑤 =
275 mm, and 𝑑 = 500 mm. What tensile steel area is required at midspan to
resist a factored moment of 725 kN.m. 𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa, 𝑓𝑐′ = 21 MPa.

Figure1: Cross section for T-beam floor system of Example 1

1
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 3 Lecture No. 13

COMPRESSION STEEL

1. Definitions:
Compression Reinforcement: reinforcement added to the compression
side of beams to increase moment capacity, increase ductility or decrease
long-term deflections.

Doubly beam: concrete beams that have both tensile and compression
reinforcing.

Figure 1: Doubly reinforced beam broken into parts.

Figure 2: Internal strains and forces for doubly reinforced rectangular

beam.

2. Nominal strength and design strength for doubly reinforced beam:

1
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 3 Lecture No. 13

Example 1: Compute the design moment strength of the beam shown if 𝑓𝑦 =

420 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Example 2: Compute the design moment strength of the beam shown if 𝑓𝑦 =

420 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎

2
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 3 Lecture No. 14

SHEAR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

 Shear failures occur suddenly with little or no advance warning.

 Shear cracks:inclined cracks that develop in the webs of reinforced concrete

beam either as extension of flexural cracks “flexural-shear crack” or as
independent cracks “web-shear cracks”.

 𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑆
 𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑛 = ∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅𝑉𝑆

𝑉𝑛:Nominal (theoretical) shear strength of a member

𝑉𝑐:Shear strength provided by the concrete = shear force that concrete can
resist without web reinforcing

𝑉𝑆: Nominal shear strength of the web reinforcement

𝑉𝑢 : Factored shear force

∅𝑉𝑛: Design shear strength

𝑏 𝑤𝑑: Effective beam area

𝑏𝑤 :The width of a rectangular beam or the web of a T beam or an I beam

ACI Equation 11-3:

√𝒇𝒄′
𝑽𝑪 = (𝝀 )𝒃𝒘𝒅
𝟔

ACI Equation 11-5:

Take into account the effects of the longitudinal reinforcing and the moment
and the shear magnitudes:
𝑽𝑪 = (𝝀√𝒇′ + 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝆 𝑽𝒖 𝒅 𝒃𝒘𝒅
𝒄 𝒘 𝑴𝒖 ) ≤ 𝟎. 𝟑𝝀√𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝟕

factored moment occurring withfactored shear at the section considered

1
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 3 Lecture No. 14

2
 Concrete and Steel C onstructions
0670416
Shear in Beams

0670416 2nd semester 14/15

Eng.Hala N azeeh

Introduction

•When a simple beam is loaded, bending moments and shear forces

develop along the beam.

•to carry the loads safely, the beam must be designed for both types
of forces.

•Flexural design is considered first to establish the dimensions of

the beam section and the main reinforcement needed, as explained
previously.

•The beam is then designed for shear. If shear reinforcement is not

provided,shear failure may occur.
Introduction

•Shear failure is characterized by small deflections and lack of

ductility,giving little or no warning before failure.

•Shear failure of reinforced concrete, more properly called diagonal

tension failure.

•On the other hand, flexural failure is characterized by a gradual

increase in deflection and cracking, thus giving warning before total
failure, this is due to the ACI Code limitation on flexural
reinforcement.

•The design for shear must ensure that shear failure does not occur
before flexural failure.

Introduction
Types of Shear Cracks

Two types of inclined cracking occur in beams:

W eb Shear Cracks
Web shear cracking begins from an interior point in a member at the level
of the centroid of un-cracked section and moves on a diagonal path to the
tension face when the diagonal tensile stresses produced by shear exceed
the tensile strength of concrete.

Flexure-Shear Cracks
The most common type, develops from the tip of a flexural crack at the
tension side of the beam and propagates towards mid depth until it is
checked on the compression side of the beam.

Types of Shear Cracks

Types of Shear Cracks

Shear Design (according to ACI code provisions)

ΦVn  Vu
Vu = factored shear force at section
Vn = nominal shear strength
Φ = strength reduction factor for shear = 0.75

•The nominal shear force is generally resisted by concrete and shear

reinforcement (stirrups) :
Vn  Vc  Vs

Vc = nominal shear force resisted by concrete

Vs = nominal shear force resisted by shear reinforcement
Shear Resisted by Stirrups

• Shear reinforcement required when: Vu   Vc

• If inclined stirrups are used:

Av f y d sin α  cos α 
Vs 
s

• For vertical stirrups:

Av fy d
  90 o  Vs 
s

Shear Strength of Concrete

A simplified expression for members subject to shear and bending only

(whereVu*d < M u):

• f’c: compressive strength of concrete [MPa].

• bw: web width inT-section or width of a rectangular section.
• d:effective depth of section.
• Vc:shear force in concrete.
ACI Code Shear Design Requirements

1) Critical Section for Nominal Shear Strength Calculation:

•The ACI Code, Section 11.1.3.1, permits taking the critical section for
nominal shear strength calculation at a distance d from the face of the
support.

•This recommendation is based on the fact that the first inclined crack is
likely to form within the shear span of the beam at some distance d away
from the support.

0670416 2nd semester 14/15

Eng.Hala N azeeh

ACI Code Shear Design Requirements

1) Critical Section for Nominal Shear Strength Calculation:

ACI Code Shear Design Requirements

2) Minimum Area of Shear Reinforcement

•The presence of shear reinforcement in a concrete beam restrains the
growth of inclined cracking.

•If shear reinforcement is not provided, brittle failure will occur without
warning.

•Minimum area of shear reinforcement according to the ACI Code,

Section 11.4.6,requires all stirrups to have a minimum shear reinforcement
area,Av,equal to:

0.062 f , cb wS 0.35b wS
AV ,min  
f yt f yt

ACI Code Shear Design Requirements

Minimum shear reinforcement is placed with maximum spacing Smax, from

the previous equation :

Av,min f yt A f
Smax   v , min y t

0.062bw f 'c 0.35bw

Smax should not exceed the smallest of (60cm and d/2).

ACI Code Shear Design Requirements

3) Maximum Shear Carried by W eb ReinforcementVs:

•To prevent shear–compression failure, the ACI Code, Section b11.4.7.9,

requires that Vs shall not exceed :

2bwd f 'c
Vs 
3

If Vs exceeds this value, the section should be increased.

ACI Code Shear Design Requirements

4) Maximum Spacing of Stirrups

bw d f 'c
• Case 1:if Vs 
3
stirrups spacing Smax shall not exceed d/2 nor 60cm.

bwd f 'c 2bwd f ' c

• Case 2:if  Vs 
3 3
stirrups spacing Smax shall not exceed d/4 nor 30cm.

 2bw d f 'c
•Case 3:if Vs
3
the dimensions of the cross section should be increased.
Types of Shear Reinforcement

Vertical Stirrups

Inclined Stirrups
Bent up bars

Stirrup types
Design Summary

The design procedure for shear using vertical stirrups according to the ACI
Code can be summarized as follows:

1. Calculate the factored shearing force,Vu, from the applied forces acting
on the structural member.The critical design shear value is at a section
located at a distance d from the face of the support.

2. Calculate then calculate 1 Vc :

2

Design Summary

3)

4) If bwd f ' c  V  2bwd f ' c proceed in the design;if not, increase

s
3 3
the dimensions of the section.
Design Summary

Av f y d
5) Calculate stirrup spacing: S
Vs

6) Determine the maximum spacing allowed by theACI code, if the

calculated spacing is smaller than Smax then it’sadopted if not then
take the minimum of the two calculated Smax.

Design Summary

Av f y A
0.062

A f
v y Av f y
,
0.062bw f 'c
,
0.35bw

A f
v y
Av f y
,
0.062bw f 'c 0.35bw
If L is C .L to C .L then
the distance from the
face of the support to
the critical section:
= 0.5*support width + Shear Reinforcement Requirements
effective depth d

Example

W d=47.5 kN /m
WL=25 kN/m

550

4Φ25

350
Example

Example
Example
Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 4 Lecture No.15

Design of Axially loaded Columns

Example 1-Tied Column

Reinforced Concrete I Chapter 4 Lecture No.15

Example 2-Spiral column

Design a round spiral column: PD= 500 kN, PL= 650 kN, f’c= 35 MPa, and fy = 420 MPa. Initially
assume ρg = 0.03.

Pu = (1.2) (500) + (1.6) (650) = 1640 kN = 1.64 × 106 N

Selecting Column Dimensions and Bar Sizes

φPn = φ 0.85 [0.85f’c(Ag − Ast) + fy Ast] (ACI Equation 10-1)
1.64 × 106 N = (0.75) (0.85) [(0.85) (35) (Ag − 0.03Ag) + (420) (0.03Ag)]

Ag = 62050 mm2  Use 300 mm. diameter column (70686 mm2)

Selecting Bar Sizes

1.64 × 106 N = (0.75) (0.85) [(0.85) (35) (70686− Ast) + (420) Ast]

Ast = 1204 mm2 Use 6 #19 bars (1704 mm2)

Design of spiral
Use # 10 spiral:

𝐷𝐶 = 300 − 2 × 40 = 220 𝑚𝑚
𝜋 × 2202
𝐴𝑐 = = 38013 𝑚𝑚2
4

70686 35
Minimum ρs = 0.45 ( − 1) × = 0.0322
38013 420

4as(Dc − d b)
ρs =
s D C2
4 × 71 × (220 − 9.5)
0.0322 =
𝑠 × 2202

s = 38.4 mm use s = 30 mm
25mm ≤ s ≤ 75mm ok