ENGINES, MOTORS, AND MOBILITY

(ME F 317)
BITS Pilani Dr. RANJIT S PATIL
Mechanical Engineering
K K Birla Goa Campus
 TOPIC
Introduction to IC
BITS Pilani
Engines
K K Birla Goa Campus
Outline

 Classification of Heat Engines

 Engine Components and Nomenclature
 Working Principle
 Classification and Applications of IC Engines
 First Law Analysis of Engine and
 Performance Characteristics

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Engine

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Introduction

 Heat engine
It can be defined as any engine that converts thermal
energy to mechanical work output.
 steam engine (National Museum UK),
 diesel engine,
 gasoline (petrol) engine.

 On the basis FROM WHERE thermal energy is being

delivered to the heat engine after the combustion of fuel;
heat engine can be classified as:
 Internal combustion engine (IC Engine)
 External combustion engine.
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Introduction

 Internal combustion engine:

combustion takes place within the engine
 Gasoline (petrol) or diesel engines

 External combustion engine:

combustion takes place outside the engine
 Steam engine or steam turbine is an example of
external combustion engine, where the working
fluid is steam.

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Introduction

 Internal combustion engines may be classified as :

 Spark Ignition engines.
 Compression Ignition engines.

 Spark ignition engine (SI engine): An engine in which the

combustion process in each cycle is started by use of an
external spark.

 Compression ignition engine (CI engine): An engine in

which the combustion process starts when the air-fuel
mixture self ignites due to high temperature in the
combustion chamber caused by high compression.

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Engine

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Introduction

 Spark ignition and Compression Ignition engine operate on

either a four stroke cycle or a two stroke cycle.

 Four stroke cycle : It has four piston strokes over

two revolutions of crank shaft per cycle.

 Two stroke cycle : It has two piston strokes over

one revolution for each cycle.

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Engine

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Engine Components

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Engine Components

 Cylinder Block: It is the main supporting structures for the

various parts. Part that covers and encloses the cylinder.
It contains cooling fins or water jackets.

 Cylinder head is mounted on the cylinder block.

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Engine Components

 Cylinder : The circular cylinders in the

engine block in which the pistons
reciprocates.

 Piston : A movable part fitted into a

cylinder, which can receive and transmit
the power. Through connecting rod, piston
forces the crank shaft to rotate.

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Engine Components

 Combustion chamber: The bottom end of the cylinder head

and the piston face where combustion occurs.
 The size of combustion chamber continuously
changes from minimum volume when the piston is at
TDC to a maximum volume when the piston at BDC.

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Engine Components

 Crankshaft : Rotating shaft through which engine work

output is supplied to external systems.
 It is rotated by the reciprocating pistons through the
connecting rods connected to the crankshaft,

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Engine Components

 Connecting rod : Rod connecting the piston with the rotating

crankshaft, usually made of steel or alloy forging in most
engines but may be aluminum in some small engines.

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Engine Components

 Piston rings: Metal rings that fit

into circumferential grooves
around the piston and form a
sliding surface against the cylinder
walls.
 Four stroke: Three rings, Top two
are compression rings (sealing the
compression pressure in the
cylinder) and the third is an oil ring
(scrapes excessive oil from the
cylinder walls)
 Two Stroke: has Two Rings. Both
the rings are Compression rings.

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Engine Components

 Intake manifold : Piping system which delivers incoming air

to the cylinders, usually made of cast metal, plastic, or
composite material.
 In most SI engines, fuel is added to the air in the
intake manifold system by carburetor.

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Engine Components

 Spark plug : Electrical device used to

initiate combustion in SI engine by
creating high voltage discharge across
an electrode gap.

 Valves:
 Exhaust Valve lets the exhaust gases
escape the combustion Chamber.
(Diameter is smaller than Intake
valve)
 Intake Valve lets the air or air fuel
mixture to enter the combustion
chamber. (Diameter is larger than the
exhaust valve)
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Engine Components

 Exhaust manifold : Piping system which carries exhaust

gases away from the engine cylinders, usually made of cast
iron .

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 Engine Components
 Exhaust System: Flow system for
removing exhaust gases from the
cylinders, treating them, and exhausting
them to the surroundings.

 It consists of an exhaust manifold which carries the

exhaust gases away from the engine, a thermal or catalytic
converter to reduce emissions, a muffler to reduce engine
noise, and a tailpipe to carry the exhaust gases away.

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Engine Components

 Animated Engine

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Engine Terminology or
Nomenclature

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Engine Terminology

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Engine Terminology

 Top Dead Center (TDC): Position of the piston when it

stops at the furthest point away from the crankshaft.
 Top because this position is at the top of the
engines, and dead because the piston stops as
this point.
 Some sources call this position Head End Dead
Center (HEDC).
 Some source call this point TOP Center (TC).
 When the piston is at TDC, the volume in the
cylinder is a minimum called the clearance
volume.

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Engine Terminology

 Bottom Dead Center (BDC) : Position of the piston when

it stops at the point closest to the crankshaft.
 Some sources call this Crank End Dead Center
(CEDC. Some source call this point Bottom
Center (BC).

 Stroke : Distance traveled by the piston from one extreme

position to the other : TDC to BDC OR BDC to TDC.

 Bore : It is defined as cylinder inner diameter or piston

face diameter; in general piston face diameter is same as
cylinder diameter ( minus small clearance).

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Engine Terminology
 Swept volume/Displacement volume : Volume displaced
by the piston as it travels through one stroke.
 Swept volume is defined as stroke times bore
area.

 Clearance volume : It is the minimum volume of the

cylinder available for the charge (air or air fuel mixture)
when the piston reaches at its outermost point (top dead
center or outer dead center) during compression stroke of
the cycle.
 Minimum volume of combustion chamber with
piston at TDC.

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Engine Terminology

 Compression ratio : The ratio of total volume to the

clearance volume of the cylinder is the compression ratio
of the engine.
 Typically compression ratio for SI engines varies
form 8 to 10 and for CI engines it varies from 15
to 20.

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Working Principle of SI Engine
4 Stroke

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Working Principle of SI Engine
4 Stroke

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Working Principle of CI Engine
4 Stroke

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Working Principle of CI Engine
4 Stroke

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Important Points

Q.1. Why Otto and Diesel engines are recommended for auto-
industries while Rankine and Brayton cycles for Power generation
industries?
Q.2. Why SI engines have power stroke (process of power
generation i.e heat and pressure) at V=C and CI engines have it
at P=C?
Q.3. Why the compression ratio is less for SI engines than CI
engines although Auto-ignition temperature of Petrol i.e Gasoline
(270 deg Cel.) is greater than Diesel fuel (210 deg Cel.)?
Q.4. Why diesel can NOT be used as a fuel in SI Engines? What are
HCCI Engines?
Q.5. Why both together “KEY ON and KICK” is required while
starting the two-wheeler? OR > Purpose of Button start ?

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Important Points

Q.6. Why SI engines are preferred in two wheelers?

1. Low compression ratio with SI engines hence their
small size make them suitable for 2 wheelers.
2. Thus small engine gives compactness and reduced
overall weight of the bike.
3. CI engine has more knock and vibrations hence extra
flywheel may be required to add for smooth operation
which further increases the cost and weight of the bike.
4. SI engines have lower maintenance issues than CI
engines (more vibration, replacement of diesel filter).
5. CI engines requires separate fuel pump, which further
increases cost and space requirement.
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 Important Points

Q.7. Why two wheeler engines are air cooled while big engines
for cars/trucks/buses are water cooled?
(To carry away sufficient amount of heat from the engine in order
to avoid thermal stresses, engines are made either water or air
cooled. In big engines large heat and power generation take
place comparatively small engines. Water has thermal
conductivity and specific heat comparatively more than air
medium hence to maintain almost same thermal stress level for
a given time of operation in big engines are preferred with water
cooling system. Subsequently you can observe almost same
level of thermal efficiency in both the types of engines. Note
that thermal efficiency may vary based on exhaust losses, valve
related timings, type of fuel used (which impact on
Compression ratio, PV diagram, average temperature inside
the cylinder) etc. BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Comparison: SI vs CI Engines

SI Engine CI Engine
1. OTTO Cycle for Petrol (Gasoline) 1. Diesel Cycle for Diesel Fuel
2. Constant Volume Heat Addition 2. Constant Pressure Heat Addition
3. Air + Petrol enters at Suction stroke 3. Only air enters at suction stroke, at the
end of compression stroke Diesel is injected
4. Carburetor and Spark Plug with 4. Fuel pump and Fuel injector are
Ignition system are required. required.
5. Compression ratio = 8 to 10 5. Compression ratio = 16 to 20
6. Lower Compression ratio, hence 6. Higher Compression ratio, hence higher
lower thermal efficiency thermal efficiency
7. Homogeneous combustion hence 7. Heterogeneous combustion hence low
high speed engines (due to light weight speed engines (due to high weight engine
engine components) hence high power components) hence low power engines.
(rpm * torque) engines. Lower mileage Mileage (since diesel has energy 38 MJ/Lit),
(since petrol has energy 34 MJ/Lit), Noise & vibration are comparatively more
noise, vibration and maintenance. and maintenance also.
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Working Principle of Two
Stroke IC Engines

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4 Stroke Vs 2 Stroke Engines
4 Stroke Engine 2 Stroke Engine
1. One power stroke per 2 1. One Power stroke for every
revolutions of crank shaft hence its revolution of crank shaft so its turning
turning moment is not uniform so moment is uniform so lighter flywheel
heavier flywheel is needed. may be required.
2. Because of One power stroke per 2. Because of Two power strokes per
2 revolutions of crank shaft, power 2 revolutions of crank shaft, power
produced by same size, same speed 4 produced by same size - same speed
stroke engine is less than 2 stroke or same size – same torque engine is
engine theoretically double than 4 stroke
engine*(Please see next slide).
3. Because of less power generation, 3. Because of high power generation,
it requires lesser cooling and it requires greater cooling and
lubrication. lubrication.
4. Valve mechanism is used hence 4. Ports are used so it is mechanically
complex arrangement and costlier simpler, hence less costlier than 4
than 2 stroke. stroke.
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• * Actually power produced by same sized, same speed 2 stroke engine will
not be double than power produced by same sized 4 stroke engine. But it
will be increased by only about 30% due to reduced effective expansion
stroke and loss of air + petrol or loss of air in case of diesel engine.
• ** Two stroke petrol/diesel engine where fuel escapes with exhaust and
reduced effective expansion stroke which results in lower thermal
efficiency. Hence now a days all two wheelers have 4 stroke engines which
are considerably compact and light in weight.
• ** However 2 strokes engines may be preferred over 4 strokes engines
when power output requirement is high. But the main problem with 2 stroke
petrol and diesel engine is the greater cooling and lubrication requirement
because of in the same time interval, higher power generation by 2 stroke
engines than same sized same speed 4 stroke engines. Also comparative
to 4 stroke engines, double fuel supply is required to get 30% excess
power in 2 strokes engines.

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4 Stroke Vs 2 Stroke Engines

4 Stroke Engine 2 Stroke Engines

5. Used in cars, buses, trucks, 5. Used in scooters,

aero planes, power generation. motorcycles.**(Please see
previous slide).

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First Law Analysis of Engine

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Engine Performance Parameters
(also refer class notes)

(i) Indicated thermal Efficiency

(ii) Brake thermal Efficiency
(iii) Mechanical Efficiency
(iv) Volumetric Efficiency
(v) Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio
(vi) Mean Effective Pressure
(vii) Mean Piston Speed
(viii) Specific Fuel Consumption
(ix) Air fuel Ratio

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1) Indicated thermal efficiency = ITE = IP / Energy
IP i.e Indicated Power provided to the piston / Input fuel energy in kW or kJ
= IP in KW / (mass of fuel/sec in kg/s) * (Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg)

2) Brake thermal efficiency = BTE = BP / Energy

BP i.e brake power is the delivered power / Input fuel energy in kW or kJ
= BP in KW / (mass of fuel/sec in kg/s) * (Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg)

3) Mechanical efficiency = ME = BP / IP = BTE / ITE

4) Volumetric efficiency = Volume of air inducted in the cylinder per cycle or

per suction stroke i.e swept volume i.e stroke volume i.e displacement volume

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5) Efficiency ratio =
Actual thermal efficiency / Ideal Thermal efficiency i.e air standard efficiency
6) Mean Effective Pressure (MEP) = Average pressure inside the cylinder
IMEP = 60* 1000 * IP / LAnK = Indicated MEP in N/m^2 per cylinder per
cycle
BMEP = 60 * 1000 * BP / LAnK = Brake MEP in N/m^2 per cylinder per
cycle
Where IP and BP are in KW
L = Stroke length in m
A = Piston cross section area in m^2
n = number of power strokes per minute
n = N/2 for 4 stroke engines, n = N for 2 stroke engine
N = Number of revolutions of the crankshaft per minute
K = number of cylinders
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7) Mean Piston speed = Maximum distance travelled by the
piston per revolution of the crankshaft * number of
revolutions made by the crankshaft per minute
= (2L * N) m/min
= 2L * N/60 m/s

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Note

1) If Diameter of piston (D) = Stroke Length

(L) then it is Known as Square Engine.
For square engine D/L = 1.

2) For Under Square Engine, D < L OR say

D/L < 1.

3) For Over Square Engine, D > L OR say

D/L > 1.
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Q.1

The engine of the Fiat car has four

cylinders, each of 68 mm bore
and 75 mm stroke. The
Compression ratio is 8. Determine
the cubic capacity of the engine
and the clearance volume of each
cylinder.

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Q.1 Solution

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Q.2

A Certain Engine delivers 100 kW

brake power. It requires 25 kW to
overcome the friction. Find its
mechanical efficiency.

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Q.2 Solution

Mechanical Efficiency = BP / IP = BP / (BP + FP)

= 100 / (100 + 25) = 80%

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Q.3.

The indicated thermal efficiency of four

stroke engine is 32% and its mechanical
efficiency is 78%. The fuel consumption
rate is 20 kg/h running at fixed speed. The
brake mean effective pressure developed
is 6 bar and the mean piston speed is 12
m/s. Assuming it to be a single cylinder
square engine, calculate the speed of the
engine. Calorific value of fuel is 42000
kJ/kg.
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Q.3 Solution

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Q.3 Solution Continue

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Q.4
An S.I. Engine has a fuel-air ratio of 0.07.
Find how much kg/hr of air required for an
output of 75 kW at an brake thermal
efficiency of 20% ?. Also find BSFC.
How much m^3/hr of air required if the
density of the air is 1.2 kg/m^3 ?.
If the fuel vapour has a density four times
that of air, how much m^3/hr of the mixture
is required?The calorific value of the fuel is
43700 kJ/kg.
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 Q.4 Solution Continue
Brake thermal efficiency = BTE = BP / Energy
= BP i.e brake power is the delivered power / Input fuel energy
in kW or kJ
= BP in KW / (mass of fuel/sec in kg/s) * (Calorific value of fuel
in kJ/kg
0.2 = 75 / Mf * 43700 gives Mf = 30.89 kg/hr

Hence BSFC = Mf / BP = 30.89 / 75 = 0.412 kg /kW-hr

Now, Air-Fuel ratio = A/F = Ma / Mf

Therefore, Ma = 30.89 / 0.07 = 441.3 kg/hr
Hence, Va = 441.3 / density of air = 441.3 / 1.2 = 367.8 m^3/hr
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Q.4 Solution Continue

Now, Vf = Mf / density of fuel

Vf = 30.89 / 4 * density of air = 30.89 / 4* 1.2 = 6.4 m^3/hr

Hence mixture volume = Air Volume + Fuel Volume

= 367.8 + 6.4
= 374.2 m^3/hr

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NOTE

Q.1.30 (Unsolved Question in TB):

Answers given in TB are wrong
hence do follow correct procedure.

Q.1.28 (Unsolved Question in TB) :

Assume 4 Cylinder engine.

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Q.5 (1.30)

A single cylinder, four stroke engine has

a BSFC of 1.13 x 10^-5 kg/kW.s and
fuel consumption rate of 0.4068 kg/h.
The specific power output of the engine
is 0.33 kW/cm^2. If the engine runs at
3000 rpm, Find the displacement
volume of the cylinder and if the mean
piston speed is 15 m/s, find the BMEP.

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Solution to Q.5 (1.30)

BMEP = 60 * 1000 * BP / LAnK = Brake MEP in N/m^2 per

cylinder per cycle --------------------------------(eq.1)
Where, BP = ? kW, L = ? m, A = ? m^2, n = N/2 = 1500,
K=1
Also, BSFC of 1.13 x 10^-5 kg/kW.s and fuel consumption
rate of 0.4068 kg/h. Hence BP = Mf / BSFC
= 0.4068 / 1.13 x 10^-5 * 3600
= 10 kW ----------(eq.2)
Now, Mean Piston speed = 2L * N/60 m/s = 15 m/s
Hence L = 15 * 60 / 2* 3000 = 0.15 m-----------(eq.3)
Now, specific power output of the engine = BP/A= is 0.33
kW/cm^2. Hence A = 30.3 * 10^-4 m^2-------(eq.4)
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Solution to Q.6 (1.30) continues

Using equations 2, 3 and 4 in equation 1.

BMEP = 60 * 1000 * BP / LAnK
= 60 * 1000 * 10 / 0.15 * 30.3 * 10^-4 * 1500 * 1
= 880088 N/m^2
BEMP = 8.8 bar

Displacement volume = vs = LA = 0.15* 30.3*10^-4 m^3

= 454.5 cc or cm^3

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Q.6 (1.28)

In a performance test on a four stroke engine,

the indicator diagram area was found to be
5 x 10^-4 m^2 and the length of the indicator
diagram was 0.05 m. If the Y-axis has a scale
of 1 m = 50 MPa, find the IMEP of the engine
given that bore = 150 mm, stroke = 200 mm.
The measured engine speed was 1200 rpm.
Also calculate the IP and ISFC of the engine
if the fuel injected per cycle is 0.5 cc with the
specific gravity of 0.8

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Solution to Q.6 (1.28)

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Solution to Q.6 (1.28) Continued…

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Solution to Q.6 (1.28)
Continued…

Mass of fuel injected per min = 4 * 10^-4 * 600

Mass of fuel injected per hour = 4 * 10^-4 * 600 * 60 kg/hr

Hence ISFC = (Mass of fuel injected per hour) / (IP)

ISFC = 0.203 kg/kW-hr

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Q.7 (1.23)

4 Cylinder SI engine has bore 680

mm, crank radius 375 mm, CR 8:1,
determine (i) stroke length (ii) swept
volume (iii) cubic capacity (iv)
clearance volume (v) total volume. If
volumetric efficiency is 80%
determine (vi) actual volume of air
aspirated / stroke in each cylinder?

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Solution to Q.7 (1.23)

L = 2 * Crank Radius
L = 750 MM
Vs = 0.272 m^3
Cubic capacity = 1.088 m^3
Vcl = 0.039 m^3
Vt = 0.311 m^3
Va = Vs * Volumetric efficiency = 0.271 m^3

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Q.8 (Solved in TB but in different
way. Refer Notebook)
Find out the speed at which a four cylinder
engine using natural gas can develop a
brake power of 50 kW working under
following conditions.
Air- gas ratio = 9:1, calorific value of the fuel
= 34 MJ/m^3, compression ratio = 10:1,
volumetric efficiency = 70%, indicated
thermal efficiency = 35%, mechanical
efficiency = 80%, and the total volume of
the engine is 2 liters.
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Q.8. Solution
Indicated thermal efficiency = ITE = IP / Energy
IP i.e Indicated Power provided to the piston / Input fuel energy
in kW or kJ
= IP in KW / (mass of fuel/sec in kg/s) * (Calorific value
of fuel in kJ/kg)
= [BP/Mechanical Efficiency] / Mf Cf.
Now, Mf Cf for engine = [BP/ME] / ITE.
Mf Cf for 1 cylinder = [50 kW /0.8] / 0.35 * (K=4)
= 44.64 kW / cylinder
Mf (kg/sec) Cf (kJ / kg) = 44.64 kJ / sec
Mf (kg/sec) * Cf (kJ / kg) = 44.64 kJ / sec

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 Q.8. Solution Continued…
Mf (kg/sec) * Cf (kJ / kg) = 44.64 kJ / sec. … (time basis) (eq.1)
Mf (kg) * Cf (kJ / kg) = 44.64 kJ for Many number of cycles
(Mf .Cf) kJ = 44.64 kJ
1.19 kJ = 44.64 kJ is NOT possible i.e hence there must be
[1.19 /cycle] * no. of cycles = 44.64 (refer how next slide how to get 1.19)
Hence no. cycles or no. of power strokes = ps
ps = 44.64 kJ/ [Mf.Cf] kJ … for diesel or petrol where Mf in kg and Cf in kJ/kg
ps = 44.64 kJ/ [Vf .Cf] kJ for gas fuels where Vf in m3 and Cf in kJ/m3 …. (eq.2)
Hence, ps = 44.64 /1.19 = 37.51 (refer how next slide how to get 1.19)
Thus number of power strokes (ps) = 37.51 obtained using eq.1 and 2
where basic eq. 1 is having the basis of time in second.
Hence number of power strokes per second (in a cylinder) = 37.51
Hence power strokes per minutes = n = 37.51 * 60 = (N/2)
Hence number of revolutions per minutes = N = 2* 37.51 * 60 RPM
Hence N= 4500 rpm (Approximately) BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Q.8. Solution Continued…

Now vf (m^3) = va / (a/f) = va / 9 = (vs* vol eff) / 9 ….(eq.3)

Where vs = vt –vcl = (2000 cc / 4) – (vt /CR) =
(500) – (500/10) = 450 cc = 450 * 10^-6 m^3 = vs

From eq 3, vf (m^3) = va / (a/f) = va / 9 = (vs* vol eff) / 9

vf (m^3) = (450 * 10^-6 * 0.7) / 9
vf (m^3) = 35* 10^-6 …………….(eq.4)
Now vf (m^3) .Cf (kJ/m^3) = 35* 10^-6 m^3 . 34*10^3 (kJ/m^3)
=1.19 kJ /cycle …………….(eq.5)

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Assignment (Q.9 to Q.13) as
below respectively

Q. 1.24,
Q. 1.25,
Q. 1.26,
Q. 1.27, (Under square?)
Q. 1.29

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HW (Chapter 1)
Post classes Reading of theory
(PPT + CN + TB) + All Solved problems in
Text Book Chapter 1 + Assignment given

of previous page of PPT + Multiple choice

questions as below of TB
Q. 1 to 4
Q. 7 to 10
Q. 12 to 14
Q. 19, 21, 23-24.
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