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Chapter 3 Lecture

This document discusses moles, molar mass, formula mass, conversions between moles, mass and atoms, empirical and molecular formulas, percent composition, and solutions including molarity, dilution, parts per million and parts per billion. It provides examples and practice problems for many chemistry concepts related to stoichiometry and solution concentration.

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sandpiper2nd
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18 views

Chapter 3 Lecture

This document discusses moles, molar mass, formula mass, conversions between moles, mass and atoms, empirical and molecular formulas, percent composition, and solutions including molarity, dilution, parts per million and parts per billion. It provides examples and practice problems for many chemistry concepts related to stoichiometry and solution concentration.

Uploaded by

sandpiper2nd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Composition of Substances and


Solutions
Moles and Molar Mass
Each sample contains 1 mol of atoms
The Mole
1 Mole of a substance has 6.022 x 1023 atoms or molecules

Avogadro’s number: 1 mol = 6.022 x 1023

One mole of anything is 6.022 × 1023 units of that thing.


Molar Mass
• Molar mass of an element or compound is the mass in grams of 1
mole of that substance
• Units: amu or g/mol
Units for molar mass
Mass of carbon-12 = 12 g/mol
Mass of carbon-12 = 12 amu

12 amu = 12 g/mol
1 amu = 1 g/mol
Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or
Formula Unit
For any compound, the formula mass is the sum of the atomic
masses of all the atoms in its chemical formula:
Formula Mass Practice

H2O formula mass = 2(1.00) + 1 (16.00) = 18.0 g/mol

Na2CO3 formula mass = 2(22.98) + 1(12.00) + 3(16.00)= 105.9 g/mol


Conversions Between Mass- Moles-Atoms
Moles to Number of Atoms
Convert 3.5 mol helium to the number of helium atoms.

1 mol He = 6.022 × 1023 He atoms


Atoms to Moles
How many moles are contained in a pure gold ring containing
5.32 x 10-2 atoms?
Molar Mass
What is the molar mass of CaCO3?
Mass to Moles
Convert 14.00 g CaCO3 to mol
Mole to Mass
Convert 0.2300 mol CaCO3 to grams
Mass to Atoms
How many aluminum atoms are in an aluminum can with a mass of
16.2 g?
Atoms to Mass
A sugar crystal contains approximately 1.8x1017 sucrose (C12H22O11)
molecules. What is its mass in mg?
Atoms to Mass
Calculate the mass of glucose (C6H12O6) that contains a billion
(1.00x109) oxygen atoms. Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
Mass to atoms
Calculate the number of vanadium atoms in a 100.0 g sample of
vanadium oxide (V2O5). Round your answer to 4 significant digits.
Mass in a Chemical Formula
Calculate the mass of vanadium in a 100.0 g sample of vanadium oxide
(V2O5). Round your answer to 4 significant digits.
Mass to Atoms
How many sulfate ions are in 18.4 grams of Cr2(SO4)3?
Empirical Formula
Empirical vs. Molecular Formulas
Empirical formula: CH2O (30.03 g/mol)
Glucose C6H12O6 (180.18 g/mol)
Sucrose C12H24O12 (360.36 g/mol)
Ribose C5H10O5 (150.15 g/mol)
Conversion of Fractional Subscripts to Whole
Numbers
Determination of Empirical Formulas
A compound is determined to contain 5.31 g Cl and 8.40 g O.
Determine the empirical formula.
Calculating Molecular Formula
The molecular formula is always a whole-number multiple of the
empirical formula.
We need to find n in the expression
Molecular Formula
Naphthalene is a compound containing carbon and hydrogen that is
used in mothballs. Its empirical formula is C5H4 and its molar mass is
128.16 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?
Mass Percent
Percent Composition
The percentage by mass of each element in a compound
Percent Composition
What is the percent composition of 2.5 g H in a 10.0 g sample?
Mass Percent
Find the mass percentage of each element in Ca3(PO4)2
Mass Percent
Calculate the mass percent of nitrogen in lead (II) nitrate
Determine the empirical formula
CxHy
%C=81.68% and %H=18.32%
Mass to Mass
A 21.9 g sample of CaSO4 is found to contain 6.45 g of Ca and 10.3 g
of O. Find the mass of sulfur in a sample of CaSO4 with a mass
of 42.3 g.
Option 1: Percent Composition
To obtain 10.00 g Ca, how much CaCO3 is needed?
mass of element X in 1 mol of compound
mass percent of element X = × 100%
mass of 1 mol of compound
Option 2: Molar Mass
To obtain 10.00 g Ca, how much CaCO3 is needed?
Molecular Formula
Compound X has a molar mass of 104.01 g/mol and 26.93% nitrogen,
73.07% fluorine. Write the molecular formula of X.
Determine Empirical Formula
Polymers are large molecules composed of simple units repeated many
times. Thus, they often have relatively simple empirical formulas.
Calculate the empirical formulas of the polymer lucite (Plexiglas)
59.9% C, 8.06% H, 32.0% O
Empirical Formula
A compound with the empirical formula CVHXNYOZ contains
62.72% C, 7.252% H, 9.144% N and 20.89% O by mass

Solve for V, X, Y, Z
Molarity
Solutions
A solution consists of two components:

1) Solvent: component with a concentration that is significantly greater than


that of all other components

2) Solute: component that is typically present at a much lower concentration


than the solvent

A solution in which water is the solvent is called an aqueous solution.


Molarity
Molarity (M): the number of moles of solute in exactly 1 liter (1 L) of the solution:

mol solute
M =
L solution
Molarity
Calculate the molarity of a solution made by putting 15.5 g NaCl into a
beaker and adding water to make 1.05 L of NaCl solution
Calculating Concentration
A chemist prepares a solution of zinc oxalate by measuring out 2.2 mg
of zinc oxalate into a 150 mL volumetric flask and filling the flask to the
mark with water. Calculate the concentration in mol/L.
Finding mass from molarity
A chemist adds 290.0 mL of a 2.7 M potassium iodide solution to a
reaction flask. Calculate the mass in kilograms of potassium iodide the
chemist has added to the flask.
Dilution
• Dilution is the process whereby the concentration of a solution is
lessened by the addition of solvent.

• Dilution is a common means of preparing solutions of a desired


concentration.

• By adding solvent to a measured portion of a more concentrated


stock solution, we can achieve a particular concentration.
Dilution of Solutions
• Since the dilution process does not change the amount of solute in the solution, n1 = n2.

• Thus, these two equations may be set equal to one another to derive the dilution equation:

𝑀1 𝑉1 = 𝑀2 𝑉2
• Other units of concentration (C) and volume (V) may be used.

C1V1 = C2V2
Parts per Million and Parts per Billion
• Very low solute concentrations are often expressed using
appropriately small units such as parts per million (ppm) or parts
per billion (ppb).

• The mass-based definitions of ppm and ppb:


mass solute 6
ppm = × 10
mass of solution
mass solute
ppb = × 109
mass of solution
Dilution
A chemist must dilute 44.6 mL of 287 µM aqueous calcium sulfate
(CaSO4) solution until the concentration falls to 189 µM. She’ll do this
by adding distilled water to the solution until it reaches a certain final
volume. What is the final volume in mL?
Dilution
A chemist must prepare 925 mL of 1698 µM aqueous copper (II)
fluoride working solution. She’ll do this by pouring out some 0.00171
mol/L aqueous copper (II) fluoride stock solution into a graduated
cylinder and diluting it with distilled water. Calculate the volume of the
stock solution.
Ion molarity using solute mass
A chemist prepares a solution of iron (II) chloride by measuring out
0.45 g of FeCl2 into a 50 mL volumetric flask and filling to the mark with
distilled water. Calculate the molarity of Cl- anions in the chemist’s
solution

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