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Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas

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CRUZ LOPEZ PABLO DANIEL
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9 views

Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas

Uploaded by

CRUZ LOPEZ PABLO DANIEL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instituto Politécnico Nacional

Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias


Extractivas.

Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibrium


Teacher: SANCHEZ PASTEN MIGUEL
2IM32 Equipo:3
Students: Cruz Lopez Pablo Daniel
González Quijano Raymundo
Lab 3: Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium of a System Following
Raoult's Law
SCHOOL TERM 24/2
April 8, 2024
Introduction

What is a liquid-vapor equilibrium?

First, it is necessary to remember concepts, and for that, it


is necessary to recall that a liquid-vapor equilibrium is a
dynamic state established by a liquid, whether it is a pure
substance or a mixture, with the vapor surrounding and
interacting with the surface.

It is also necessary to remember that it must be a closed


container to avoid disturbances within the system.

Equilibrium:

The thermodynamic equilibrium of an isolated system is a


state of balance where the variables that characterize it
and that can be measured or calculated do not undergo Picture 1.1
changes, given that due to its isolation condition, there are
no external forces that tend to modify that state.
Liquid-Vapor Equations
At point a the pressure of the system is
high enough that only liquid exists, where
x′A its molar fraction of A. If, starting from
a, the pressure is progressively decreased,
there comes a time when the first vapour
bubble is formed, which, being a small
(infinitesimal) quantity, can be disregarded
for its effect on the composition of the
liquid.
The composition of the liquid can still be
considered the initial one, corresponding,
since the vapour pressure for a given
composition of the liquid phase in
equilibrium with its vapour is given by the
line of the liquid, with the point B.
Thermal Equilibrium
In physics, thermal equilibrium is
the state in which two bodies in
contact, or separated by a
conducting surface, equalize their
initially disparate temperatures due
to the transfer of heat from one to
the other.

Picture 1.2
Thermal Equilibrium Formula
Q = m . Ce . Δt,
Where m is the mass of the body, Ce is its specific heat expressed in cal /
g°C, and Δt is the temperature variation, that is: Δt = tf - ti, final time minus
initial time.
Mechanical
Equilibrium
Mechanical equilibrium is a steady state in
which a body is found when the sum of
forces and applied moments on it is equal
to zero.
Practical Applications
Distillation and Liquid Purification
• Distillation is used to produce high-purity ethyl alcohol from fermented
mixtures and to purify chemicals.
• Distillation is employed to purify water, removing impurities and
contaminants to make it safe for human consumption.

Design of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems


• These systems leverage the phase change between liquid and vapor to
transfer heat and provide cooling or heating.
• Understanding how vapor properties vary with temperature and
pressure is essential for designing efficient systems and optimizing
their performance.

Environmental Pollution Control


• In environmental engineering, it is used in the modeling
and design of emission control systems to calculate the
evaporation rates of chemical substances and prevent
atmospheric pollution.
Calculations
1. Depending on whether the
solution is Methanol or
Isopropanol, we will
calculate the bubble
temperature and the
composition of the gas
phase using Raoult's Law.

The pressure used will be 585


mmHg.
RAOULT'S LAW

P = Pressure
P sat = Saturation Pressure
Yi = Vapor Mole Fraction
Xi = Liquid Mole Fraction.
2.
•Create an experimental and
theoretical phase diagram using
the T-XY and Y-X axes for plotting

•. Plot the experimental and


calculated data points of T-x(1) and
y(1) from the previous step.
3.
•We compare the results of the
experimental and theoretical
phase diagrams.

•Based on the results obtained,


deduce whether the Methanol-
Isopropanol system follows
Raoult's Law.
Experimental
Development
• First, it will be necessary to prepare a series of
methanol and isopropanol solutions with
concentrations of 0.0, 0.01, ... 1.0 mol.
• Immediately after, the refractive index (n) of
each solution will be measured, and then a
graph will be plotted.
• Following the completion of the calibration
curve, the first solution will be placed in a
container in the equipment. The container will
be placed on the heating plate with slow
stirring, and it will be necessary to heat the
liquid until it reaches boiling. Afterward, wait
for a moment to ensure that the temperature is
constant and take note of it; this will be the
bubble temperature.
Now, from the protrusion on the base of the condenser, it will be
necessary to take a sample using a thin pipette and a knob. Next, we
hould deposit it into a previously labeled test tube and immediately
over it.

Note: For solutions corresponding to


pure substances, it is not necessary
to take condensate samples.

Once this is finished, it will be


necessary to repeat steps c and d
with each of the solutions.
• Shortly after, it will be
necessary to wait for the
samples containing the
condensates to reach
room temperature to
measure the refractive
index of each one of
them using the
calibration curve
prepared in step b. We
will then determine the
mole fraction of
methanol in the vapors.
Expected Results

• A comparison is expected
between the experimental
diagrams and the nearly
similar calculations, but
more variables are
anticipated on the
experimental side.
Additionally, 11 data points
are expected for plotting.
Discussion of Results

Everything will rely on the


resemblance in which the
diagrams being compared show a
similarity or a discrepancy.
Hypotheses
• When working with isopropyl
alcohol and methanol, a trend
is expected when calculating
and locating the bubble
temperature, which will be
used to obtain an experimental
graph similar to the calculation-
based graph.
Oscillating technologies for
synthesis gas purification

• Given that synthesis gas can be


produced from a variety of feedstocks, it
must be purified according to the
chosen feedstock and also with respect
to the application in question, which
can range from fuel and chemical
synthesis to zero-emission power
generation through pre-combustion
carbon capture.
Synthesis Gas
Synthesis gas or syngas is a gaseous
fuel obtained from carbon-rich
substances subjected to a high-
temperature chemical process.

Syngas is primarily composed of


hydrogen and carbon monoxide. It has
less than half the energy density of
natural gas. It has been and is still
used as a fuel or as an intermediate
product for the production of other
chemicals.
Proposals to Improve Gas Purification

• The first proposal would be to enhance the obtaining of different


gases by utilizing improved reactors.

• The second proposal we have would be to utilize residual gases


after carrying out a synthesis process.
References
• PICTURES
• Leskow, E. C. (s/f). Equilibrio Térmico - Concepto, fórmula y ejemplos. Recuperado el 28 de marzo de 2024, de
https://concepto.de/equilibrio-termico/

• Bibliographic Citations:
• Equilibrio líquido-vapor. (s/f). Github.io. Recuperado el 28 de marzo de 2024, de
https://paginadepca.github.io/termodinamica_electroquimica/equilibrio_liquido_vapor/equilibrio_liquido_vapor.html
• Raquel, G. C. S. (2013). Estudio fisicoquímico del equilibrio líquido-vapor: Aplicaciones de la ebulloscopia.
Universidad de Salamanca. https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/124807?locale-attribute=pt_BR
• Wattco. (2023, 26 septiembre). Equilibrio de fases y diagramas de fases - WattCo.
https://www.wattco.com/es/casestudy/equilibrio-de-fases/#:~:text=Equilibrio%20vapor-l%C3%ADquido,-
La%20ley%20de&text=Se%20utilizan%20gr%C3%A1ficas%20similares%20en,composiciones%20de%20vapor
%20o%20l%C3%ADquido.

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