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24 views4 pages

Wa0005.

Uploaded by

ME-6 Ganesh Nerkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bending Stress in Beams

Bending Stress

When a beam is loaded with external loads, all the sections of the beam will experience bending
moments and shear forces. The shear forces and bending moments at various sections of the
beam can be evaluated as discussed in the earlier chapter. In this chapter, the bending and
bending stress distribution across a section will be dealt with.

Some practical applications of bending stress shall also be dealt with. These are

1. Moment carrying capacity of a section


2. Evaluation of extreme normal stresses due to bending
3. Design of beam for bending
4. Evaluation of load bearing capacity of the beam

The major stresses induced due to bending are normal stresses of tension and compression. But
the state of stress within the beam includes shear stresses due to the shear force in addition to the
major normal stresses due to bending although the former are generally of smaller order when
compared to the latter.

Simple Bending or Pure Bending

A beam or a part of it is said to be in a state of pure bending when it bends under the action of
uniform/constant bending moment, without any shear force.

Alternatively, a portion of a beam is said to be in a state of simple bending or pure bending when
the shear force over that portion is zero. In that case there is no chance of shear stress in the
beam. But, the stress that will propagate in the beam as a result will be known as normal stress.

Dr. S. K Nayak, PhD 1


Bending Stress in Beams

However, in practice, when a beam is subjected to transverse loads, the bending moment at a
section is accompanied by shear force. But, it is generally observed that the shear force is zero
where the bending moment is maximum. Therefore, the condition of pure bending or simple
bending is deemed to be satisfied at that section.

Examples of pure bending are –

1. Bending of simple supported beam due to end coupling (Uniform pure bending)
2. Bending of cantilever beam with end moment (Uniform pure bending)
3. Bending of the portion between two equal point loads in a simple supported beam with
two-point loading (Non-uniform pure bending)

The four point bending of the simply supported beam

Dr. S. K Nayak, PhD 2


Bending Stress in Beams

Theory of Simple Bending

The theory which deals with the determination of stresses at a section of a beam due to pure
bending is called theory of simple bending. In this chapter, bending of straight homogeneous
beams of uniform cross sectional area with vertical axis of symmetry shall be considered. The
application of this theory can be extended to beams with two or more different materials as well
as curved beams.

Several cross-sections of beams satisfying the above conditions are shown in the Fig. 5.

A beam of rectangular cross-section with typical loading condition is shown in the Fig. 6. Also
shown in the Fig. 7 is the three-dimensional beam with longitudinal vertical plane of symmetry,
with the cross-section symmetric about this plane. It is assumed that the loading and supports are

Dr. S. K Nayak, PhD 3


Bending Stress in Beams

also symmetric about this plane. With these conditions, the beam has no tendency to twist and
will undergo bending only.

A beam subjected to sagging moment is shown in the Fig. 8. The beam is imagined to be
consisting of a number of longitudinal fibres; one such fibre is is shown in colour. It is obvious
that the fibres near the upper side of the beam are compressed; hence an element in the upper
part is under compression. The fibres at the bottom side of the beam get stretched and, hence, the
elements on the lower side are subjected to tension. Somewhere in between, there will be a plane
where the fibres are subjected to neither tension nor compression. Such a plane is termed as
neutral surface or neutral plane.

In the conventional coordinate system attached to the beam in Fig. 8, x axis is the longitudinal
axis of the beam, the y axis is in the transverse direction and the longitudinal plane of symmetry
is in the x- y plane, also called the plane of bending.

Neutral Surface

The longitudinal surface of a beam under bending which experiences neither tension nor
compression is known as neutral surface. There is only one neutral surface in a beam.

Dr. S. K Nayak, PhD 4

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