Dire-Dawa University, Institute of Technology

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Power stream
Course Name: Computer Application in Power System
Lecture3: Fault Analysis

Prepared by: Chalachew M. (MSc)

 OUT-LINE
 Introduction
 Analysis of three phase
 Admittance matrix equation
 Impedance matrix equation
 Fault calculation
 Analysis of unbalanced fault
 Admittance and Impedance matrix equation
 fault calculation

2
 Introduction
3.1. INTRODUCTION

 The main object of fault analysis is to calculate fault

currents and voltages for the determination of circuit-breaker
capacity and protective relay performance.
 The following approximations are base for fault analysis.
 All voltage sources assumed a one per unit magnitude and
zero relative phase, which is equivalent to neglecting the pre-
fault load current contribution.
 Transmission plant components included only inductive
parameters.
 Transmission line shunt capacitance and transformer
magnetizing impedance were ignored.

3
 Cont’d
 Based on the above assumptions, simple equivalent
sequence impedance networks were calculated and these were
interconnected according to the fault specification.

4
 Cont’d

NO Type Frequency Faults in the order of

. severity are as
follows
1 Open conductor ---- 5
fault
2 L-G fault 70% 4
3 L-L Fault 15% 3
4 D- L-L Fault 10% 2
5 L-L-L Fault 5% 1

5
 3.2. Analysis of three phase fault

Fault Analysis Solution Techniques

There are two main methods to analysis the fault:
a) Fault analysis using conventional methods
The conventional or the network reduction analysis method is
not sufficient and not applicable for large power system
networks. This methods were learnt in power system
analysis course in detail so read it.
6
 Cont’d

b) Fault analysis using bus impedance matrix development

methods.
 In this section a more general fault circuit analysis using
nodal method is obtained.
 We see that by utilizing the elements of the bus impedance
matrix, the fault current as well as the bus voltage during
faults are readily and easily calculated.

7
Cont’d

8
Cont’d

9
Cont’d

10
3.2.1. Admittance Matrix Equation

11
Cont’d

12
3.2.2. Impedance Matrix Equation

13
Cont’d

14
 3.2.3. Fault calculation

Substituting equation 3.14 in to equation 3.13 we get,

15
Cont’d

16
Cont’d

17
Cont’d

18
Example3.1

19
Cont’d

20
Cont’d

21
Cont’d

22
Cont’d

23
Cont’d

24
 Exercise 3.1

Repeat the above example for the fault at buses 2 and 1.

b) Formation of the bus impedance building algorithm.
Reading Assignment.

25
3.3.1Symmetrical Components and Unbalanced faults

26
Cont’d

27
Cont’d

28
Cont’d

29
Cont’d

30
Cont’d

31
Conversion Process from Sequence to Phase

32
Cont’d

33
 Cont’d
By similar fashion we can find also the phase current or the
phase component current as follows:

34
 Sequence Impedances and Sequence Networks

A. SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINES :
 An unloaded synchronous machine having its neutral
earthed through impedance, zn, is shown in fig. 3(a) below.
 A fault at its terminals causes currents Ia, Ib and Ic to flow
in the lines.
 If fault involves earth, a current In flows into the neutral
from the earth.
 This current flows through the neutral impedance Zn.
 Thus depending on the type of fault, one or more of the
line currents may be zero.

35
 Cont’d

Fig 3 .6a.
36
 Cont’d
a) Positive sequence network
 The generated voltages of a synchronous machine are
positive sequence only since the windings of a
synchronous machine are symmetrical.
 The positive sequence network consists of an emf equal to
no load terminal voltages and is in series with the positive
sequence impedance Z1 of the machine.
 Fig.3 (b) and fig.3(c) shows the paths for positive sequence
currents and positive sequence network respectively on a
single phase basis in the synchronous machine.
 The neutral impedance Zn does not appear in
the circuit because the phasor sum of Ia1, Ib1 and Ic1 is
zero.
37
 Cont’d
No positive sequence current can flow through Zn. Since its
a balanced circuit, the positive sequence N.
 The reference bus for the positive sequence network is the
neutral of the generator.
The positive sequence impedance Z1 consists of winding
resistance and direct axis reactance.
The reactance is the sub-transient reactance X”d or transient
reactance X’d or synchronous reactance Xd depending on
whether sub-transient, transient or steady state conditions are
being studied.

38
 Cont’d

Fig 3.6b Fig 3.6 c

 The positive sequence voltage of terminal a with respect to
the reference bus is given by:
Va1= Ea - Z1Ia1 eqn(3.18)
39
 Cont’d
b) Negative Sequence Network
 A synchronous machine does not generate any negative
sequence voltage.
 The flow of negative sequence currents in the stator
windings creates an mmf which rotates at synchronous
speed in a direction opposite to the direction of rotor, i.e.,
at twice the synchronous speed with respect to rotor.
 Thus the negative sequence mmf alternates past the direct
and quadrature axis and sets up a varying armature
reaction effect.
 Thus, the negative sequence reactance is taken as the
average of direct axis and quadrature axis sub-transient
reactance, i.e., X2 = 0.5 ( X”d + X”q )
40
 Cont’d

Fig 3.6d Fig 3.6e

Thus, the negative sequence voltage of terminal a with respect
to the reference bus is given by:
Va2= -Z2Ia2

41
 Cont’d
c) Zero Sequence Network
 No zero sequence voltage is induced in a synchronous
machine.
 The flow of zero sequence currents in the stator windings
produces three mmf which are in time phase.
 If each phase winding produced a sinusoidal space mmf,
then with the rotor removed, the flux at a point on
the axis of the stator due to zero sequence current would be
zero at every instant.
 The zero sequence currents flow through the neutral
impedance Zn and the current flowing through this impedance
is 3Ia0.
42
 Cont’d

Fig 3.6f Fig 3.6g

From the fig 3 f & g conclude that:
Va0 = -Ia0Z0 Where, Z0 =3Zn +Zg0

43
 Sequence Impedance of Transmission Lines
Transmission line is static devices and hence the phase
sequence has no effect on the impedance because currents and
voltages encounter the same geometry of the line. Therefore,
positive and negative sequence impedance of transmission
lines are equal. i.e., Z1=Z2
 But the zero sequence currents are in phase and follow
through the phase (a, b, c conductors) to the return through the
ground. The ground are in the phase of zero sequence and zero
sequence impedance , which includes the effect of the return
path through the ground. Due to this Z0 different from Z1
&Z2.
The zero sequence reactance of lines is about 2 to 4 times
the positive sequence reactance.
44
 Sequence Impedance of Transformer

 The positive and negative sequence diagrams for

transformers are similar to those for transmission lines.
 But the zero sequence network depends upon both how the
transformer is grounded and its type of connection.
Zero Sequence Network of Transformer

45
Cont’d

46
47
Unbalanced fault analysis using bus impedance
matrix

48
Cont’d

49
Cont’d

50
Cont’d

51
Cont’d

52
Cont’d

53
 Single line-to-ground fault (L-G)

54
Cont’d

55
Cont’d

56
 Cont’d

Line to Line fault (L-L)

 In this case the following

conditions are true.

 Since no connection with earth,

57
Cont’d

58
Double line to ground fault (L-L-G fault )

59
Cont’d

60
Bus voltage and line current during fault

61
Cont’d

62
Cont’d

63
Example 3.2

64
Cont’d

65
Cont’d

66
 Solution
To solve this example first develop the Y-matrix for each
component and then calculate the impedance matrix of each
component by using matrix inverse methods.

67
Cont’d

68
 Cont’d

Thus, the bus voltage during fault for phase a are,

69
Cont’d

70
Cont’d

71
Cont’d

72
Cont’d

73
Cont’d

74
Cont’d

75
Cont’d

76
Cont’d

77
Cont’d

78
Cont’d

79
 Exercise 2

a) Do “Question D” by yourselves
b) Repeat example 3.2 if the fault is happen at bus 2 and
1.

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Thank you for your attention!!!
Question????

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