PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32

SAMPLE PAPER TEST 07 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024

(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70
CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, section D contains three long questions of five marks each and
Section E contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each. 
1. An isosceles right angled current carrying loop PQR is placed in a uniform magnetic field B
pointing along PR. If the magnetic force acting on the arm PQ is F, then the magnetic force
which acts on the arm OR will be

(a) F (b) F/√2 (c) √2 F (d) -F

Ans: (d) -F
2. A magnetic needle is kept in a uniform magnetic field. It experiences
(a) a force and a torque (b) a force but not a torque
(c) a torque but not a force (d) neither a torque nor a force
Ans: (c) a torque but not a force

3. A point charge is situated at an axial point of a small electric dipole at a large distance from it.
The charge experiences a force F. If the distance of the charge is doubled, the force acting on the
charge will become
(a) 2F (b) F/2 (c) F/4 (d) F/8.
Ans: (d) F/8

4. A rectangular coil of length 0.12 m and width 0.1 m having 50 turns of wire is suspended
vertically in a uniform magnetic field of strength 0.2 Weber/m?. The coil carries a current of 2 A.
If the plane of the coil is inclined at an angle of 30* with the direction of the field, the torque
required to keep the coil in stable equilibrium will be
(a) 0.24 Nm (b) 0.12 Nm (c) 0.15 Nm (d) 0.20 Nm
Ans: (d) 0.20 Nm

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5. A series LCR circuit is shown in figure. The source frequency f is varied, but the current is kept
unchanged. Which of the curves shows changes of VC, and VL, with frequency?

1 1
Ans: (a) VC   and VL  2 fL  f
2 fC f
6. Two circular coils can be arranged in any of the three situations as shown in fig. Their mutual
inductance will be:

(a) maximum in situation (i) (b) maximum in situation (i)

(c) maximum in situation (iii) (d) same in all situations
Ans: (a) maximum in situation (i)
The magnetic field is along the axis of a circular coil. The maximum flux linkage between the
coils is in situation (i).

7. The Young's double-slit experiment is performed with blue and green lights of wavelengths 4360
Å and 5460 Å respectively. If x is the distance of 4th maxima from the central one, then
( x)blue 5460
(a) ( x )blue  ( x) green (b) ( x )blue  ( x) green (c) ( x)blue  ( x ) green (d) 
( x ) green 4360
Ans: (c) ( x)blue  ( x ) green
n D
As  n  (nth of bright fringes)
d
 n    blue  green   blue   green

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8. Which is reverse biased diode?

Ans: (b) Because p-side is more negative as compared to n-side.

9. White light is incident on the interface of glass and air as shown in figure. If green light is just
totally internally reflected, then the emerging ray in air contains

b
(a) yellow, orange, red Glass
(b) violet, indigo, blue
(c) all colours White
(d) all colours except green light
Ans: (a) yellow, orange, red Glass
For green colour critical angle, C = θ
Critical angle increases with decrease of refractive index or increase of wavelength, so critical
angles for yellow, orange, red will be more than θ, hence these rays will get refracted.

10. In a dc circuit the direction of current inside the battery and outside the battery respectively are
(a) positive to negative terminal and negative to positive terminal
(b) positive to negative terminal and positive to negative terminal
(c) negative to positive terminal and positive to negative terminal
(d) negative to positive terminal and negative to positive terminal
Ans: (c) negative to positive terminal and positive to negative terminal
Inside the battery ions (i.e. electron) move from positive to negative plates of electrodes. So,
current flows from negative terminal to positive terminal. But outside the battery current flows
from positive terminal to negative terminal.

11. In an-type semiconductor, which of the following statements is true?

(a) Electrons are majority carriers and trivalent atoms are the dopants.
(b) Electrons are minority carriers and pentavalent atoms are dopants.
(c) Holes are minority carriers and pentavalent atoms are dopants.
(d) Holes are majority carriers and trivalent atoms are dopants.
Ans: (c) Holes are minority carriers and pentavalent atoms are dopants.
In n-type semiconductor, pentavalent atoms such as phosphorus, antimony, arsenic act as dopant
and majority and minority change carriers are electrons and holes respectively.

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12. In a photoelectric experiment, the stopping-potential for the incident light of wavelength 4000 Å
is 2 volt. If the wavelength be changed to 3000 Å, the stopping potential will be
(a) 2 volt (b) less than 2 volt (c) zero (d) more than 2 volt
Ans: (d) more than 2 volt

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

13. Assertion (A): In the Bohr model of the hydrogen, atom, v and E represent the speed of the
electron and the total energy of the electron respectively. Then v/E is proportional to the
quantum number n of the electron.
Reason (R): v  n and E  n 2
Ans: (c) A is true but R is false.

14. Assertion (A): An applied electric field polarises a polar dielectric.

Reason (R): The molecules of a polar dielectric possess a permanent dipole moment, but in the
absence of electric field, these dipoles are randomly oriented and when electric field is applied
these dipoles align along the direction of electric field.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
When an electric field is applied to a polar dielectric, it polarize the dielectric, it means all the
positive charge is on one side of the dielectric and the negative is on the other and in the absence
of electric field, they are just randomly distributed.

15. Assertion (A) : Susceptibility is defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetisation I to magnetic
intensity H.
Reason (R) : Greater the value of susceptibility, smaller the value of intensity of magnetisation
I.
Ans: (c) A is true but R is false.
I
From the relation,  m    m  I
H
Thus, it is option that greater the value of supportability of a material greater will be
the value of interesting of magnetisation.

16. Assertion (A) : The conductivity of an electrolyte is very low as compared to a metal at room
temperature.
Reason (R): The number density of free ions in electrolyte is much smaller as compared to
number density of free electrons in metals. Further, ions drift much more slowly, being heavier.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
The number density of free ions in electrolyte is much smaller as compared to number density of
free electrons in metals. Further, ions drift much more slowly, being heavier.

SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

17. (i) How are infrared waves produced? Write their one important use.
(ii) The thin ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival. Why?
Ans: (i) Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules.
Important use:
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 (a) To treat muscular strains
(b) To reveal the secret writings on the ancient walls
(c) For producing dehydrated fruits
(d) Solar heater
(e) Solar cooker
(ii) Ozone layer protects us from harmful UV rays.

18. Suppose that the particle is an electron projected with velocity vx = 2.0 x 106 m/s. If electric field
between the plates separated by 0.5 cm is 9.1 x 102 N/C, where will the electron strike the upper
plate? (|e| = 1.6 x 10-19 C, m = 9.1 x 10-31 kg.)
Ans:

19. Explain, how the heavy doping of both p-and n-sides of a p-n junction diode results in the
electric field of the junction being extremely high even with a reverse bias voltage of a few volts.
Ans: If p-type and n-type semiconductor are heavily doped. Then due to diffusion of electrons
from n-region to p-region, and of holes from p-region to n-region, a depletion region formed of
size of order less than 1 μm. The electric field directing from n-region to p-region produces a
reverse bias voltage of about 5 V and electric field becomes very large.
V 5V
E   5 106 V / m
x 1 m

20. The magnetic susceptibility of magnesium at 300 K is 1.2 x 105. At what temperature will its
magnetic susceptibility become 1.44 x 105?
Ans: The susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is inversely proportional to the absolute
temperature.
1 C
According to Curie’s law,      (where C is curie constant)
T T
Here, 1  1.2  10 , T1  300 K , 1  1.44 105 , T2  ?
5

C
1   C  1T1
T1
C C 1T1 1.2  105
 2   T2     300  250 K
T2 2  2 1.44  105

21. The figure shows the plot of binding energy (BE) per nucleon as a function of mass number A.
The letters A, B, C, D and E represent the positions of typical nuclei on the curve. Point out,
giving reasons, the two processes (in terms of A, B, C, D and E), one of which can occur due to
nuclear fission and the other due to nuclear fusion.

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 Ans: The nuclei A and B undergo nuclear fusion as their binding energy per nucleon is small and
they are less stable so they fuse with other nuclei to become stable. The nuclei at E undergo
nuclear fission as its binding energy per nucleon is less it splits into two or more lighter nuclei
and becomes stable.
OR
A heavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding energy per nucleon 7.6 MeV is split into
two fragments Y and Z of mass numbers 110 and 130. The binding energy of nucleons in Y and
Z is 8.5 MeV per nucleon. Calculate the energy Q released per fission in MeV.
Ans: 240 P  110Q  130 R
The binding energy of P = 240 × 7.6 MeV = 1824 MeV
The binding energy of the products
= 110 × 8.5 + 130 × 8.4
= 935 + 1092 = 2027 MeV
The energy released during fission is
= 2027 – 1824 MeV
= 203 MeV

SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. A ray of light passing from air through an equilateral glass prism undergoes minimum deviation
when the angle of incidence is 3/4 th of the angle of prism. Calculate the speed of light in the
prism.
Ans: Angle of prism, A = 60° (Since prism is an equilateral glass prism)
3 3
We are given that i  A   600  450
4 4
A
At minimum deviation, r   300
2
1
0
sin i sin 45 2
∴ n  0
 2   2
sin r sin 30 1 2
2
c 3 108
∴ Speed of light in the prism is given by v    2.1 108 m / s
n 2
OR
The radii of curvature of both the surfaces of a lens are equal. If one of the surfaces is made
plane by grinding, then will the focal length of lens change? Will the power change?

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 1 1 1
Ans: Focal length of lens  (n  1)   
f R R
1 1 1
When one surface is made plane,  (n  1)   
f R 
R
∴ f ' 2f
n 1
That is, the focal length will be doubled.
As P = 1/f, so power will be halved.

23. When is Hα line in the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom obtained? Calculate the frequency of
the photon emitted during this transition.
Ans: The line with the longest wavelength of the Balmer series is called Hα.
1  1 1 
 R 2  2 
 2 n 
where λ = wavelength
R = 1.097×107 m–1 (Rydberg constant)
When the electron jumps from the orbit with n = 3 to n = 2, we have
1  1 1  1 5
 R 2  2    R
  2 n   36
c 5
The frequency of photon emitted is given by    3  108   1.097  107 Hz
 36
14
= 4.57 × 10 Hz

24. A proton, a deuteron and an alpha particle, are accelerated through the same potential difference

and then subjected to a uniform magnetic field B , perpendicular to the direction of their
motions. Compare (i) their kinetic energies, and (ii) if the radius of the circular path described by
proton is 5 cm, determine the radii of the paths described by deuteron and alpha particle.
1
Ans: (i) Since qV  mv 2
2
1
For proton, m p v12  qV
2
1
For deuteron, md v2 2  qV
2
1
For alpha particle, m v32  2qV
2
⇒ (K.E.)p : (K.E.)d : (K.E.)α = 1 : 1 : 2
mv 2 mv
(ii) We have, Bqv   rp   5cm;
r Bq
⇒ rp : rd : rα = vp : vd : vα = 1: √2 : √2
∴ rd = 5√2cm, rα = 5√2cm
OR
(i) An electron moving horizontally with a velocity of 4 x 104 m/s enters a region of uniform
magnetic field of 10-5 T acting vertically upward as shown in the figure. Draw its trajectory and
find out the time it takes to come out of the region of magnetic field.

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 (ii) A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 m carries current of 2A. It is suspended in mid
air by a uniform magnetic field B. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?
Ans: (i) From Flemings left hand rule, the electron deflects in anticlockwise direction.
As the electron comes out the magnetic field region, it will describe a semi-circular path.

mv 2 mv
Magnetic force provides a centripetal force. So, evB   eB 
r r
r m
Time Taken, T  
v eB
31
3.14  9.1 10 3.14  9.1 107
T  19 5
  1.78  106 s
1.6 10 10 1.6
(ii) If Ampere’s force acts in upward direction and balances the weight, that is,

mg 0.2 10 2
Fm  mg  BIl  mg  B     0.67T
Il 2  1.5 3

25. The energy level diagram of an element is given below. Identify, by doing necessary
calculations, which transition corresponds to the emission of a spectral line of wavelength 102.7
nm.

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 hc 6.6 1034  3  108
Ans: E   J
 102.7  109
6.6 1034  3  108 66  3000
 9 19
eV   12.04eV
102.7  10  1.6  10 1027  16
Now, ΔE =|–13.6 – (–1.50)|
= 12.1 eV
Hence, transition shown by arrow D corresponds to emission of λ = 102.7 nm.

26. Draw V- I characteristics of a p-n junction diode. Answer the following questions, giving
reasons:
(i) Why is the current under reverse bias almost independent of the applied potential upto a
critical voltage?
(ii) Why does the reverse current show a sudden increase at the critical voltage?
Ans: (i) In the reverse biasing, the current of order of μA is due to movement/drifting of minority
charge carriers from one region to another through the junction. A small applied voltage is
sufficient to sweep the minority charge carriers through the junction. So, reverse current is
almost independent of critical voltage.

(ii) At critical voltage (or breakdown voltage), a large number of covalent bonds break, resulting
in the increase of large number of charge carriers. Hence, current increases at critical voltage.

27. (i) A rod of length l is moved horizontally with a uniform velocity ‘v’ in a direction
perpendicular to its length through a region in which a uniform magnetic field is acting vertically
downward. Derive the expression for the emf induced across the ends of the rod.

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 (ii) How does one understand this motional emf by invoking the Lorentz force acting on the free
charge carriers of the conductor? Explain.
Ans: (i) Suppose a rod of length ‘l’ moves with velocity v inward in the region having uniform
magnetic field B.
Initial magnetic flux enclosed in the rectangular space is φ =|B|lx
dx
As the rod moves with velocity v 
dt
d d  dx 
Using Lenz’s law,      ( Blx )  Bl       Blv
dt dt  dt 
(ii) Suppose any arbitrary charge ‘q’ in the conductor of length ‘l’ moving inward in the field as
shown in figure, the charge q also moves with velocity v in the magnetic field B.
The Lorentz force on the charge ‘q’ is F = qvB and its direction is downwards.
So, work done in moving the charge ‘q’ along the conductor of length l is W = F.l
⇒ W = qvBl
Since emf is the work done per unit charge
W
    Blv
q
This equation gives emf induced across the rod.
OR
Two identical loops, one of copper and the other of aluminium, are rotated with the same angular
speed in the same magnetic field. Compare (i) the induced emf and (ii) the current produced in
the two coils. Justify your answer.
d d
Ans: (i) Induced emf,      ( BA cos t )  BA sin t
dt dt
As B, A, ω are same for both loops, so induced emf is same in both loops.
  A
(ii) Current induced, I   
R l / A  l
As area A, length l and emf ε are same for both loops but resistivity ρ is less for copper, therefore
current I induced is larger in copper loop.

28. A cube of side 20 cm is kept in a region as shown in the figure. An electric field E exists in the
region such that the A potential at a point is given by V = 10x + 5, where V is in volt and x is in
m.

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 Find the (i) electric field, and (ii) total electric flux through the cube.
dV d
Ans: (i) E     (10 x  5)
dx dx

 E  10i N / C
(ii) Electric flux through the cube, φ = sum of electric flux through six faces.
Electric flux through perpendicular Y and Z axis = 0
(∵ E is along x axis)
Electric flux through faces perpendicular to x – axis,
φ = φ1 + φ2
= 10 × (0.2)2 – 10 × (0.2)2 = 0

SECTION – D (Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 29 to 30 carry 4 marks each.

29. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
Migration of Birds
The migratory birds pattern is one of the mysteries in the field of science. For example, every
winter birds from Siberia fly unerringly to water spots in the Indian sub-continent. There has
been a suggestion that electromagnetic induction may provide a clue to the as migratory patterns.
The earth's magnetic field has existed throughout evolutionary history. It would be of great
benefit to migratory birds to use this field to determine the direction. As far as we know birds
contains no ferromagnetic material. So, electromagnetic induction seems to be the only
reasonable mechanism to determine the direction. Consider the optimal case where the magnetic
field B, the velocity of the bird v and two relevant points of its anatomy separated by a distance
J, all three are mutually perpendicular. From the formula for motional emf
i.e.  = Blv

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 Certain kinds of fishes are able to detect small potential differences. However, in these fishes,
special cells have been identified which detect small voltage differences. In birds no such cells
have been identified. Thus, the migration patterns of birds continue to remains a mystery.
(i) State the law that gives the polarity of the induced emf.
(ii) A metallic rod PQ of length l is rotated with an angular with an angular velocity w in a
magnetic field B about an axis passing through the mid-point O of the rod and perpendicular to
the plane of paper as shown in the figure. What is the potential difference developed between the
point O and Q of the rod?

(iii) A migratory siberian bird is flying in the sky with a velocity of 10 m/s and the distance
between two feathers is 2cm. The earth’s magnetic field B perpendicular to the feathers is 4 x 10-
5
T. How much emf generated between the two feathers?
OR
(iii) An aeroplane having a wing span of 35 m flies due north with a speed of 90 m/s, given B = 4
x 10-5 T. How much potential difference would be develop between the tips of the wings?
Ans: (i) Lenz’s Law: The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which
opposes the change in magnetic flux that produces it.
1
(ii) Emf induced in the rod,   Bl 2
2
2
1 l 1
for Emf induced between O and Q,   B    Bl 2
2 2 8
(iii) Motional emf induced, ε = Blv,
ε = 4 × 10–5 × 2 × 10–2 × 10 = 8 × 10–6 V = 8 mV
OR
(iii) Motional emf induced, ε = Blv,
ε = 4 × 10–5 × 35 × 90 = 126 × 10–3 V= 0.126 V

30. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
Newton’s Rings
The figure shows convex surface of a lens in contact with a plane glass plate. A thin film of air is
formed between the two surfaces. When you view the setup with monochromatic light, you see
circular interference fringes. These were studied by Newton and are called Newton’s rings.
When you view the setup by reflected light, the center of the pattern is black. Can you see why
this should be expected?
We can use interference fringes to compare the surfaces of two optical parts by placing the two
in contact and observing the interference fringes. The figure shows a photograph made during
the grinding of a telescope objective lens. The lower, larger diameter, thicker disk is the correctly
shaped master, and the smaller, upper disk is the lens under test. The “Contour lines” are
Newton’s interference fringes; each one indicates an additional distance between the specimen
and the master of one half wavelength. At 10 lines from the center spot the distance between the
two surfaces is 5 wavelengths, or about 0.003 mm. This isn’t very good, high quality lenses are
routinely ground with a precision of less than one wavelength. The surface of the primary mirror
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 of the Hubble Space Telescope was ground to a precision of better than 1/50 wavelength.
Unfortunately, it was ground to incorrect specifications, creating one of the most precise errors in
the history of optical technology.

(i) What phenomenon is responsible for light spreading as it passes through a narrow slit?
(ii) How does Newton's rings appear when viewed with white light?
(iii) A beam of light consisting of two wavelength 650 nm and 520 nm, is used to obtain
interference fringes in a Young's double slit experiment on a screen 1.2 m away. The separation
between the slits is 2 mm. Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the
central maximum for wavelength 650 nm.
OR
(iii) Two coherent light beams of intensity I and 4I are superposed. What are the possible
maximum and minimum intensities in the resulting beam?
Ans: (i) The phenomenon of bending of light around the sharp corners and the spreading of light
within the geometrical shadow of the opaque obstacles is called diffraction of light.
(ii) When viewed with white light, it forms a concentric ring pattern of rainbow colors, because
the different wavelengths of light interfere at different thickness of the air layer between the
surface.
nD1
(iii) For bright fringes, yn  [n  3]
d
3 1.2  650  109
 y3   1.17  103 mm
2 10 3
OR
2
Imax  ( I  4 I )  I  4 I  2 I 4 I  9 I
Imin  ( I  4 I ) 2  I  4 I  2 I 4 I  I

SECTION – E
Questions 31 to 33 carry 5 marks each.

31. (i) Using Biot-Savart's law, derive an expression for magnetic field at any point on axial line of a
current carrying circular loop. Hence, find magnitude of magnetic field intensity at the centre of
circular coil.
(ii) Two co-axial circular loops L1 and L2 of radii 3 cm and 4 cm are placed as shown. What
should be the magnitude and direction of the current in the loop L2 so that the net magnetic field
at the point O be zero?

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 Ans: (i) Magnetic field at the axis of a circular loop: Consider a circular loop of radius R
carrying current I, with its plane perpendicular to the plane of paper. Let P be a point of
observation on the axis of this circular loop at a distance x from its centre O. Consider a small

element of length dl of the coil at point A. The magnitude of the magnetic induction dB at point
P due to this element is given by
  Idl sin 
dB  0 ...(i)
4 r2
  
The direction of dB is perpendicular to the plane containing dl and r and is given by right hand
 
screw rule. As the angle between I dl and r and is 90°, the magnitude of the magnetic induction

dB is given by,
  Idl sin 902  Idl
dB  0 2
 0 2 ...(ii)
4 r 4 r
If we consider the magnetic induction produced by the whole of the circular coil, then by
symmetry the components of magnetic induction perpendicular to the axis will be cancelled out,
while those parallel to the axis will be added up. Thus the resultant magnetic induction B at axial
point P is along the axis and may be evaluated as follows:

The component of dB along the axis,
  Idl
dB x  0 2 sin  ...(iii)
4 r
R
But sin   and r  ( R 2  x 2 )1/2
r
  Idl R  IR 0 IR
 dB x  0 2  0 3 dl  dl ..(iv)
4 r r 4 r 4 ( R 2  x 2 )3/ 2
Therefore, the magnitude of resultant magnetic induction at axial point P due to the
whole circular coil is given by
 0 IR 0 IR
B  4 ( R 2  x 2 )3/2 dl  4 ( R 2  x 2 )3/ 2  dl
But  dl = length of the loop = 2πR ...(v)
0 IR
Therefore, B   2 R
4 ( R 2  x 2 )3/ 2
 0 IR 2   0 I 
B  Bx i  2 2 3/ 2
i
 At centre, x  0, B  2 R 
2( R  x )  
2
0 NIR
If the coil contains N turns, then B  tesla
2( R 2  x 2 )3/ 2
0 NIa 2
(ii) The magnetic field, B 
2(a 2  x 2 )3/ 2
Here N= 1, a1 = 3 cm, x1 = 4 cm, I1 =1 A
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 0 1 (3 10 2 ) 2 0 (9 104 )
∴ Magnetic field at O due to coil L1 is B  
2[(3 102 )2  (4 102 )2 )3/ 2 2 125 106
Here a2 = 4cm, x2 = 3 cm
0  I 2  (4 10 2 ) 2 0 I 2 (16 104 )
Magnetic field at O due to coil L2 is B  
2[(4 102 )2  (3 102 ) 2 )3/2 2 125 10 6
For zero magnetic field at O, the currents I1 and I2 should be in same direction, so current I2
should be in opposite directions and satisfy the condition,
 (9 104 ) 0 I 2 (16 104 ) 9
B1  B2  0 6
 6
 I2  A
2 125 10 2 125 10 16
OR
(i) Derive an expression for torque acting on a rectangular current carrying loop kept in a
uniform magnetic field B. Indicate the direction of torque acting on the loop.
(ii) A magnetised needle of magnetic moment 4.8 x 107 JT-1 is placed at 30° with the direction of
uniform magnetic field of magnitude 3 x 10-2 T. Calculate the torque acting on the needle.
Ans: (i) Torque on a current carrying loop: Consider a rectangular loop PQRS of length l,

breadth b suspended in a uniform magnetic field B . The length of loop = PQ = RS= l and
breadth QR = SP = b. Let at any instant the normal to the plane of loop make an angle θ with the

direction of magnetic field B and I be the current in the loop. We know that a force acts on a
current carrying wire placed in a magnetic field. Therefore, each side of the loop will experience
a force. The net force and torque acting on the loop will be determined by the forces acting on all
   
sides of the loop. Suppose that the forces on sides PQ, QR, RS and SP are F1 , F2 , F3 and F4
respectively. The sides QR and SP make angle (90°– θ) with the direction of magnetic field.
 
Therefore each of the forces F2 and F4 acting on these sides has same magnitude F′ = Blb sin
(90°– θ) = Blb cos θ.

 
According to Fleming’s left hand rule the forces F2 and F4 are equal and opposite but their line
 
of action is same. Therefore, these forces cancel each other i.e., the resultant of forces F2 and F4
is zero.
The sides PQ and RS of current loop are perpendicular to the magnetic field, therefore the
 
magnitude of each of forces F1 and F3 is F=IlB sin 90°=IlB
 
According to Fleming’s left hand rule the forces F1 and F3 acting on sides PQ and RS are equal
 
and opposite, but their lines of action are different; therefore, the resultant force of F1 and F3 is
zero, but they form a couple called the deflecting couple. When the normal to plane of loop

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 
makes an angle with the direction of magnetic field the perpendicular distance between F1 and

F3 is b sin θ.
∴ Moment of couple or Torque, τ = (Magnitude of one force F) × perpendicular distance
=(BIl). (b sin θ)=I (lb) B sin θ
But lb = area of loop =A (say)
∴ Torque, τ = IAB sin θ
If the loop contains N-turns, then τ = NI AB sin θ
  
In vector form,   NI A  B
The magnetic dipole moment of rectangular current loop = M = NIA
  
∴   M B
Direction of torque is perpendicular to direction of area of loop as well as the direction
 
of magnetic field i.e., along I A  B
The current loop would be in stable equilibrium, if magnetic dipole moment is in the

direction of the magnetic field ( B ).
(ii) We have, τ = M B sin θ
where τ → Torque acting on magnetic needle
M → Magnetic moment
B → Magnetic field strength
1
Then τ = 4.8 × 10–2 × 3 × 10–2 sin 300 = 4.8 × 10–2 × 3 × 10–2 ×
2
–4
⇒ τ = 7.2 × 10 Nm
32. (i) The given figure shows the electric field lines around three point charges A, B and C.
(a) Which charges are positive?
(b) Which charge has the largest magnitude? Why?
(c) In which region or regions of the picture could the electric field be zero? Justify your answer.
(1) near A (2) near B (3) near C (4) nowhere.

(ii) A hollow cylindrical box of length 1 m and area of cross-section 25 cm? is placed in a three
dimensional coordinate y system as shown in the figure.

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 The electric field in the region is given by E = 50x i , where E is in NC-1 and x is in metres.
Find: (a) net flux through the cylinder.
(b) charge enclosed by the cylinder.
Ans: (i) (a) Charges A and C are positive since lines of force emanate from them.
(b) Charge C has the largest magnitude since maximum number of field lines are associated with
it.
(c) (i) near A.
Justification: There is no neutral point between a positive and a negative charge. A neutral point
may exist between two like charges. From the figure we see that a neutral point exists between
charges A and C. Also between two like charges the neutral point is closer to the charge with
smaller magnitude. Thus, electric field is zero near charge A.
 
(ii) (a) Electric flux through a surface,   E.S
Flux through the left surface, L  ES cos1800   ES  (50 x) S
Since x = 1 m, L  50  1 25  104  1250  104  0.125 Nm 2 C 1
Flux through the right surface, R  ES cos 00  ES  (50 x) S
Since x = 2 m, φR = 50 × 2 × 25 × 10–4 = 2500 × 10–4 = 0.250 Nm2C–1
Net flux through the cylinder, φnet = φR + φL
= 0.250 – 0.125 = 0.125 Nm2C–1
(b) Charge inside the cylinder, by Gauss’s Theorem
q
net   q   0net  8.854  1012  0.125  1.107  1012 C
0
OR
(i) State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. A cube with y each side ‘a’ is kept in an electric field

given by E = C x r , (as is shown in the figure) where C is a positive dimensional constant.

Find out (a) the electric flux through the cube, and
(b) the net charge inside the cube.

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 (ii) In the figure there are three infinite long thin sheets having surface charge density +2σ, -2σ
and +σ respectively. Give the magnitude and direction of electric field at a point to the left of
sheet of charge density +2σ and to the right of sheet of charge density +σ.

Ans: (i) Gauss’s Law in electrostatics states that the total electric flux through a closed surface
1
enclosing a charge is equal to times the magnitude of that charge.
0
  q
   E.dS 
0
 
(a) Net flux,   1  2 where 1  E.dS
 2aCdS cos 00  2aC  a 2  2a 3C
2  aC  a 2 cos1800   a 3C
  2a 3C  ( a 3C )  a 3C Nm 2 C 1
(b) Net charge (q) = ε0 × φ = a3C ε0 coulomb

(ii) At A, both 2σ and 2σ will act in left and –2σ will act in right, so, charge density at A can
2 2  
be given as E A    
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0

The net electric field at A is towards left.

Similarly at point D, σ and 2σ will act in right and –2σ will act in left
2 2  
So, charge density ED    
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
The net electric field at D is towards right.

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33. (i) Use Huygens’ principle to show how a plane wavefront propagates from a denser to rarer
medium. Hence, verify Snell’s law of refraction.
(ii) A ray of light falls on a transparent sphere with centre C as shown in the figure. The ray
emerges from the sphere parallel to the line AB. Find the angle of refraction at A if refractive
index of the material of the sphere is √3.

Ans: (i) We assume a plane wavefront AB propagating in denser medium incident on the
interface PP’ at angle i as shown in Fig. Let t be the time taken by the wave front to travel a
distance BC. If v1 is the speed of the light in medium I.

So, BC = v1 t
In order to find the shape of the refracted wavefront, we draw a sphere of radius AE = v2 t, where
v2 is the speed of light in medium II (rarer medium). The tangent plane CE represents the
refracted wavefront.
BC v1t
In ΔABC, sin i  
AC AC
AE v2t
and in ΔACE, sin r  
AC AC
sin i BC v1t v1
    ……. (i)
sin r AE v2t v2
Let c be the speed of light in vacuum
c c n v
So, n1  and n2   2  1 …(ii)
v1 v2 n1 v2
From equations (i) and (ii), we have
sin i n2
  n1 sin i  n2 sin r
sin r n1
It is known as Snell’s law.
sin i sin 600
(ii) Refractive index, n   3
sin r sin r
3 1 1
 sin r   
2 3 2
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 ⇒ sin r = sin 30° ⇒ r = 30°
Angle of refraction = 30°.
OR
(i) Define the term wavefront. Using Huygen’s wave theory, verify the law of reflection.
(ii) A convex lens made of a material of refractive index n1, is kept in-a medium of refractive
index n2. Parallel rays of light are incident on the lens. Complete the path of rays of light
emerging from the convex lens if: (i) n1 > n2 (ii) n1 = n2 (iii) n1 < n2.
Ans: (i) Wavefront: A wavefront is a locus of particles of medium all vibrating in the same
phase.
Law of Reflection: Let XY be a reflecting surface at which a wavefront is being incident
obliquely. Let v be the speed of the wavefront and at time t = 0, the wavefront touches the
surface XY at A. After time t, the point B of wavefront reaches the point B′ of the surface.

According to Huygen’s principle each point of wavefront acts as a source of secondary waves.
When the point A of wavefront strikes the reflecting surface, then due to presence of reflecting
surface, it cannot advance further; but the secondary wavelet originating from point A begins to
spread in all directions in the first medium with speed v. As the wavefront AB advances further,
its points A1, A2, A3 ... etc. strike the reflecting surface successively and send spherical
secondary wavelets in the first medium.
First of all the secondary wavelet starts from point A and traverses distance AA’ (= vt) in first
medium in time t. In the same time t, the point B of wavefront, after travelling a distance BB’,
reaches point B’ (of the surface), from where the secondary wavelet now starts. Now taking A as
centre we draw a spherical arc of radius AA’ (= vt) and draw tangent A’B’ on this arc from point
B’. As the incident wavefront AB advances, the secondary wavelets starting from points between
A and B’, one after the other and will touch A’B’ simultaneously. According to Huygen’s
principle wavefront A’B’ represents the new position of AB, i.e., A’B’ is the reflected wavefront
corresponding to incident wavefront AB.
Now in right-angled triangles ABB’ and AA’B’
∠ABB’ = ∠AA’B’ (both are equal to 90°)
side BB’ = side AA’ (both are equal to vt)
and side AB’ is common.
i.e., both triangles are congruent.
∴ ∠ BAB’ = ∠ AB’A’
i.e., incident wavefront AB and reflected wavefront A’B’ make equal angles with the reflecting
surface XY. As the rays are always normal to the wavefront, therefore the incident and the
reflected rays make equal angles with the normal drawn on the surface XY, i.e.,
Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of reflection (r)
This is the second law of reflection.
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 Since AB, A’B’ and XY are all in the plane of paper, therefore the perpendiculars dropped on
them will also be in the same plane. Therefore, we conclude that the incident ray, reflected ray
and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. This is the first law of
reflection. Thus, Huygen’s principle explains both the laws of reflection.
1 n  1 1 
(ii) From lens maker’s formula,   1  1  
f  n2  R2 R2 
In case (i) n1 > n2, the lens behaves as convergent lens.
In case (ii) n1 = n2, the lens behaves as a plane plate.
In case (iii) n1 < n2, the lens behaves as a divergent lens.
The path of rays in all the three cases is shown in fig.

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