CHAPTER 1

 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER - SADSV(speed,accuracy,diligence,storage

capability,versatility)
 The key developments that took place till the first computer was developed are as follows—
CNSPLPBH(Calculating Machines, Napier’s Bones,Slide Rule, Pascal’s Adding and Subtraction
Machine, Leibniz’s Multiplication and Dividing Machine, Punch Card System)
 generation of computer characteristics - HSCPAE(Hardware Technology, Software
Technology,Computing Characteristics,Physical Appearance, Application, Examples )
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
ABACUS
 First mechanical calculating device
 It consist a box of horizontal position and bids were inserted in them

NAPIER BONES(1617 AD , John Napier)

SLIDE RULE(16th century)

 Perform all + , - , / , *

PASCAL MACHINE(BLAISE PASCAL)

 It consist of wheels , gears and cylinder

LEIBNITZ'S Machine (673 AD , Leibnitz)

PUNCH CARD MACHINE (1801 , Jaquard)

 0s and 1s used in the system

BABBAGE'S ANALYTICAL ENGINE(1823, Charles Babbage's, Father of Computer)

Category Description Example/Details

Microcomputer Small, low cost, single user digital computer. Desktop computer (PC) : keyboard, monitor
system unit, suit for single users , home and
Can be standalone or network businesses .

Manufacturer: HP , Microsoft, Dell , lenovo

-Notebook computer(laptop): portable with -netbook : smaller, optimised for low weight
 desktop feature and cost

-Tablet computer: portable, input via stylus -Handheld computer (PDA): Palm sized ,
or pen input via stylus , wireless internet
connection,

Manufacturer: apple, Samsung

Merged into smartphone.

-smartphones : function as phone and PC,

wireless internet connection

Manufacturer: apple, Samsung,HTC, Nokia,

blackberry.

Minicomputer Digital computers for multi-user systems; Used in industries, research centers.
high processing speed and storage. Supports 4200 users simultaneously.
Examples: PDP 11, IBM (8000 series).

Mainframe Multi-user, highperformance computers; Operate at high speed with large storage.
Computers used in centralized databases. Accessed via terminals. Examples: CDC 6600,
IBM ES000 series.

Supercomputer Fastest, most expensive computers; high Used for tasks like weather forecasting,
processing speed measured in FLOPS. research, aircraft design. Examples: IBM
Roadrunner, IBM Blue gene, Intel ASCI red.
PARAM series from India; PARAM Padma has
peak power of 1 TFLOP.
Generatio Time Hardwar Software Computing Physical Applicatio Example
n Perio e technolo characteristi appearan n
d technolo gy cs ce
gy

First 1940- Vacuum Machine Milliseconds Enormous; Scientific UNIVAC,

Generation 1956 Tubes Language Large room applications ENIAC,
(0s & 1s) required ; EDVAC
Singletaskin
g

Second 1956- Transistors Assembly Microseconds Smaller Costly; PDP-8, IBM

Generation 1963 Language; than 1st Commercial 1401, CDC
COBOL, Gen production 1604
FORTRAN

Third 1964- Integrated High-level Nanoseconds Smaller Mass IBM 370,

Generation 1971 Circuits languages; than 2nd audience; PDP 11
(IC) OS Gen Commercial
ly available

Fourth 1971- Microproc MS-DOS, Picoseconds Smaller; Commercial Intel 4004,

Generation Presen essors (LSI, MS Some ; Home use; IBM PC,
t VLSI) Windows; palmsized Networking Macintos
GUI

Fifth Presen Super AI; Parallel

Generation t& Large Scale Processing
Next Integrated
(SLSI)

CHAPTER 5 DATA REPRESENTATION

four kinds of number systems - Decimal, binary, octal,hexadecimal number system(DROH)

Logic gates - AON2(NX) -

CHAPTER 7 OPERATING SYSTEM

Introduction to Computer Systems:

 Computer system includes hardware (memory, processor, storage, Input/Output devices) and
software (application and system software).
 The Operating System (OS) serves as an interface between hardware and application programs.

Objectives of Operating System:

 Makes computer system user-friendly.

 Efficiently manages computer hardware operations.
Types of Operating Systems:
1. Single User and Single Task OS: Only one user and one task at a time (e.g., MS-DOS).
2. Single User and Multitasking OS: Allows multiple tasks concurrently (e.g., Windows).
3. Multiuser OS: Supports multiple users concurrently (e.g., Linux, UNIX).
4. Multiprocessing OS: Uses multiple processors for parallel processing (e.g., Linux, UNIX).
5. Real Time OS: Responds to events within a specific time (e.g., LynxOS).
6. Embedded OS: Specific to devices like microwaves, washing machines.

Functions of OS:

 Process management, memory management, file management, device management, protection

and security, user interface.

Process Management:

 A process is a program in execution. Managed by the OS through various states (New, Ready,
Running, Waiting, Terminated).
 Involves CPU scheduling, process synchronization, and handling deadlock situations.

Memory Management:

 Manages memory allocation, deallocation, re-allocation, and protection.

 Techniques include multiple partition allocation and paging.

File Management:

 Manages files and directories with attributes like name, location, size, type, etc.
 Directory structure provides information about stored files.

Device Management:

 Controls peripheral devices connected to the computer.

  Involves both hardware and software techniques with device drivers.

Protection and Security:

 Ensures consistent use of computer resources and prevents unauthorized access.

 Uses methods like user accounts, authentication, access rights, encryption, and backups.

User Interface:

 Provides interfaces like Command Line Interface (CLI) and Graphical User Interface (GUI) for user
interaction.
 CLI requires text-based commands, while GUI uses graphics, icons, menus, and windows.

Examples of Operating Systems:

 MS-DOS, Windows (various versions), Linux, UNIX, and Mac OS X are commonly used OSs with
specific characteristics.