GMAT

MATH FORMULAS

By Sayali Kale
(GMAT 760)
 GMAT Arithmetic
Formulas [PDF]
● Integers ∊ {...-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5…}

● If integer a is divisible by b, then a = nb, i.e n is a

natural number.

● a is a multiple of b; b is a divisor/factor of a.

● a = nb + q

● a = dividend

● n = quotient

● b = divisor

● q = reminder

Ex: 29 = 4*7+1

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● Even integer → divisible by 2

● Odd integer → not divisible by 2

● Odd ±Odd = Even

● Even ±Even = Even

● Odd ±Even = Odd

● Even ±Odd = Odd

● Odd*Odd = Odd

● Odd*Even = Even

● Even*Even = Even
𝑛
● (𝑜𝑑𝑑) = 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛
● (𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛) = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛

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● Prime Number→has 2 Factors only (1 and itself). Ex -

2,3,5,7…

● Composite Number→have more than 2 factors.

● 1 ∋- neither nor composite

● 2 - prime (only even number)

● 1xn=nx1=n

● n/1 = n

● n+0=n-0=n

● Divisible by 0 is not allowed

● Fractions → 𝑛2 ⇒ 𝑑 ≠ 0
n = numerator, d =denomination

𝑛1 𝑛2
● if
𝑑1
=𝑑 , they are equivalent fractions.
2

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● Addition and subtraction of fractions

13 14 13+14 27
5
+ 5
= 5
= 5

6 3 6−3 3
7
-7= 7
=7

1 3 4+2*3 10 5
2
+4= 2*4
= 8
=4

1 3 2*3 5
2
+ 4 = 4(𝐿𝐶𝑀) = 4

● Multiplication and division of fractions

2 7 2𝑥7 14
13
x 9 = 13𝑥9 = 117

2 3 2 4 2𝑥4 8
5
÷ 4 = 5 x 3 = 5𝑥3 = 15

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● Mixed Fraction →17 14 =17 +
1
4
=
17𝑥4+1
4
=
69
4

● Decimal = 364.57

● 1.3+2.6 = 3.9 (Addition with carry forward)

● 1.3 x 2.6 = 0.26 (Decimal Has as many digits after it

as the sum of that of the 2 numbers)

● 5 1. 7 = 0.34

● Real Numbers →+ve,o,-ve

Absolute Value →The number without sign

● |𝑥|= x if x is positive
= -x if x negative

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● x+y=y+x
● ab = ba
● a + (b+c) = (a+b)+c = b + (a + c)
● (ab)d = a(bd) = b(ad)
● xy+yz = y(x+z)
● (+ve) + (+ve) = (+ve)
● (-ve) + (-ve) = (-ve)
● (+ve) × (+ve) = (+ve)
● (-ve) × (-ve) = (+ve)
● (+ve) × (-ve) = (-ve)
● x×0=0

● |𝑥 + 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥| + |𝑦|
2
● 2:3 = =0.67
3
(Ratio can be represented in these ways)

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● If a value x is greater than 100% of a value y, x>y

130
130%= =1.3
100

130% of y = 1.3y

● If a value x is less than 1% of y

1
x<
100
𝑦

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
● Percentage change = × 100%
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

|𝑦−𝑥|
● If x becomes y, % change =
𝑥
× 100%

● If y > x, % increase, else % decrease

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 𝑎𝑏
● Successive % change of a% and b% = (a+b+ )%
100

so, if 100 increases by 20% and then 30%, %

20𝑥30
increase = (20+30+ )=56%
100

𝑏
➔𝑎 = 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × ...... (𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑏 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠)
3
➔5 = 5 × 5 × 5
3
➔(− 5) = − 5 ×− 5 ×− 5
3
➔(0. 5) = 0. 5 × 0. 5 × 0. 5
2
● 𝑎 → 𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
● (𝑛) = Positive (if n is positive)

= Positive (if n is negative)

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 𝑜𝑑𝑑
● (𝑛) = Positive (if n is positive)

= Negative (if n is negative)

● Square root = 𝑎 → 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

2
● 25 = 5 =5

𝑎1+𝑎2+......+𝑎𝑛
● Mean = Average =
𝑛

● Median is the middle number of a list when arranged in

ascending/descending order

(It is the average of the middle 2 numbers if

the number of numbers is even)

➔ Mode - The most frequent number in a list

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➔ |𝐴 ∪ 𝐵|=|𝐴| + |𝐵| − |𝐴 ∩ 𝐵|

➔ n! = n(n-1)(n-2).....!

➔ 0! = 1! = 1

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

➔ P(E) =
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

➔ P(Aor B) = P(A) + P(B)

(If A & B are mutually exclusive)
➔ P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A) P(B)

(If A & B are not mutually exclusive)

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 GMAT Time & Work
Formulas
● Time, Distance and Work is the most important

topic for GMAT Quant Section

● The questions from this topic vary from easy to

difficult. This formula sheet covers the most

importance tips that helps you to answer the

questions in a easy, fast and accurate way

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

● While converting the speed in m/s to km/hr,

multiply it by ( ) ⇒ 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h

18
5

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● While converting km/hr into m/sec, we multiply

by ( )5
18

● If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then

➔ The ratio of the times taken to cover the same

distance is 1/a : 1/b or b : a.

➔ The ratio of distance travelled in equal time

intervals is a : b

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

● If a part of a journey is travelled at speed

𝑆1 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 in 𝑇1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 and remaining part at

speed 𝑆 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 in 𝑇2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 then,

2

Total distance travelled = 𝑆 𝑇 + 𝑆 𝑇 𝑘𝑚

1 1 2 2

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 𝑆1𝑇1+𝑆2𝑇2
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇1+𝑇2
𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

● If 𝐷1 𝑘𝑚 is travelled at speed 𝑆1 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, and

𝐷2 𝑘𝑚 is travelled at speed 𝑆2 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 then,

𝐷1+𝐷2
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝐷1 𝐷2 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝑆1
+ 𝑆2

● In a journey travelled with different speeds, if the

distance covered in each stage is constant, the

average speed is the harmonic mean of the

different speeds.

● Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x

km/hr and a equal distance at y km/hr

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 Then the average speed during the whole journey

2𝑥𝑦
is
𝑥+𝑦
𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

● In a journey travelled with different speeds, if the

time travelled in each stage is constant, the

average speed is the arithmetic mean of the

different speeds.

● If a man travelled for a certain distance at x km/hr

and for equal amount of time at the speed of y

km/hr then the average speed during the whole

𝑥+𝑦
journey is
2
𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

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● Constant Distance:
Let the distance travelled in each part of the
journey be 𝑑1, 𝑑2 & 𝑑3 and so on till 𝑑𝑛 and the

speeds in each part be 𝑠1, 𝑠2, 𝑠3 and so on till 𝑠𝑛

If 𝑑1 = 𝑑2 = 𝑑3 =......... = 𝑑𝑛 = 𝑑, then the

average speed is the harmonic mean of the speeds

𝑠1, 𝑠2, 𝑠3 and so on till 𝑠𝑛.

● Constant Time:
Let the distance travelled in each part of the
journey be 𝑑1, 𝑑2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑3 and so on till 𝑑𝑛 and the

speeds in each part be 𝑡 , 𝑡2, 𝑡3 and so on till 𝑡𝑛.

1

If 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 = 𝑡3 =......... = 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡, then the

average speed is the harmonic mean of the speeds

𝑠1, 𝑠2, 𝑠3 and so on till 𝑠𝑛.

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● Circular Tracks:
If two people are running on a circular track with
speeds in ratio a:b where a and b are co-prime,
then

➔ They will meet at 𝑎 + 𝑏 distinct points if they

are running in opposite directions.

➔ They will meet at |𝑎 − 𝑏| distinct points if they

are running in same direction
● If two people are running on a circular track having
perimeter ‘l’, with speeds ‘m’ and ‘n’,
𝐼
➔ The time for their first meeting =
(𝑚 +𝑛)

(when they are running in opposite directions)

𝐼
➔ The time for their first meeting =
|(𝑚 +𝑛)|

(when they are running in the same direction)

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● If a person P starts from A and heads towards B and
another person Q starts from B and heads towards
A and they meet after a time 't' then,

t= (𝑥 × 𝑦)
where x = time taken (after meeting) by P to reach B
and y = time taken (after meeting) by Q to reach A.
● A and B started at a time towards each other. After

crossing each other, they took 𝑇 ℎ𝑟𝑠, 𝑇2ℎ𝑟𝑠

1

respectively to reach their destinations. If they

travel at constant speed 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 respectively all

over the journey, then

𝑆1 𝑇2
𝑆2
= 𝑇1

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● Trains:

⇒ Two trains of length 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 travelling at

speed 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 cross each other in a time

𝐿 +𝐿
= 𝑆1 + 𝑆2 (If they are going in opposite directions)
1 2

𝐿1 + 𝐿2
= (If they are going in the same directions)
|𝑆1 − 𝑆2|

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● Work:

⇒ If X can do a work in ‘n’ days, the fraction of

1
work X does in a day is
𝑛

⇒ If X can do work in ‘x’ days, and Y can do work

in ‘y’ days, then the number of days taken by both
𝑥×𝑦
of them together is
𝑥+𝑦

⇒ If 𝑀1 men work for 𝐻1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 per day and worked

for 𝐷1days and completed 𝑊1 work, and if 𝑀2 men

work for 𝐻2 hours per day and worked for 𝐷2 days

and completed 𝑊2 work, then

𝑀1𝐻1𝐷1 𝑀2𝐻2𝐷2
𝑊1
= 𝑊2

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● Boats & Streams:

⇒ If the speed of water is 'W' and speed of a boat

in still water is ‘B’
⟹ Speed of the boat (downstream) is B+W
⟹ Speed of the boat (upstream) is B-W
The direction along the stream is called
downstream.
And, the direction against the stream is called
upstream.

⇒ If the speed of the boat downstream is x km/hr

and the speed of the boat upstream is y km/hr, then
𝑥+𝑦
⟹ Speed of the boat in still water = km/hr
2

𝑥−𝑦
⟹ Rate of stream =
2
𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

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● Pipes & Cisterns:

⇒ Inlet Pipe : A pipe which is used to fill the tank is

known as Inlet Pipe.

⇒ Outlet Pipe : A pipe which can empty the tank is

known as outlet pipe.
● If a pipe can fill a tank in ‘x’ hours then the
1
part filled per hour =
𝑥

● If a pipe can empty a tank in ‘y’ hours, then

1
the part emptied per hour =
𝑦

● If a pipe A can fill a tank in ‘x’ hours and pipe

can empty a tank in ‘y’ hours, if they are both
active at the same time, then
1 1
The part filled per hour =
𝑥
− 𝑦
(𝐼𝑓 𝑦 > 𝑥)
1 1
The part emptied per hour =
𝑦
− 𝑥
(𝐼𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑦)

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● Some Tips and Tricks:
● Some of the questions may consume a lot of time.
While solving, write down the equations without
any eros once you fully understand the given
problem. A few extra seconds can help you avoid
silly mistakes.
● Check if the units of distance, speed and time
match up. If you see yourself adding a unit of
distance like m to a unit of speed m/s, you would
realise you have possibly missed a term.
● Choose to apply the concept of relative speed
wherever possible since it can greatly reduce the
complexity of the problem.
● In time and work, while working with equations,
ensure that you convert all terms to consistent
units like man-hours.

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 Ratio and Proportion Tips
Formulae and shortcuts
● Ratio and Proportion

● One of the most basic GMAT topics is ratio and

proportions. It's merely a continuation of high

school math.

● The fundamentals of this notion are significant not

only in their own right, but also in answering

questions about other concepts.

● All ratio and proportion problems need the use of

the ratio proportion formula. We may simplify our

work and save a lot of time by using the ratio

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 proportion formula. So, here are the formulas for

proportional ratios.

● A ratio can only compare two numbers with the

same unit, and the sign we use to denote a ratio is

“:” In a faction, we use “/” and “to” to represent a

ratio.

● The Ratio of the number a to the number b (b≠ 0) is

𝑎
𝑏

● Example: A ratio, for example, can be expressed or

represented in a variety of ways. For instance, the

2
ratio of 2 to 3 can be expressed as 2:3 or
3

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● The order in which the terms of a ratio are written is

important. The ratio of the number of months

having precisely 30 days to the number of months

4 7
with exactly 31 days, for example is ,not
7 4

● It is not necessary for a ratio to be positive. When

dealing with quantities of objects, however, the

ratios will be positive. Only positive ratios will be

considered in this notion.

● A ratio remains the same if both antecedent and

consequent are multiplied or divided by the same

non-zero number, i.e.,

𝑎 𝑝𝑎 𝑞𝑎
𝑏
= 𝑝𝑏 = 𝑞𝑏 , p,q≠ 0

𝑎 𝑎/𝑝 𝑎/𝑞
𝑏
= 𝑏/𝑝 = 𝑏/𝑞 , p,q≠ 0

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● Two ratios in fraction notation can be

compared in the same way that actual

numbers can.

𝑎 𝑝
𝑏
= 𝑞 ⇔ 𝑎𝑞 = 𝑏𝑝

𝑎 𝑝
𝑏
> 𝑞
⇔ 𝑎𝑞 > 𝑏𝑝

𝑎 𝑝
𝑏
< 𝑞
⇔ 𝑎𝑞 < 𝑏𝑝

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● If a, b, x are positive, then

𝑎+𝑥 𝑎
If a > b, then <
𝑏+𝑥 𝑏

𝑎+𝑥 𝑎
If a < b, then >
𝑏+𝑥 𝑏

𝑎−𝑥 𝑎
If a > b, then >
𝑏−𝑥 𝑏

𝑎−𝑥 𝑎
If a < b, then <
𝑏−𝑥 𝑏

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
If
𝑝
= 𝑞
= 𝑟
= 𝑠
=... ,

then a:b:c:d:... = p:q:r:s:...

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 𝑎 𝑐
● If two ratios 𝑏
and 𝑑
are equal

𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑎 = 𝑐 (Invertendo)

𝑎 𝑐 𝑐 𝑏
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑎 = 𝑑 (Alternendo)

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑏
= 𝑑
(Componendo)

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑏
= 𝑑
(Dividendo)

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑎−𝑏 = (Componendo-Dividendo)

● a/b = c/d ⟹ pa+qb/ra+sb = pc+qd/ rc+sd,

for all real p, q, r, s such that pa+qb≠0 and

rc+sd≠0

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● If a, b, c, d, e, f, p, q, r are constants
and are not equal to zero
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒
➔ = = = … then each of these ratios is
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓
𝑎+𝑐+𝑒...
equal to
𝑏+𝑑+𝑓...
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒
➔ = = =… then each of these ratios is
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓
𝑝𝑎+𝑞𝑐+𝑟𝑒...
equal to
𝑝𝑏+𝑞𝑑+𝑟𝑓...
2 2
➔ Duplicate Ratio of a : b is 𝑎 :𝑏
➔ Sub-duplicate ratio of a : b is 𝑎 : 𝑏
3 3
➔ Triplicate Ratio of a : b is 𝑎 : 𝑏

1/3 1/3
➔ Sub-triplicate ratio of a : b is 𝑎 :𝑏

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 Proportions :
● A proportion is defined as an equalisation of ratios.

● As a result, if a:b = c:d is a ratio, the first and final

terms are referred to as extremes, whereas the

middle two phrases are referred to as means.

● When four terms a, b, c, and d are considered to be

proportionate, a:b = c:d is the result. When three

terms a, b, and c are considered to be proportionate,

a:b = b:c is the result.

● A proportion is a statement that two ratios are equal;

2 8
for example
3
= 12 is a proportion.

● One way to solve a proportion involving an unknown

is to cross multiply, obtaining a new equality.

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 2 𝑛
● For example, to solve for n in the proportion
3
= 12 ,

cross multiply, obtaining 24=3n, then divide both

sides by 3, to get n=8

Properties of proportions :
● If a:b = c:d is a proportion, then Product of extremes

= product of means i.e., ad = bc

● Denominator addition/subtraction: a:a+b = c:c+d and

a:a-b = c:c-d

● a, b, c, d,.... are in continued proportion means, a:b =

b:c = c:d = ....

2
● a:b = b:c then b is called mean proportional and 𝑏 =

ac

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● The third proportional of two numbers, a and b, is c,

such that, a:b = b:c. d is fourth proportional to

numbers a, b, c if a:b = c:d

Variations :
● If x varies directly to y, then x is said to be in directly

proportional with y and

is written as x ∝ y

➔ x = ky (where k is direct proportionality

constant)

➔ x = ky + C (If x depends upon some other fixed

constant C)

● If x varies inversely to y, then x is said to be in

1
inversely proportional with y and is written as 𝑥∝ 𝑦

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 1
➔𝑥 = 𝑘 (where k is indirect proportionality
𝑦

constant)
1
➔𝑥 = 𝑘 + C (If x depends upon some other
𝑦

fixed constant C)

● If x ∝ y and y ∝ z then x ∝ z

● If x ∝ y and x ∝ z then x ∝ (y ± z)

● If a ∝ b and x ∝ y then ax ∝ by

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 GMAT Mixtures And
Alligations Formulas PDF
● Mixtures and alligations are a common type of
quantitative problem that may appear on the
GMAT. These problems involve mixing two or more
substances to form a new mixture, and then
finding the ratio or quantity of each substance in
the mixture.
● Alligation is a specific method for solving mixture
problems that involves representing the
ingredients and the mixture as points on a line, and
using the distance between these points to find the
ratio of the ingredients in the mixture.
● There are many variations of mixture and
alligation problems that may appear on the GMAT,

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 but they all involve some variation of this basic
concept. To prepare for these types of problems, it
is important to practise solving a variety of mixture
and alligation problems, and to become familiar
with the basic formulas and methods for solving
them.

● Types of mixtures:

● Simple mixture: A simple mixture is formed by

the mixture of two or more different substances.
Example: Water and Wine mixture.
● Compound mixture: A Compound mixture is
formed by the mixture of two or more simple
mixtures.
Example: one part of 'water and wine' mixture
mixed with two parts of 'water and milk' mixture

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● If 𝑀1 and 𝑀2 are the values and Q1 and Q2 are the

quantities of item 1 and item 2 respectively, and 𝑀𝐴

is the weighted average of the two items, then

𝑄1 𝑀2 − 𝑀𝐴
𝑄2
= 𝑀𝐴 − 𝑀1

● Weighted average 𝑀𝐴 can be calculated by

𝑄1𝑀1+𝑄2𝑀𝐴
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑄1+𝑄2

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● The alligation rule can also be applied when cheaper

substance is mixed with expensive substance

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟−𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
= 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟

● If two mixtures 𝑀1 and 𝑀2 , having substances 𝑆1

and 𝑆2 in the ratio a:b and p:q respectively are

mixed, then in the final mixture,

𝑎 𝑝
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆1 𝑀1 ⎡ 𝑎+𝑏 ⎤ +𝑀2 ⎡ 𝑝+𝑞 ⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆2
= 𝑏 𝑞
𝑀1 ⎡ 𝑎+𝑏 ⎤ +𝑀2 ⎡ 𝑝+𝑞 ⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

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● If there is a container with ‘a’ litres of liquid A and

if ‘b’ litres are withdrawn and an equal amount of

the mixture is replaced with another liquid B and if

this operation is repeated ‘n’ times, then after the

nth operation,

𝑎−𝑏 𝑛
Liquid A in the container = ⎡ ⎤ × Initial
⎣ 𝑎+𝑏 ⎦

quantity of A in the container

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 Profit, Loss & Discounts
Formulas and shortcuts
● Profit, Loss, and Discount is an important
topic for the GMAT, with questions asked
under the Word Problem category.

● The number of concepts in these areas is

modest, and the equations may be used to
answer the majority of the problems.

● This document provides a variety of profit,

loss, and discount formulas,
recommendations, and shortcuts.

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 Profit and Loss
Cost Price:
The amount paid to purchase an article or the
cost of manufacturing an article is called Cost
Price (C.P)

Selling Price:
The price at which a product is sold is called
Selling price (S.P)

Marked Price:
The price at which an article is marked is
called Marked price (M.P)

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If S.P>C.P, then Profit or Gain,

P = S.P – S.P

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If C.P>S.P, then Loss,
L = C.P – S.P

% Profit or Gain percentage or Profit

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
Percentage = × 100
𝐶.𝑃

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
%Loss = × 100
𝐶.𝑃

Discount = M.P – S.P (If no discount is given,

then M.P = S.P)

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
%Discount = × 100
𝑀.𝑃

Total increase in price due to two subsequent

𝑋𝑌
increases of X% and Y% is ( X+ Y+ )%
100

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If two items are sold at same price, each at Rs.
x, one at a profit of P% and other at a loss of
2
𝑃
P% then there will be overall loss of
100
2
2𝑃 𝑥
The absolute value of loss = 2 2
100 −𝑃

If C.P of two items is the same, and by selling

each item he earned p% profit on one article
and p% loss on another, then there will be no
loss or gain.

If a trader professes to sell at C.P but uses

false weight, then

𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
Gain% = × 100
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟

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 100 +𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡%
S.P = ( ) C.P (If S.P > C.P)
100

100 − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠%
S.P = ( ) C.P (If S.P < C.P)
100

100 × 𝑆.𝑃
C.P = (If S.P > C.P)
100 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡%

100 × 𝑆.𝑃
C.P = (If S.P < C.P)
100 − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠%

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𝑦
Buy x get y free, then the %discount = ×
𝑥+𝑦
100.

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 (here x+y articles are sold at C.P of x
articles.)

When there are two successive discounts of

a% and b% are given then the,
𝑎*𝑏
Resultant discount = (a + b - )
100

If C.P of x article is equal to the selling price of

y articles then the,

𝑦
Resultant profit % or loss % = × 100
𝑥−𝑦

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 GMAT Interests (SI & CI)
Formulas [PDF]
● Simple Interest (S.I) and Compound Interest (C.I) is

one of the easiest topics in the GMAT quant section.

● One can expect a few questions to appear from this

topic and students should definitely aim to get

most of these questions right.

● The number of concepts that are tested from these

topics is limited and most of the problems can be

solved by applying the formulae directly.

● Many students commit silly mistakes in this topic

due to complacency, which should be avoided.

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● In Simple Interest, the principal and the interest

calculated for a specific year or time interval

remains constant.

● In Compound Interest, the interest earned over the

period is added over to the existing principal after

every compounding period and thus, the principal

and the interest change after every compounding

period.

● For the same principal, positive rate of interest and

time period (>1 year), the compound interest on

the loan is always greater than the simple interest.

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● Simple Interest

● The sum of principal and the interest is called

Amount.
Amount (A) = Principal (P) + Interest (I)
● The Simple Interest (I) occurred over a time
period (T) for R% (rate of interest per annum),
𝑃𝑇𝑅
I=
100

● Compound Interest

● The amount to be paid, if money is borrowed at

Compound Interest for N number of years,

𝑅 𝑁
A=P (1 + 100 )
● The Interest occurred, I = A – P

𝑅 𝑁
I=P (1 + 100 )
-P

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● If the interest is compounded half yearly, then

𝑅/2 2𝑁
Amount, A = P (1 + 100)
● If the interest is compounded quarterly, then

𝑅/4 4𝑁
Amount, A = P (1 + 100)
● If interest Rate is 𝑅1% for first year, 𝑅2% for

𝑟𝑑
second year and 𝑅3% for 3 year then the

Amount,

(
A=P 1 +
𝑅1
100 )(
1+
𝑅2
100 )( 1+
𝑅3
100 )
● If a difference between C.I and S.I for certain

sum at same rate of interest is given, then

2
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 (𝑃) = (𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝐼) * (100/𝑅)

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● Installments and Present Worth:

● If R is the rate of interest per annum, then the

present worth of Rs. ‘K’ due N years hence is
represented as
𝐾
Present worth =
𝑅 𝑁
(1+ ) 100

● If an amount of ‘P’ is borrowed for ‘n’ years at

‘r’% per annum, and ‘x’ is the installment that

is paid at the end of each year starting from the

first year, then 𝑥 =

( )(1+ )
𝑃
𝑟
100
𝑟
100
𝑛
(1+ ) −1 𝑟
100

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 Linear Equations
● Linear equations is one of the foundation topics in
the Quant section on the GMAT. Hence, concepts
from this topic are useful in solving questions
from a range of different topics.
● A linear equation is an equation which gives a
straight line when plotted on a graph.
● Linear equations can be of one variable or two
variable or three variable.
● Generally, the number of equations needed to
solve the given problem is equal to the number of
variables
● Let a, b, c and d are constants and x, y and z are
variables. A general form of single variable linear
equation is ax+b = 0.

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● A general form of two variable linear equations is
ax+by = c.
● A general form of three variable linear equations is
ax+by+cz = d.

Equations with two variables:

➔ Consider two equations ax+by = c and mx+ny = p.
Each of these equations represent two lines on the
x-y coordinate plane. The solution of these
equations is the point of intersection.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
➔ If
𝑚
= 𝑛
≠ 𝑝
then the slope of the two

equations is equal and so they are parallel to each

other. Hence, no point of intersection occurs.
Therefore no solution.

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 𝑎 𝑏
➔ If
𝑚
≠ 𝑛
then the slope is different and so

they intersect each other at a single point. Hence,

it has a single solution.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
➔ If
𝑚
= 𝑛
= 𝑝
then the two lines are the

same and they have infinite points common to

each other. So, infinite solutions occur.

General Procedure to solve linear equations:

➔ Aggregate the constant terms and variable terms
➔ For equations with more than one variable,
eliminate variables by substituting equations in
their place.

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➔ Hence, for two equations with two variables x and
y, express y in terms of x and substitute this in the
other equation.
➔ For Example: let x+y = 14 and x+4y = 26 then x =
14-y (from equation 1) substituting this in
equation 2, we get 14-y+4y = 26. Hence, y = 4 and
x = 10.
➔ For equations of the form ax+by = c and mx+ny =
p, find the LCM of b and n. Multiply each equation
with a constant to make the y term coefficient
equal to the LCM. Then subtract equation 2 from
equation 1.
➔ Example: Let 2x+3y = 13 and 3x+4y = 18 are the
given equations (1) and (2).
➔ LCM of 3 and 4 is 12. Multiplying (1) by 4 and (2) by
3, we get 8x+12y = 52 and 9x+12y = 54.
(2)-(1) gives x=2, y=3

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➔ If the system of equations has n variables with n-1
equations then the solution is indeterminate.
➔ If system of equations has n variables with n-1
equations with some additional conditions (for eg.
the variables are integers), then the solution may
be determinate.
➔ If a system of equations has n variables with n-1
equations then some combination of variables
may be determinable.
➔ For example, if ax+by+cz = d and mx+ny+pz = q, if
a, b, c are in Arithmetic progression and m, n and
p are in AP then the sum x+y+z is determinable.

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 Quadratic Equations
● Quadratic Equations is one also a important topic

● The theory involved in this topic is very simple

and students should be comfortable with some

basic formulas and concepts.

● The techniques like option elimination, value

assumption can help to solve questions from this

topic quickly.

● General Quadratic equation will be in the form of

2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

● The values of ‘x’ satisfying the equation are called

roots of the equation.

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 2
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
● The value of roots, p and q =
2𝑎

● The above formula is known as the Shreedhara

Acharya's Formula, after the ancient Indian
Mathematician who derived it.

−𝑏
● Sum of the roots = p+q =
𝑎

𝑐
● Product of the roots = p*q =
𝑎

● If 'c' and 'a' are equal then the roots are reciprocal

to each other.

● If b = 0, then the roots are equal and are opposite

in sign.

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 2
➔ Let D denote the discriminant, D = 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐.
Depending on the sign and value of D, nature of
the roots would be as follows:
● D < 0 and |D| is not a perfect square: Roots will be
in the form of p+iq and p-iq where p and q are the
real and imaginary parts of the complex roots. p is
rational and q is irrational.
● D < 0 and |D| is a perfect square: Roots will be in
the form of p+iq and p-iq where p and q are both
rational.

● D=0 ⇒ Roots are real and equal. X = -b/2a

● D > 0 and D is not a perfect square:
Roots are conjugate surds
● D > 0 and D is a perfect square:
Roots are real, rational and unequal

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 Signs of the roots:
Let P be product of roots and S be their sum
● P > 0, S > 0 : Both roots are positive
● P > 0, S < 0 : Both roots are negative
● P < 0, S > 0 : Numerical smaller root is negative
and the other root is positive
● P < 0, S < 0 : Numerical larger root is negative
and the other root is positive

● Minimum and maximum values of

2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
2
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏
● If a > 0: minimum value = 4𝑎
and occurs at

−𝑏
𝑥= 2𝑎

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 2
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏
● If a < 0: maximum value = and occurs at
4𝑎
−𝑏
𝑥= 2𝑎
𝑛 𝑛−1
● If 𝐴𝑛𝑋 + 𝐴𝑛−1𝑋 +.... + 𝐴1𝑋 + 𝐴0, then

−𝐴𝑛−1
● Sum of the roots = 𝐴𝑛

𝐴𝑛−2
● Sum of roots taken two at a time = 𝐴
𝑛

−𝐴𝑛−3
● Sum of roots taken three at a time = and so
𝐴𝑛

𝑛
[(−1) 𝐴0]
on Product of the roots = 𝐴𝑛

Finding a quadratic equation:

● If roots are given:
2
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 = 0

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● If sum s and product p of roots are given:
2
𝑥 − 𝑠𝑥 + 𝑝 = 0
● If roots are reciprocals of roots of equation
2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, then equation is
2
𝑐𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0

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 Inequalities
● The topic Inequalities is one of the few sections in
the quantitative part which can throw up tricky
questions. The questions are often asked in
conjunction with other sections like ratio and
proportion, progressions etc.
● The theory involved in Inequalities is limited and
therefore, students should be comfortable with
learning the basics, which involves operations
such as addition, multiplication and changing of
signs of the inequalities.
● The scope for making an error is high in this
section as a minor mistake in calculation (like
forgetting the sign) can lead to a completely
different answer.

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● The modulus of x, |x| equals the maximum of x
and –x
–|x| ≤ x ≤ |x|
● For any two real numbers 'a' and 'b’,
➔ a > b => -a < -b
➔ |a| + |b| ≥ |a + b|
➔ |a| - |b| ≤ |a - b|
➔ |a . b| = |a| |b|
➔ |a| > |b| ⇒ a > b (if both are +ve)
⇒ a < b (if both are -ve)
● For any three real numbers X, Y and Z; if X > Y
then X+Z > Y+Z
● If X > Y and
1. Z is positive, then XZ > YZ
2. Z is negative, then XZ < YZ
3. If X and Y are of the same sign, 1/X < 1/Y
4. If X and Y are of different signs, 1/X > 1/Y

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 1
● For any positive real number, 𝑥+ 𝑥
≥2

1 𝑥
● For any real number x >1, 2⎡1 + ⎤ < 2. 8
⎣ 𝑥⎦

As x increases, the function tends to an irrational

number called 'e' which is approximately equal to
2.718
● If |x| ≤ k then the value of x lies between –k and
k, or –k ≤ x ≤ k
● If |x| ≥ k then x ≥ k or x ≤ -k
2
● If 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 < 0 then (x-m)(x-n) < 0, and
if n > m, then m < x < n
2
● If 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 > 0 then (x-m)(x-n) > 0 and if
m < n, then x < m and x > n
2
● If 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 > 0 but m = n, then the value
of x exists for all values, except x is equal to m,
i.e., x < m and x > m but x ≠ m

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 Progressions & Series
● Progressions and Series is one of the important
topics for GMAT.
● Some of the questions from this section can be
very tough and time consuming while the others
can be very easy.
● The trick to ace this section is to quickly figure out
whether a question is solvable or not and not
waste time on very difficult questions.
● Some of the questions in this section can be
answered by ruling out wrong choices among the
options available. This method will both save time
and improve accuracy.
● There are many shortcuts which will be of vital
importance in answering this section.

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● There are 3 standard types of progressions
➔ Arithmetic Progression
➔ Geometric Progression
➔ Harmonic Progression

Arithmetic progression (A.P):

● If the sum or difference between any two

consecutive terms is constant then the terms are

said to be in A.P (Example: 2,5,8,11 or a, a+d,

a+2d, a+3d…)

● If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is the common

difference then the general ‘n’ term is

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎(𝑛 + 1)𝑑

● Sum of first ‘n’ terms in

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 𝑛
A.P = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]

● Number of terms in

𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚−𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

A. P =
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
+1

● Sum of all terms of an

𝑛
A. P= 2 [𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + 𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚]

● Properties of A.P:

● If a, b , c, d,…. are in A.P and ‘k’ is a constant then

● a-k, b-k, c-k,… will also be in A.P

● ak, bk, ck,…will also be in A.P

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
● , , will also be in A.P
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

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 Geometric progression (G.P):
● If in a succession of numbers the ratio of any term
and the previous term is constant then that
number is said to be in Geometric Progression.
2 3
● Ex :1, 3, 9, 27 or a, ar, 𝑎𝑟 ,𝑎𝑟
𝑛−1
● The general expression of an G.P, 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟

(where a is the first terms and ‘r’ is the common

ratio)

● Sum of ‘n’ terms in G.P,

𝑛 𝑛
𝑎(1−𝑟 ) 𝑎(𝑟 −1)
Sn= 1−𝑟 (if r<1) or 𝑟−1 (if r>1)

● Properties of G.P:

● If a, b , c, d,…. are in G.P and ‘k’ is a constant then

1. ak, bk, ck,…will also be in G.P

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 2. a/k, b/k, c/k will also be in G.P

Sum of term of infinite series in G.P,

𝑎
𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟
(− 1 < 𝑟 < 1)

Harmonic progression (H.P):

● If a, b, c, d,.…..are unequal numbers then they are
1 1 1
said to be in H.P if
𝑎
, 𝑏 , 𝑐 ,……are in A.P
● The ‘n’ term in H.P is 1/(nth term in A.P)

Properties of H.P :
If a, b, c, d,…are in H.P, then

a+d > b+c

ad > bc

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 Standard Series:
● The sum of first ‘n’ natural numbers

𝑛(𝑛+1)
=
2

● The sum of squares of first ‘n’ natural numbers

𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
= 2

● The sum of cubes of first ‘n’ natural numbers

𝑛(𝑛+1) 2
= { 2 }
2
● The sum of first ‘n’ odd natural numbers = 𝑛

● The sum of first ‘n’ even natural numbers =

n(n+1)

● In any series, if the sum of first n terms is given

𝑡ℎ
by 𝑆𝑛, then the 𝑛 term 𝑇 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
𝑛

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 Arithmetic Mean:
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
● The arithmetic mean =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

● If two number A and B are in A.P then arithmetic

𝑎+𝑏
mean =
2

● Inserting ‘n’ means between two numbers a and b

● The total terms will become n+2, a is the first

term and b is the last term

𝑏−𝑎
● Then the common difference d =
𝑛+1

● The last term b = a+(n+1)d

● The final series is a, a+d, a+2d….

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 Geometric Mean:
● If a, b, c,… n terms are in G.P then
𝑛
G.M = 𝑎 * 𝑏 * 𝑐 *........ * 𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
● If two numbers a, b are in G.P then their

G.M = 𝑎×𝑏
● Inserting ‘n’ means between two quantities a and
b with common ratio ‘r’
2
● The final series is 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟

Harmonic Mean:
● If a, b, c, d,.. are the given numbers in H.P then the

Harmonic mean of

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
‘n’ terms = 1 1 1
𝑎
+ 𝑏 + 𝑐 +.......

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● If two numbers a and b are in H.P then the

2𝑎𝑏
Harmonic Mean =
𝑎+𝑏

● Relationship between AM, GM and HM for two

numbers a and b,
𝑎+𝑏
● A.M= 2

● G.M= 𝑎 * 𝑏
2𝑎𝑏
● H.M= 𝑎+𝑏

● G.M= 𝐴𝑀 * 𝐻𝑀

● A.M ≥ G.M ≥ H.M

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 Exponents & Roots
● Exponent is nothing but a repeated multiplication.
𝑎
● In 𝑥 , 𝑥 is the base and ‘a’ is the power or exponent.
● Some important formulas are as follows:
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
➔ 𝑥 ×𝑥 =𝑥
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚−𝑛
➔ 𝑥 ÷𝑥 =𝑥
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛
➔ (𝑥 ) = 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
➔ 𝑥 × 𝑦 = (𝑥𝑦)
𝑥 𝑎
𝑎
➔
𝑥
𝑦
𝑎 = ( )
𝑦

−𝑚 1
➔ 𝑥 = 𝑚
𝑥

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 𝑥 −𝑚 𝑦 𝑚
➔ ( ) 𝑦
= ( ) 𝑥
1
𝑎 2
➔ 𝑥 =𝑥
1
𝑚 𝑚
➔ 𝑥=𝑥

( )
𝑚
𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛
➔ 𝑥 = 𝑥 =𝑥

𝑎 𝑏
➔ 𝑥 =𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑏

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