MIND MAP

FOR JEE ASPIRANTS

Inorganic Chemistry

P-BLOCK

OM PANDEY , IIT Delhi

 Today’s Targets
1 Electronic Configuration , General Oxidation State

2 Atomic Size , Ionisation Energy , Electron Affinity , Electronegativity

3 Unique Behavior of First element in each group

4 Inert Pair Effect

5 Bond Dissociation Energy, Catenation Properties, Allotropes of C,P,S

Electronic Configuration Group oxidation state

He

B C N O F Ne

Al Si P S Cl Ar

Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Atomic radius
He

B C N O F Ne

Al Si P S Cl Ar

Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Tl Pb Bi Po

Gallium with low melting point , could exist in liquid state during summer . Its high
boiling point makes it a useful material for measuring high temperatures .
Ionisation Energy

B C N O F Ne
Ionisation Energy

He

B C N O F Ne

Al Si P S Cl Ar

Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Tl Pb Bi Po
Electron Affinity

He

B C N O F Ne

Al Si P S Cl Ar

Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Highest E . A . :
First Atom of Group

B C N O

No, d orbital Hybridisation : sp sp2 sp3

Small in size Form multiple bond easily

Existence : NCl5 PCl5

NF6– PF6–

BF4– AlF63–
 Inert Pair Effect

B C N
Top to bottom
Al Si P Stability of HOS :
Stability of LOS :
Ga Ge As

In Sn Sb

Tl Pb Bi

Reason : due to poor shielding of d and f e- : ns e- pair does not take part in bonding
Stability of oxidation state

B+1 C+2 N+3 B+3 C+4 N+5

Al+1 Si+2 P+3 Al+3 Si+4 P+5

Ga+1 Ge+2 As+3 Ga+3 Ge+4 As+5

In+1 Sn+2 Sb+3 In+3 Sn+4 Sb+5

Tl+1 Pb+2 Bi+3 Tl+3 Pb+4 Bi+5

Applications : 1) Stability of Compounds

PbO PbO2 PbCl2 PbCl4 TℓF3 Tℓl3

GeCl2 GeCl4 SnCl2 SnCl4

2) Identification of oxidising agent and reducing agent

Pb+4 Sn+2
PbCl4 SnCl2

PbO2 SnO

3) Existence and Non- Existence PbF4 PbI4

NOTE : The well characterised Bi(+5) compound is

BiF5 due to strong oxidising power of F2 .

4) Thermal Stability CCl4 SiCl4 GeCl4 SnCl4 PbCl4

CCl2 SiCl2 GeCl2 SnCl2 PbCl2

 Oxides

Basic Oxides Amphoteric Oxides Neutral Oxides

Metals As Fe Sb Cr V Te CO /NO /N2O

Zn Sn Be Al Pb Ga
Basic Oxides

Metalloid oxides Acidic Oxides

Amphoteric Oxides

As Sb Se Te Ge Non-metal oxides

Acidic Oxides
Acidic
Bond Dissociation Energy Min. energy required to break a bond

C C Si Si

N N P P

O O S S

F F Cl Cl

BDE : Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2

 Different forms of an element within the same physical phase
Allotropes

Carbon Phosphorus Sulphur

Diamond Red Rhombic

Graphite White Monoclinic

Fullerenes Black
Allotropes of Carbon

Diamond

Crystalline lattice

Carbon atom : sp3

Rigid 3-D network of carbon atoms

Covalent Solid

All C — C bond lengths are same.

Very difficult to break extended covalent bonding, diamond is a hardest

material and having high melting point.
Graphite

Flat layered structure of hexagons

Carbon atom : sp2

Layers are held by VWFOA.

All C — C bond lengths are same due to

resonance .
Graphite cleaves easily between the layers therefore it is very soft and
slippery. For this reason graphite is used as a dry lubricant in machines
running at high temperature, where oil cannot be used as a lubricant.

4th electron forms a  bond , this electron is free

to migrate in the sheet so graphite is a good
conductor along the sheet
but semi-conductor perpendicular to the sheet.
Fullerenes

( C60 )

2 types of ring

Cage like molecules

 Bonds : Not in pentagon Shape like : Soccer ball

Only in hexagon Buckminsterfullerene
Carbon atom : sp2

2 Types of bond length : Single & double bonds

 No of vertices :

No of faces :

No of edges :

Electric Arc
Graphite
He / Ar

Fullerenes are the only pure form of carbon because they have smooth structure
without having ‘dangling’ bonds.
 Diamond Graphite

Density :

Electrical :
Conductivity
Thermal :

Bond Length :

Thermal stability :

Reactivity :

Melting Point :
Allotropes of Phosphorus
White phos. P4 Red phos. (P4)n Black phos. Pn
Polymeric chain Covalent solid

Because of angular strain in the P4 molecule, it readily catches fire in air to give
NCERT

dense white fumes.

 White Phos. P4 Red Phos. (P4)n
P P P P

P P P P P P P P
P P P P

Reactivity :

Thermal stability :

Solubility (in water) :

Solubility (in CS2) :

Glow :
 White Phos. P4 Red Phos. (P4)n
P P P P

P P P P P P P P
P P P P

Translucent white waxy solid Iron grey lustre

Poisonous Non - poisonous

Allotropes of Sulphur

S S S Rhombic Sulphur Monoclinic Sulphur

S S
-Sulphur -Sulphur
S
S S S8 S8

Transition (at 369 K) :

Solubility (in water) :
Solubility (in CS2) :
Stability (at RT) :
NCERT

The S8 ring in both the forms is puckered and has a crown shape.
Physical Properties (data based)

1. B.P. 13th & 14 : ↓ (Top to bottom)

15th, 16th, 17th, 18th : ↑ (Top to bottom)

2. M.P. 13th B > Al > Ga < In < Tl

14th C > Si > Ge > Sn < Pb (Same Order as I.E.)

15th N < P < As > Sb > Bi

16th , 17th , 18th → Top to Bottom : M.P. ↑

3. Density : ↑ Top → Bottom

One Exception : C > Si
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