Organelle Structure Function

Nucleus -Sphere like shape -Contains the cells

-Placement is in the middle of genetics(control center)
the cell -dna replication is present as
-Stored in a gel like well as the genes mature
substance(nucleoplasm) form
-final gene growth stage is
located in the cytoplasm
- responsible for protein
synthesis, cell division,
growth,.
-control center of the cell
-manages cells reproduction
-acts as a brain of the cell
-allows a selective passage
of different types of
molecules(proteins nucleic
acids) in and out of the
nucleus
-ribosome assembly
-nucleus is present in the cell
and is attached to the nuclear
membrane
Nucleolus -sphere or oblong structure -ribosomal genes are copied
found in nucleus -composed of
-large dark spot RNA(ribonucleic acid) and
proteins
-lacks a membrane
-makes parts to help build the
most important workers of the
cell(the ribosomes)
-nucleolus is a sub organelle
present inside the nucleus
and is not attached to any
membrane

Mitochondrion -surrounded by a double -produces energy through the

membrane system process of oxidative
-consists of an inner and phosphorylation
outer membrane -responsible for
-separated intermembrane managing/regulating
space metabolic activity
-detoxes ammonia in the liver
cells
-promotes cell multiplication
and cell growth

plays an important role in:

oxidative phosphorylation-
a biological mechanism that
uses the reduction of oxygen
to produce adenosine
triphosphate, a high-energy
phosphate bond.

Rough and Smooth -smooth er is a continuous - The ser is typically

Endoplasmic Reticulum extension of the rough er used for the storage
 -located more to the far end of liquids and steroids
from the nucleus - rer plays a significant
-rough er shaped like role in the synthesis of
flattened hollow pancakes various proteins
-smooth er is tubular in - Difference of the ser
structure and rer are the
ribosomes
- ribosomes attach to
the surface and gives
a rough appearance
(rough er)
- smooth er does not
have ribosomes on its
surface (possess
ribosomes attached to
its membrane)

Golgi Apparatus -a series of 5-8 cup shaped -helps package proteins and
membrane covered flat sacs lipid molecules
called cisternae -proteins are destined to be
-looks like a stack of deflated exported from the cell
balloons -a series of stacked
membranes
-proteins are transported to
lysosomes, the plasma
membrane, or released after
being processed and sorted
after leaving the ER
-The Golgi is the place where
sphingomyelin and glycolipids
are made

Ribosome - A little like a - made of both RNA

hamburger with a and protein
puffy bun on top - the site of the protein
- Appear flattened and synthesis in the cell
spherical - protein synthesis in
the cell
- the messenger RNA
(mRNA) sequence is
read by the ribosome,
which then converts
the genetic code into
a specific string of
amino acids that
develop into extended
 chains and fold to
create proteins.
- use metabolic energy,
accessible
transferable RNAs,
and cellular
supplemental proteins
to carry out the
beginning, extension,
and end of peptide
synthesis
- produces protein by
following the coded
instructions from the
DNA

Lysosome -sphere shaped sacs filled -digestive system of the cell

with hydrolytic enzymes -degrades material taken up
-spherical bodies about 50-70 from outside the cell to digest
in diameter and are bounded -responsible for the digestion
by a single membrane of macromolecules, old cell
parts, and microorganisms
-responsible
-cell membrane repairs
-responses against foreign
substances (bacteria and
viruses)

Vacuole -surrounded by a thin -plant cell(help maintain

membrane and filled with fluid water balance)
and any molecules they take -involved in intracellular
-membrane bound subcellular digestion
structure -animal cell(generally small
and help sequester waste)
-a single vacuole can take up
most of the interior space of
the plant cell
-insulating materials that may
be harmful to the cell
-containing small molecules

Chloroplast -oval shaped -produce energy through

-has two membranes(outer photosynthesis and oxygen
membrane and an inner release processes
membrane) -sustains plant growth and
-intermembrane space crop yield
 approx 10-20 nm wide -responsible for biosynthesis
of active compounds (amino
acids, vitamins, lipids,
nucleotides, phytohormones,
etc)
-plant cell

Cell Wall -rigid external layer -specifically designed to

-plasma membrane that provide structural support and
consists of both lipids and rigidity
proteins -keeps all interior
-phospholipid layer(provides components of the cell intact
a stable barrier between two -keeps cell safe from external
aqueous compartments) environment
-plant cell
-protects against infection
and mechanical stress

Cytoplasm -thick solution (fills each cell -consists of a nucleus and

and is inclosed by cell organelles such as
membrane) mitochondria and vacuoles
-mainly composed of water,
salt and protein,.
- in eukaryotes cells the
cytoplasm includes all the
materials inside the cell and
outside of the nucleus
-provides a platform in which
other organelles can operate
within the cell
-cell expansion, growth, and
replication is all carried out

Cilia/Flagella Flagella- long wavy -antenna like protrusions

structures(extend from -present on many times of
plasma membrane and are eukaryotic cells
used to move an entire cell) - provides functions such as
CIlia- short hair like structures locomotion, mucus clearance,
(that are used to move entire fluid circulation,
cells or substances along the chemosensation, and
outer surface of the cell) mechanosensation,.
-to move water relative to the
cell in regular
movement(cilia)
 -helps organism in movement
and acts as a sensory organ
to detect temp and PH
changes(flagella)

Cell Membrane -consists of lipids and -serves as gatekeepers and

proteins barriers
-plasma membrane -some molecules can diffuse
-two dense lines separated across the lipid bilayer but
by an intervening space others can not
- gases,oxygen, and carbon
dioxide cross membranes
rapidly
-transports materials coming
in and out of the cell
-they contain receptors that
allow specific molecules such
as ions, nutrients, waste that
mediate cellular and
extracellular activities to pass
between organelles and the
outside environment