1.

Gravity & Orbit

The Sun's Gravity: The Sun, located in the core of our solar system, has
massive gravity. All of the planets and other objects in our solar system
orbit around it due to its enormous gravitational attraction. Imagine the Sun
as a massive star at the middle of a merry-go-round, with planets and other
objects serving as seats. The Sun's gravity functions as invisible chains
holding the chairs in place, constantly tugging them inward. However, the
planets are not simply sitting motionless.
 Orbital Velocity: All planets, including Earth, have a forward motion
known as orbital velocity. This velocity resembles the momentum that
keeps a toddler swinging on a swing. The equilibrium between the Sun's
gravity pushing inwards and the Earth's orbital velocity moving outwards
results in a stable orbit in which the Earth perpetually falls toward the
Sun but never collides with it.
 The Moon's Gravity: The gravity of the moon While far less than the
Sun's gravity, the Moon possesses its own gravitational pull. The lunar
gravity, which is about one-sixth that of Earth's, is what causes the tides
on Earth. We'll go over that in greater depth later.

2. Light and Moon Phases.

The Moon Doesn't Shine: The Moon does not shine since it is not a light
source like the Sun. It does not generate its own light, but rather
functions as a gigantic mirror, reflecting sunlight. As the Moon orbits
Earth, the Sun exposes different sections of its surface, resulting in the
visible lunar phases.

The Phases: Different parts of the Moon are visible to us depending on

its alignment with the Earth and the Sun. A full moon is seen when the
Sun is exactly overhead the side facing Earth. We observe a new moon
when the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun, with its face not lit up.
As the Moon continues its orbit, we witness numerous phases of the
moon during the month, including crescent, quarter, and gibbous,
 depending on which areas of the illuminated surface are visible from
Earth.

3.Eclipses
Solar Eclipse: A solar eclipse is a rare and dramatic phenomenon that
happens when the Moon completely obscures the Sun and Earth. A solar
eclipse occurs when the Moon casts a shadow across Earth, making the Sun
appear entirely or partially obscured for a short while. The degree of
accuracy with which the Sun, Moon, and Earth align determines the type of
solar eclipse. When the Moon totally obscures the Sun's light, a total solar
eclipse takes place, casting a shadow across the planet. When the Moon
just partially obscures the Sun, a dazzling ring of light surrounds the
darkened region, indicating a partial solar eclipse.
Lunar Eclipse: When Earth is positioned between the Sun and the Moon, a
lunar eclipse takes place on the other side of the planet from a solar eclipse.
The Moon passes into Earth's shadow during a lunar eclipse, giving the
appearance of a darker or redder Moon surface. Sunlight that has filtered
through Earth's atmosphere and bent around the planet's edges is what
gives the planet its reddish color.

 Rare Events: Both solar and lunar eclipses are relatively rare events. The
exact timing and visibility of an eclipse depend on the alignment of the Sun,
Earth, and Moon.

1. Revolution: Earth's yearly trek around the Sun in an elliptical orbit (not a
perfect circle) takes about 365.25 days. This, combined with Earth's tilt,
creates the seasons.
2. Day and Night: Earth's rotation on its axis every 24 hours creates day and
night. As Earth spins, different areas face the Sun, experiencing sunlight
(day) or darkness (night). The Sun appears to rise in the east and set in the
west due to this rotation.

1 number question answer

Earth's Tilt: There is some tilt to our planet. Its tilt with respect to its orbit around
the Sun is around 23.5 degrees. Its axis is an imaginary line that passes across the
North and South Poles. All year long, this inclination does not change.

Revolution Around the Sun: Earth orbits the Sun in an elliptical path, completing
the orbit in around 365.25 days, or a year. The northern and southern
hemispheres of Earth's orbit tilt in different directions toward and away from the
Sun at different periods.
Unequal Heating: Over the year, different regions of Earth receive more direct
exposure to the Sun's rays because of the tilt. Temperatures rise and days are
longer in regions that are oriented toward the sun because they receive more
direct, strong sunlight there. Tilted away, on the other hand, receives less direct
sunlight, which lowers the warmth and shortens the days.
Seasonal Changes:
Summer: The Northern Hemisphere experiences summer when the North Pole
tilts toward the Sun, which occurs around June. Because it receives more direct
sunshine, the days are longer, the temperature is warmer, and the development of
plants is enhanced. As a result of its tilt, the South Pole experiences a winter with
fewer days, lower temperatures, and less plant growth.

Winter: After a period of six months, the Earth's orbit has changed. The Southern
Hemisphere experiences summer when the South Pole is inclined towards the Sun,
which occurs in the Northern Hemisphere around December. With its tilt, the
North Pole stays winter.
Spring and Autumn: These are the transitional seasons that lie between summer
and winter (spring in the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the Southern
Hemisphere, respectively). The tilt of Earth as it revolves around its orbit keeps it
from facing the Sun directly or from moving away from it, which results in more
mild temperatures and longer days.

The amazing seasonal variations we experience are a result of the interaction

between Earth's tilt and revolution, which makes our globe a dynamic and ever-
changing home.
3rd
Birds that migrate are essential to preserving the global ecological equilibrium.
This is an examination of their significance and the safeguards required to ensure
their preservation:
Importance of Migratory Birds:
The maintenance of biodiversity: is one of the main purposes of migratory birds.
They enhance the richness of the different ecosystems they pass through. They
are found in a variety of settings, such as marshes and woodlands, where they
serve as predators, pollinators, and seed dispersers to keep ecosystems in balance.

Economic Value: Migratory birds provide economic benefits to many communities,

such as ecotourism. In regions where migrating birds travel, birdwatching and
nature tourism are major sources of income and employment for the local
population.

Species Indicator: The health of the environment is shown by migratory birds.

Environmental degradation may be indicated by changes in their population size,
breeding success, or migration patterns.
Protective Actions for Birds in Migration:
Conservation of Habitat: The survival of migratory bird populations depends on
the preservation and restoration of vital habitats along migratory routes. This
includes protecting ecosystems like wetlands, woodlands, grasslands, and coastal
areas that are used for breeding, wintering, and stopovers.
International collaboration: International collaboration is essential to the
conservation of migratory birds because these birds travel through several nations
each year. Conventions such as the Convention on Migratory Species and the
Ramsar Convention encourage the sustainable management of habitats and
enhance international conservation efforts.
Threat Mitigation: It is imperative to address risks including unlawful hunting,
habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and collisions with man-made structures
like buildings and electricity lines. These risks can be lessened by putting into
practice strategies like habitat restoration, pollution prevention, and the creation
of protected areas.