ECL404

RF & Microwave Engineering

1
 Contents:
▪ Introduction: RF & Microwave spectrum, Historical Background, Typical application
of RF & Microwaves,
▪ Microwave Tubes: Limitation of conventional tubes in microwaves, Two cavity and
multicavity Klystron, Reflex Klystron, Magnetron, Travelling wave tube, Backward
wave oscillator – working principles, characteristics.
▪ Semiconductor Microwave Device: Tunnel diode, Gunn diode, IMPATT diode,
TRAPATT diode, Microwave bipolar transistor, hetero-junction bipolar transistor,
parametric amplifier.
▪ Passive Components: S- matrix, Directional coupler, Bethe-hole coupler, Magic tee,
Hybrid ring, Circulator, Isolator.
▪ Microwave Measurement: Measurement of VSWR-Low, Medium and High,
Measurement of power, Bolometer, Frequency measurement, Impedance
measurement. Application of Microwaves: Introduction to satellite communication,
Radar, Industrial application of microwaves.
2
 Course Outcomes
Students will have:
1. Familiarity with basic concepts and theory of RF & Microwave Engineering.
2. Ability to demonstrate waveguide components, assemble them.
3. Ability to solve problems on microwave communication system.
4. Ability to design, implement, analyze and maintain a high frequency
communication system.
5. Ability to get idea about different microwave network circuit.

3
 ECL404 RF & Microwave Engineering
Course Outcomes, Students will have
1) Familiarity with basic concepts and theory of RF & Microwave Engineering.
2) Ability to demonstrate waveguide components, assemble them.
3) Ability to solve problems on microwave communication system.
4) Ability to design, implement, analyze and maintain a high frequency
communication system
5) Ability to get idea about different microwave network circuit.

4
 Books
1. Microwave Devices & Circuits S.Y.Liao Pearson Education/PHI
2. Microwave Engineering by DM Pozar

5
 Introduction
▪ Microwave is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from
about one meter to one millimeter corresponding to frequencies between 300 MHz
and 300 GHz respectively.
▪ Different sources define different frequency ranges as microwaves; the above broad
definition includes both UHF and EHF (millimeter wave) bands.
▪ A more common definition in radio-frequency engineering is the range between 1
and 100 GHz (wavelengths between 0.3 m and 3 mm).
▪ Frequencies in the microwave range are often referred to by their IEEE radar band
designations: S, C, X, Ku, K, or Ka band, or by similar NATO or EU designations.

6
 Introduction
▪ The prefix micro- in microwave is not meant to suggest a wavelength in the
micrometer range.
▪ Rather, it indicates that microwaves are "small" (having shorter wavelengths),
compared to the radio waves used prior to microwave technology.
▪ The boundaries between far infrared, terahertz radiation, microwaves, and ultra-
high-frequency radio waves are fairly arbitrary and are used variously between
different fields of study.
▪ Microwaves travel by line-of-sight; unlike lower frequency radio waves they do not
diffract around hills, follow the earth's surface as ground waves, or reflect from the
ionosphere, so terrestrial microwave communication links are limited by the visual
horizon to about 40 miles (64 km).

7
 Design and analysis
▪ The term microwave also has a more technical meaning in electromagnetics and circuit
theory.
▪ Apparatus and techniques may be described qualitatively as "microwave" when the
wavelengths of signals are roughly the same as the dimensions of the circuit, so that
lumped-element circuit theory is inaccurate, and instead distributed circuit elements and
transmission-line theory are more useful methods for design and analysis.
▪ As a consequence, practical microwave circuits tend to move away from the discrete
resistors, capacitors, and inductors used with lower-frequency radio waves.
▪ Open-wire and coaxial transmission lines used at lower frequencies are replaced by
waveguides and stripline, and lumped-element tuned circuits are replaced by cavity
resonators or resonant stubs.
▪ In turn, at even higher frequencies, where the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves
becomes small in comparison to the size of the structures used to process them,
microwave techniques become inadequate, and the methods of optics are used.

8
9
10
Electromagnetic Spectrum or Frequency Spectrum

11
cooking food industrial particle
in microwave spectroscopy
heating accelerators
ovens

radar, satellite and

medical
spacecraft
point-to-point medical diather
diathermy communication
communication links my

wireless radio microwave radio

remote sensing
networks astronomy, relay networks

collision
cancer keyless entry garage door
avoidance
treatment systems openers
systems

12
 Microwave frequency bands
Designation Frequency range Wavelength range Typical uses
L band 1 to 2 GHz 15 cm to 30 cm military telemetry, GPS, mobile phones (GSM), amateur radio
weather radar, surface ship radar, some communications satellites, microwave ovens,
S band 2 to 4 GHz 7.5 cm to 15 cm microwave devices/communications, radio astronomy, mobile phones, wireless LAN,
Bluetooth, ZigBee, GPS, amateur radio
C band 4 to 8 GHz 3.75 cm to 7.5 cm long-distance radio telecommunications
satellite communications, radar, terrestrial broadband, space communications, amateur
X band 8 to 12 GHz 25 mm to 37.5 mm
radio, molecular rotational spectroscopy
Ku band 12 to 18 GHz 16.7 mm to 25 mm satellite communications, molecular rotational spectroscopy
radar, satellite communications, astronomical observations, automotive radar,
K band 18 to 26.5 GHz 11.3 mm to 16.7 mm
molecular rotational spectroscopy
Ka band 26.5 to 40 GHz 5.0 mm to 11.3 mm satellite communications, molecular rotational spectroscopy
satellite communications, terrestrial microwave communications, radio astronomy,
Q band 33 to 50 GHz 6.0 mm to 9.0 mm
automotive radar, molecular rotational spectroscopy
U band 40 to 60 GHz 5.0 mm to 7.5 mm
millimeter wave radar research, molecular rotational spectroscopy and other kinds of
V band 50 to 75 GHz 4.0 mm to 6.0 mm
scientific research
satellite communications, millimeter-wave radar research, military radar targeting and
W band 75 to 110 GHz 2.7 mm to 4.0 mm
tracking applications, and some non-military applications, automotive radar
SHF transmissions: Radio astronomy, microwave devices/communications, wireless
F band 90 to 140 GHz 2.1 mm to 3.3 mm LAN, most modern radars, communications satellites, satellite television
broadcasting, DBS, amateur radio
EHF transmissions: Radio astronomy, high-frequency microwave radio relay, microwave
D band 110 to 170 GHz 1.8 mm to 2.7 mm
remote sensing, amateur radio, directed-energy weapon, millimeter wave scanner
13
 Microwave sources
▪ High-power microwave sources use specialized vacuum tubes to generate
microwaves.
▪ These devices operate on different principles from low-frequency vacuum tubes,
using the ballistic motion of electrons in a vacuum under the influence of controlling
electric or magnetic fields, and include the magnetron (used in microwave ovens),
klystron, traveling-wave tube (TWT), and gyrotron.
▪ These devices work in the density modulated mode, rather than the current
modulated mode.
▪ This means that they work on the basis of clumps of electrons flying ballistically
through them, rather than using a continuous stream of electrons.

14
 Microwave sources
▪ Low-power microwave sources use solid-state devices such as the field-effect
transistor (at least at lower frequencies), tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, and IMPATT
diodes.
▪ Low-power sources are available as benchtop instruments, rackmount instruments,
embeddable modules and in card-level formats.
▪ A maser is a solid state device which amplifies microwaves using similar principles to
the laser, which amplifies higher frequency light waves.

15
 Microwave sources
▪ All warm objects emit low level microwave black-body radiation, depending on their
temperature, so in meteorology and remote sensing, microwave radiometers are
used to measure the temperature of objects or terrain.
▪ The sun and other astronomical radio sources such as Cassiopeia A emit low level
microwave radiation which carries information about their makeup, which is studied
by radio astronomers using receivers called radio telescopes.
▪ The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), for example, is a weak
microwave noise filling empty space which is a major source of information on
cosmology's Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe.

16
 Vacuum Tubes
▪ A vacuum tube, electron tube, valve (British usage), or tube (North America), is a
device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to
which an electric potential difference has been applied.

17
Microwave sources

18
19
 Dr. ARVIND KUMAR,
Asst. Professor,
Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur,
INDIA

THANK YOU ! [email protected]

[email protected]
HTTPS://SITES.GOOGLE.COM/VIEW/ARVINDK