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Effect of non sway and sway methods for analysis and design of reinforced
concrete frames for multi-storey building

Article in International Journal of Physical Sciences · September 2011

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International Journal of the Physical Sciences Vol. 6(17), pp. 4294-4301, 2 September, 2011
Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS
DOI: 10.5897/IJPS11.642
ISSN 1992 -1950 ©2011 Academic Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of non sway and sway methods for analysis and

design of reinforced concrete frames for multi-storey
building
Noor Sadiqul Hasan1*, Shiblee Sayed2, Habibur Rahman Sobuz3 and Costas Ioannou2
1
School of Civil Engineering, Linton University College, Legenda Education Group, Malaysia.
2
School of Computing, Information Technology and Engineering, University of East London, UK.
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia.
Accepted 24 June, 2011

This paper investigates the numerical modelling analysis and design of non-sway and sway method for
multi-storey reinforced concrete frames. Multi-storey buildings having a height of 57.7 and 23.5 m
consisting of 15 storeys' and 6 storeys, respectively have been analysed for non-sway and sway
condition by using software STAAD. Pro V8i. Column sizes have been changed in every three storeys
interval and beam sizes kept constant for the convenience of making the analysis more economical and
practical. Reinforced concrete building frames analyses have shown how the reinforcement of the
beams and columns has changed with the effect of wind loading. According to the analysis of that
reinforced concrete members, it can be seen that the reinforcement of the beams and columns have
been increased significantly in sway frame compare to the non-sway frame. However, two multi-storey
reinforced concrete building frames (one tall and another one short) analysis also indicated how the
beam and column design is affected by the height of the building. This paper also highlighted the
response of reinforced concrete multi-storey building frames that can be predicted effectively with the
software analysis.

Key words: Non-sway, sway, reinforced concrete, building frames, beam, column, multi-storey, STAAD. Pro
V8i.

INTRODUCTION

From as long as 7000 BC, concrete rises to the position Egyptians’ After the crumple of the Roman Empire, the
of most widely used construction material by playing a secrets of concrete were almost lost. Indeed the modern
major part in the shaping of civilisation. The foundations development of concrete does not long for no more than
of the Colosseum, Rome AD82 which is the largest and 175 years. In 1824, the patent for the manufacture of the
most important amphitheatre in Rome were made of first Portland cement was placed which creates the most
dense concrete and some of the arches and vaults had important milestones in concrete’s history.
been made by light weight concrete as well. Concrete is Concrete is one of the most versatile, durable and cost-
such type of building material which is composed of effective building materials known to people. It has a vast
cement, crushed rock or gravel, often with chemical role to play both in the construction industry for the
admixtures and other materials and that was known to improvement of our civil engineering work and
the earlier Neolithic civilisations, the Romans and the infrastructure technology. It’s great strength, durability
and flexibility are the main properties normally utilised in
the construction of buildings, roads, bridges, airports,
railways, tunnels, ports and harbours and many other
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: major infrastructure projects. Concrete is the material
+60166126346 (cell). which provides the best fire resistance than any other
 Hasan et al. 4295

building materials. When the concrete exposed to fire, it

does not burn, cannot be 'set on fire' like other materials
in a building and it does not emit any toxic fumes, smoke
or drip molten particles. Concrete is making an intensive,
synchronized effort to further reduce its environmental
impact which includes the emergent use of recycled
concrete in cement and concrete manufacture.
Having good durability quality, good strength in
compression, casting in any shape according to
architectural/structural requirement and also cost-
effectiveness are some other major reasons for using
concrete in the construction industry so much (The
Concrete Centre, 2009). According to Wong et al. (2007),
the modification of Muto’s method has been approached
for unbraced composite frames with semi-rigid beam-to-
column connections in multi-storey frames for sway and
non-sway conditions. Wang (1997) stated beneficial and
detrimental effects of structural continuity for non-sway
multi-storey frames on fire resistant design of steel
columns. Li (2004) obtained some selected results from
the full scale measurements of dynamic behaviour of a
63-storey reinforced concrete tall building. Ates (2000)
approached a new design method to withstand the
earthquake forces by designing earthquake resisting
structures. Erdal (2009) has investigated a significant
improvement of ductility and strength of unreinforced
masonry walls by using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)
strips for low rise structures
In this paper, the numerical modelling analysis of the
reinforced concrete multi-storied building frames for non-
sway and sway method using Staad. Pro V8i software is
investigated. Using the software, the 15 and 6 storey’s
building have been designed at the condition of without Figure 1. Sectional elevation (A-A)
sway and with sway and the analysis results are of the 15 storey building.
compared for beams and columns. According to the
result, it can be seen that amount of reinforcement has
increased for the sway effect which implies that the cost
buildings.
of construction will be increased in sway method and vice
Figure 1, 2, 3 and 4 shows plan and sectional elevation of the 15
versa for non sway condition. and 6 storey’s building, respectively. Figure 5 and 6 shows the
three dimensional rendered view of the 6 and 15 storey building
subsequently.
METHODOLOGY

In reinforced concrete construction, effect of wind in the multi-storey

building has played an important role. Sometimes, it may happen to ANALYSES AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
change the mind to allow or not to allow wind loading in the
structure (Hasan et al., 2011). For 15 storey building frames
In non-sway buildings, wind loading may be resisted by shear
walls, service cores, housing lifts services and stair cases in the According to Table 1, it can be seen that middle column
building.
In sway buildings, wind loading will be resisted by the beams and
of middle frame without sway and with sway have the
the columns of the building which have to be designed considering same amount of reinforcement in each floor. This is
the wind loading (Allen, 1988; Mosley and Bungey, 1990). because, large amount of axial load from load
The main aim of this study is to analyse and design two multi- combination 1.4 Dead Load + 1.6 Imposed Load is
storey buildings in concrete (one tall and one short) both for non governing rather than the load combination 1.2 Dead
sway and sway condition and compare the results. Two multi-storey Load + 1.2 Imposed Load + 1.2 Wind Load (British
buildings have been designed by the software STAAD Pro V8i for
the effect of sway and non sway. Design results have shown in a Standards Institution, 2002; Concrete Design (BS 8110-1:
tabular format for these two conditions which is also compared with 1997); Wind Loads (BS 6399-2: 1997) and Weights of
non sway and sway effect and with the effect of height of the two Building Materials).
4296 Int. J. Phys. Sci.

Figure 2. Plan view of the 15 storey

building.

Figure 4. Plan view of the 6 storey building.

From Table 2, it can be seen that the reinforcement in

the side column of middle frame has increased to 18 T 20
2 2
(5050 mm ) in sway frame from 18 T 16 (3580 mm ) at
ground floor because of the governing load combination
which includes wind load. And for all other side columns,
though area of reinforcement has slightly (approximately
3%) increased, same size of bar are used.
From Table 3, it can be found that the bottom
reinforcement at middle of the beam is almost the same
in sway and non-sway cases but extra amount of
reinforcement has provided in the left and right hand side
bottom of the beam for sway cases except 9th and 12th
floor. This happened so to develop the necessary
moment of resistance because the moment has
increased significantly (approximately 50 to 60%) due to
wind loading. And in 9th and 12th floor, the amount of
reinforcement (approximately 20%) has also increased
for wind loading in sway cases.
According to Table 4, it can be seen that middle column
Figure 3. Sectional elevation (A-A) of the 6 of side frame without sway and with sway have the same
storey building. amount of reinforcement in each floor. This is because,
 Hasan et al. 4297

large amount of axial load by load combination 1.4 Dead

Load + 1.6 Imposed Load is governing rather than the
load combination 1.2 Dead Load + 1.2 Imposed Load +
1.2 Wind Load.
From Table 5, it can be observed that reinforcement
has increased (approximately 33 to 83%) for all the side
column of the side frame because of the governing wind
load combination.
From Table 6, it can be found that the bottom
reinforcement at middle of beam is almost the same in
sway and non-sway cases but extra amount of
reinforcement is needed in the left and right hand side
bottom of the beam for sway cases. This is happened so
to develop the necessary moment of resistance because
the moment has increased significantly (approximately 20
to 50%) due to wind loading.

For 6 storey building frames

Figure 5. Three dimensional rendered view of the 6
storey building. According to Tables 7 and 10, it can be found that in
middle column of middle and side frame for sway and
non-sway cases, the amount of reinforcement is same in
each floor. This is because large amount of axial load by
load combination 1.4 Dead Load + 1.6 Imposed Load is
governing rather than the load combination 1.2 Dead
Load + 1.2 Imposed Load + 1.2 Wind Load. And from
Table 8, it can be observed that the amount of
reinforcement has increased (approximately 4%) in sway
cases for side column of middle frame because of wind
loading.
According to Table 9, it can be observed that bottom
reinforcement at middle of the beam and top
reinforcement at right hand side of the beam are almost
the same in sway and non-sway cases. But at ground
floor, approximately 20% more top reinforcement is
needed at right hand side of the beam in sway frame due
to wind loading. And at 3rd floor, approximately 27%
more top reinforcement is needed at right hand side of
the beam and also extra amount of reinforcement (5T20)
has been provided at right hand side bottom of the beam
for sway cases due to wind loading.
From Table 11, it can be seen that the amount of
reinforcement has increased significantly (approximately
100%) and slightly (approximately 4%) for ground floor
and 3rd floor respectively due to wind loading.
From Table 12, it can be found that bottom
reinforcement at middle of the beam is almost the same
in both sway and non-sway condition. But at ground floor,
approximately 52 and 25% more top reinforcement is
needed at left and right hand side of the beam
respectively in sway frame due to wind loading. At 3rd
floor, approximately 25% more top reinforcement is
needed at left hand side of the beam and also extra
amount of reinforcement (5T16) has provided at left hand
Figure 6. Three dimensional rendered view of the 15 side bottom of the beam for sway cases due to wind
storey building. loading.
4298 Int. J. Phys. Sci.

Table 1. Comparison of middle column without sway and with sway for middle frame.

Column Middle column without sway Middle column with sway

Floor Size (Square) As required As provided Bar number As required As provided Bar number
2 2 2 2 2
(m ) (mm ) (mm ) and size (mm ) (mm ) and size
Ground floor 0.58 11931 12566 10 T 40 11931 12566 10 T 40
rd
3 Floor 0.51 9908 10053 8 T 40 9908 10053 8 T 40
th
6 Floor 0.44 7703 7854 4 T 50 7703 7854 4 T 50
th
9 Floor 0.37 5151 6434 8 T 32 5151 6434 8 T 32
th
12 Floor 0.26 2860 2945 6 T 25 2860 2945 6 T 25

Table 2. Comparison of side column without sway and with sway for middle frame.

Column Side column without sway Side column with sway

Floor size (Square) As required As provided Bar number As required As provided Bar number
2 2 2 2 2
(m ) (mm ) (mm ) and size (mm ) (mm ) and size
Ground floor 0.58 3580 3619 18 T 16 5050 5655 18 T 20
rd
3 Floor 0.51 3658 3770 12 T 20 3759 3770 12 T 20
th
6 Floor 0.44 3504 3770 12 T 20 3617 3770 12 T 20
th
9 Floor 0.37 3136 3142 10 T 20 3136 3142 10 T 20
th
12 Floor 0.26 2479 2945 6 T 25 2633 2945 6 T 25

Table 3. Comparison of beam (depth = 0.50 m and width = 0.40 m) for middle frame.

Without sway With sway

Floor Left hand side * Middle * Right hand side* Left hand side* Middle* Right hand side*
2 2 2 2 2 2
(mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm )
Ground 3T40(3770) # 3T40(3770) #
6T20(1885) 5T16(1005) 4T25(1963) 6T16(1206)
floor 6T16(1206) ## 6T16(1206) ##

rd 4T32(3217) # 3T40(3770) #
3 Floor 5T20(1571) 6T16(1206) 5T25(2454) 6T16(1206)
6T16(1206) ## 6T16(1206) ##

th 5T25(2454) #
6 Floor 5T20(1571) 6T16(1206) 5T25(2454) 6T16(1206) 4T32(3217)
6T16(1206) ##

th
9 Floor 5T20(1571) 6T16(1206) 5T25(2454) 6T20(1885) # 6T16(1206) ## 5T25(2454) #
th
12 Floor 6T20(1885) 5T20(1571) 5T16(1005) 6T20(1885) ## 5T20(1571) ## 6T16(1206) ##
*: In each row, # shows top reinforcement and ## shows bottom reinforcement of the beam.

Table 4. Comparison of middle column without sway and with sway for side frame.

Column Middle column without sway Middle column with sway

Floor size (square) As required As provided Bar number As required As provided Bar number
2 2 2 2 2
(m ) (mm ) (mm ) and size (mm ) (mm ) and size
Ground floor 0.58 4844 4909 10 T 25 4844 4909 10 T 25
rd
3 Floor 0.51 4267 4399 14 T 20 4267 4399 14 T 20
th
6 Floor 0.44 3607 3770 12 T 20 3607 3770 12 T 20
th
9 Floor 0.37 2716 2945 6 T 25 2716 2945 6 T 25
th
12 Floor 0.26 1842 1885 6 T 20 1842 1885 6 T 20
 Hasan et al. 4299

Table 5. Comparison of side column without sway and with sway for side frame.

Column Side column without sway Side column with sway

Floor size (square) As required As provided Bar number As required As provided Bar number
2 2 2 2 2
(m ) (mm ) (mm ) and size (mm ) (mm ) and size
Ground floor 0.58 1346 1358 12 T 12 1792 1810 16 T 12
rd
3 Floor 0.51 1040 1207 24 T 8 2104 2200 28 T 10
th
6 Floor 0.44 1007 1207 24 T 8 1735 1810 16 T 12
th
9 Floor 0.37 1475 1571 20 T 10 2574 2715 24 T 12
th
12 Floor 0.26 1616 1810 16 T 12 1989 2413 12 T 16

Table 6. Comparison of beam (depth = 0.50 m and width = 0.40 m) for side frame.

Without sway With sway

Floor Left hand side* Middle* Right hand side* Left hand side* Middle * Right hand side*
2 2 2 2 2 2
(mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm )
4T32(3217) # 4T32(3217) #
Ground floor 6T16(1206) 8T10(628) 6T16(1206) 7T12(792)
7T12(792) ## 7T12(792) ##

rd 4T32(3217) # 5T25(2454) #
3 Floor 4T20(1257) 4T16(804) 3T20(942)
7T12(792) ## 7T12(792) 7T12(792) ##

th 5T25(2454) # 6T20(1885)
6 Floor 5T20(1571) 6T12(679) 5T16(1005)
6T12(679) ## 6T12(679) 6T12(679) ##

th 6T16(1206) #
9 Floor 6T16(1206) 7T12(792) 7T12(792) 6T20(1885) # 7T12(792)
7T12(792) ##

th 7T12(792) #
12 Floor 8T10(628) 3T20(942) 4T20(1257) 3T20(942) 4T20(1257)
3T20(942) ##
*: In each row, # shows top reinforcement and ## shows bottom reinforcement of the beam.

Table 7. Comparison of middle column without sway and with sway for middle frame.

Column Middle column without sway Middle column with sway

Floor size (square) As required As provided Bar number As required As provided Bar number
2 2 2 2 2
(m ) (mm ) (mm ) and size (mm ) (mm ) and size
Ground floor 0.36 5949 7540 6 T 40 5949 7540 6 T 40
rd
3 Floor 0.26 3078 3217 4 T 32 3078 3217 4 T 32

Table 8. Comparison of side column without sway and with sway for middle frame.

Column Side column without sway Side column with sway

Floor size (Square) As required As provided Bar number As required As provided Bar number
2 2 2 2 2
(m ) (mm ) mm and size (mm ) (mm ) and size
Ground floor 0.36 2208 2413 12 T 16 2423 2514 8 T 20
rd
3 Floor 0.26 1873 1885 6 T 20 1971 2945 6 T 25
4300 Int. J. Phys. Sci.

Table 9. Comparison of beam (depth = 0.50 m and width = 0.40 m) for middle frame.

Without sway With sway

Floor Left hand side* Middle* Right hand side* Left hand side* Middle* Right hand side*
2 2 2 2 2 2
(mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm ) mm
Ground floor 5T25(2454) 6T16(1206) 5T20(1571) 5T25(2454) 6T16(1206) 6T20(1885)

#
rd 5T16(1006)
3 Floor 5T25(2454) 5T20(1571) 7T12(792) 5T25(2454) 5T20(1571) ##
5T20(1571)
*: In each row, # shows top reinforcement and ## shows bottom reinforcement of the beam.

Table 10. Comparison of middle column without sway and with sway for side frame.

Column Middle column without sway Middle column with sway

Floor size (square) As required As provided Bar number As required As provided Bar number
2 2 2 2 2
(m ) (mm ) mm ) and size (mm ) (mm ) and size
Ground floor 0.36 2325 2413 12 T 16 2325 2413 12 T 16
rd
3 Floor 0.26 1413 1885 6 T 20 1413 1885 6 T 20

Table 11. Comparison of side column without sway and with sway for side frame.

Column Side column without sway Side column with sway

Floor size (square) As required As provided Bar number As required As provided Bar number
2 2 2 2 2
(m ) (mm ) (mm ) and size (mm ) mm and size
Ground floor 0.36 518 604 12 T 8 1062 1207 24 T 8
rd
3 Floor 0.26 1224 1257 4 T 20 1433 1608 8 T 16

Table 12. Comparison of beam (depth = 0.50 m and width = 0.40 m) for side frame.

Without sway With sway

Floor Left hand side* Middle* Right hand side* Left hand side* Middle* Right hand side*
2 2 2 2 2 2
(mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm )
Ground floor 7T12(792) 7T12(792) 4T20(1257) 6T16(1206) 7T12(792) 5T20(1571)

#
rd 5T12(565)
3 floor 4T12(452) 5T16(1006) 5T20(1571) ## 5T16(1006) 5T20(1571)
5T16(1006)
*: In each row, # shows top reinforcement and #shows bottom reinforcement of the beam.

According to the design results of the 15 and 6 storey approximately up to 30% in sway frame. This happened
building, it can be seen that the middle column became because of the significant effect of wind loading in 15
same in both sway and non-sway cases. In 15 and 6 storey building.
storey building, the amount of reinforcement has
increased slightly (approximately 4%) in sway cases for
side column of middle frame, but for side column of side Conclusion
frame, the reinforcement has increased significantly The following conclusion can be made based on the
(approximately up to 100%) for both 15 and 6 storey analysis of the RC multi-storied building frames for non-
building in sway cases due to wind loading. In 15 storey sway and sway method using Staad. Pro V8i software:
building, beam reinforcement has increased approximate-
ly up to 60% and in 6 storey building, it has increased 1. Because of load increasing from top to bottom, the size
 Hasan et al. 4301

of column has also increased in every three storeys as British Standards Institution (2002). Concrete Design (BS 8110-1:
1997): Extract from British Standards for Students of Structural
economy is a big issue.
Design. UK: British Standard Institution.
2. Because of symmetry, the design results of the right British Standards Institution (2002). Wind Loads (BS 6399-2: 1997):
hand side and left hand side column of every frame is Extract from British Standards for Students of Structural Design. UK:
similar. British Standard Institution.
British Standards Institution (2002). Weights of Building Materials:
3. The design results of the left hand side and right hand
Extract from British Standards for Students of Structural Design. UK:
side beams for all frames are the mirror of each other due British Standard Institution.
to symmetry of load and plan of the building. Erdal M (2009). Improving out-of-plane strength and ductility of
4. It can be observed that if the height of the building has unreinforced masonry walls in low-rise buildings by centrally applied
FRP strip. Int. J. Phys. Sci., 5(2): 116-131.
shortened, column sizes become much smaller but beam Hasan NMS, Sobuz HR, Ioannou C (2011). Non Sway and Sway
size remained constant. Methods for Design of Multi-Storey RC Building. Germany: VDM
5. In sway and non-sway cases, the reinforcement of Publishing House Ltd. Benoit Novel.
middle column remains constant but for side column, it Li QS (2004). Full-scale measurements and numerical evaluation of
wind-induced vibration of a 63-story reinforced concrete tall building.
has increased in sway cases due to wind loading. Side
Eng. Struct., 26: 1779-1794.
column of side frame of the building had shown more Mosley WH, Bungey JH (1990). Reinforced concrete design. 4th ed.
change of reinforcement in sway cases for wind loading. London: Macmillan Education Ltd.
6. The bottom middle reinforcement of the beam is The Concrete Centre (2009). Benefits of Concrete, Concrete Facts. UK:
The Concrete Centre (Online) Available at:
almost the same for both sway and non-sway cases but
http://www.theconcretecentre.com [Accessed 01 May 2009].
extra amount of reinforcement had been provided at the Wong YL, Yu T, Chan SL (2007). ‘A simplified analytical method for
left and right hand side of the beam for sway conditions unbraced composite frames with semi-rigid connections’. J.
due to wind loading. Constructional Steel Res., 63: 961-969.
Wang WC (1997). ‘Effects of Structural Continuity on Fire Resistant
7. Beam reinforcement has not changed significantly in Design of Steel Columns in Non-sway Multi-storey Frames’. Fire Saf.
the upper floors because of smaller effect of wind loading J., 28: 101-116.
at the upper floors.

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