SOM Course Content
SOM Course Content
Necking, Cup and cone fracture. Showing stress-strain curves for various length
scales from 40% strain, 30%, 20%, 10%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%,
17. Stress Strain 0.1% etc. Justification of simplified modeling such as rigid, rigid plastic, linear
Relations elastic, bilinear elastic plastic, elastic perfectly plastic, elastic-plastic. Stress-strain
relation in tension test. Determination of Poisson’s ratio from the tensile test. True
stress – true strain relations. Stress-strain relations under general loading.
Elastic stress strain relations, Stress strain curve in tension and torsion. Volumetric
strain. Interrelationships between Young’s, Shear and Bulk Moduli. Limiting values
of Poisson’s ratio, Cork and rubber have extreme values. Utility of Negative
Poisson’s Ratio in stents made of auxetic materials. Stress Strain relationship for
18. Inter-relations
General loading case, Stress Strain relationship in terms of Lame’s constants.
between Elastic
Influence of Loading sequence on Yield strength, Bauschinger’s Effect. Relook at
Constants
Isotropic, Orthotropic and Anisotropic material behaviour. How manufacturing
techniques effects the material properties, Generalized Hooke’s Law, Number of
Elastic constants required for Isotropic, Orthotropic and Anisotropic materials.
Isotropic material requires only two elastic constants.
Thermal Strain, Stress-Strain Temperature relations, Engineering approach to
mitigate thermal effects, Continuous welded rails and Rail Neutral Temperature
(RNT), Solving a composite hoop subjected to temperature change. What is glass
and improvements in Glass strength by using thermal effects. Tempering also
19. Thermal Strain
makes the glass fail safely, Use of photoelasticity in stress analysis of as well as in
checking its manufacturing. Solving the tightened bolt and nut combination
subjected to temperature change, Stresses in the system due to mechanical and
thermal load, Improved strength and flexibility of Gorilla Glass.
Introduction to Torsion, Types and application of shafts, Torsional springs,
20. Torsion - 1:
Quantities to be determined in a torsion problem Geometry of deformation of a
Thought and
twisted circular shaft, Cross–section of a uniform circular shaft remains plane
Physical
before and after twisting, Concept of warping of cross-section in square shafts,
Experiments
Shear effects in circular shaft due to torsion, Twisting Moment diagram.
Discussion on plane sections remain plane before and after loading for a uniform
circular shaft, loading of the tension spring, Deformation of a twisted circular shaft,
21. Torsion - 2:
Shear strain components in torsion, Determination of strain components, Stresses
Mathematical
from stress-strain relations, Shear stress and its variation and the plane on which
Development
it acts, Relation between torque and angle of twist, Spring constant of a shaft,
Torsion formula, Stress tensor in torsion.
Torsion formula. Problem of a lift. Design approaches for shaft through an example,
22. Torsion - 3: Torsion of elastic hollow circular shaft. Shaft design is usually stiffness based.
Problem solving, Open sections have poor torsional rigidity. Mohr’s circle for stresses in a shaft. How
Hollow shaft to measure torque using strain gauges? Problem of finding the distribution of
twisting moment, angle of twist and shear stress along the shaft.
What is a beam? – Slender beam. Practical examples of beams – bridges, leaf
23. Bending - 1:
springs – cross section of a Rail. Resolution of a force into a force and a couple.
Euler Bernoulli
Simply way to plot SFD and BMD. Beam under four-point loading – SFD and BMD
Hypothesis
– pure bending – applications in daily life. Variation of internal resistance in axially
Video lectures on SOM by Prof. K. Ramesh complete playlist
Transformed Area Method, Shift of neutral axis from centroidal axis in asymmetric
composite sections, Strain and stress variations in a concrete beam.
Shear stress distribution in closed sections, Consistency of free surface
arguments, Equilibrium of vertical cuts for closed sections, Deriving the shear
stress distribution from differential equations of equilibrium, Shear flow in open
sections, Equilibrium of vertical cuts for open sections, Shear stress in I-beams,
28. Bending-6: Linear variation of shear stress in flanges, Quadratic variation of shear stress in
Shear in I-Beams webs, Stress Discontinuity at junctions, Inconsistencies in shear stress formula,
and Shear Centre Relative magnitudes of bending and shear stresses, Web buckling as a result of
high shear in webs, Buckling in flanges due to bending compression, Honeycomb
structures to enhance moment of inertia, Response of unsymmetrical sections to
transverse loading, Shear centre of unsymmetrical sections with non-zero products
of inertia, Experiment on shear centre, Stress tensor in bending
Limitations of shearing stress formula: Violation of boundary condition in circular
sections subjected to bending shear but consistency when subjected to twisting
shear. Unsymmetrical bending: Bending about two axes; Non-zero products of
29. Bending-7:
inertia. Neutral axis in unsymmetrical bending. Load transmitted by a torsional
Unsymmetrical
spring, Photoelastic experiments on a crane hook, Shift of neutral axis in
Bending and
homogenous curved sections, Hyperbolic stress variation across depth of curved
Combined Loading
beams. Human femur and its loading, Simplified modelling of load acting on a
femur, Careful use of principle of superposition to obtain the stress tensor in a
femur for combined loading.
Force transmitted by a slender member, Experimentally visualizing variation of
internal resistance. Idealisations and characterisation of materials. Axial, Flexure
and Torsion Formulae, Relevance of stress and strain, Stress as a scalar, vector
and tensor quantity, Stress tensor components, Cauchy’s Formula, Equality of
cross-shears, Polar plot of normal and shear stresses, Saint Venant’s principle
using photoelasticity, Taylor’s approximation in deriving differential equations of
30. Review 1 equilibrium, Stress transformation law, Principal stresses and directions using
Mohr’s Circle and eigen approach, Utility of stress invariants, Orthogonality of
principal planes, Free surface, Stresses in thin pressure vessels, Composite
cylinders and Nemertine worms, Strain and strain-displacement relations, Strain
and rotation tensors, Mohr’s circle of strain, Finite strain components, Stress-strain
curves for brittle and ductile materials, Determination of yield strength and stress-
strain relations.
Curvature in pure bending of beams, Euler-Bernoulli hypothesis, Nonlinear relation
between curvature and deflection, Error involved in linearised curvature, Moment
- curvature relation, Approximation in neglecting shear effects in slender and deep
31. Deflection-1:
beams, Flexural rigidity (Bending Modulus) of sections. Various methods to
Moment-Curvature
determine deflection of beams: Double and quadruple integration methods and
and Load-
their applicability to statically determinate and indeterminate problems, Moment
Deflection
area method, Method of superposition, Energy methods. Evaluation of deflection
for a simple beam using double integration method. Experimental visualisation of
boundary conditions for various supports, Experiment showing slope and rigid
Video lectures on SOM by Prof. K. Ramesh complete playlist
body rotation of elastic curve, Slope and deflection of a cantilever beam using
double integration method.
Boundary conditions for various supports – revisited, Slope and rigid body rotation
of elastic curves, Integration of load-deflection equation for statically indeterminate
systems using propped cantilever example. Standard results for slopes and
32. Deflection-2:
deflections. Moment-area method: Moment-area theorems for change of slope and
Moment-Area
tangential deviation, Slope and deflection calculation of a simple beam using
Method
moment-area method. Method of Superposition: Validity of the method of
superposition for small deformations in linear elastic materials, Examples for
decomposing unknown problems as sum of known problems.
Method of Superposition for solving slope, deflection, unknown reactions in
statically indeterminate problems, support reactions in continuous beams.
Potential and complementary energy in deformable solids. Simplification in linear
33. Deflection-3:
systems, Castigliano’s theorem to find in-line deflection, Fictitious load method for
Method of
evaluating generalised deflections at any point and direction. Strain energy stored
Superposition and
in structural members subjected to Axial, Bending, Torsion and Shear loads.
Energy Method
Elegance of energy approach to determine deflection under combined loading of
bending and torsion. Evaluation of shear contribution to deflection in a cantilever
beam.
Relative magnitudes of bending and shear contribution to deflection of beams,
Castigliano’s theorem and procedure for fictitious load method, Example problem
of a cantilever beam using fictitious load method, Generalised force system and
34. Deflection-4: generalised deformation. Importance in learning how to move a force acting at one
Fictitious Load point to another point. Use of this in finding the force system transmitted by a
Method tension spring. Evaluation of stiffness of a tension spring using energy method.
Deflection of a frame by different idealisations. How a simple pin joint idealisation
makes the mathematics very simple leading to acceptable engineering solution.
Brief introduction to the Finite Element Method.
Comparison of stress-strain curves – Brittle, Ductile and Highly elastic materials.
Failure of brittle materials subjected to tension and torsion – A review. Tension vs
Torsion test, Yield strength of material in tension and shear. Why factor of safety
required? Theories of failure – An introduction. Multiaxial loading and comparison
35. Theories of with test data. Maximum principal stress theory, Maximum elastic strain theory,
Failure – 1: Maximum shear stress theory. Decomposition of a stress tensor into hydrostatic
Overview and deviatoric (pure shear) states, Deviatoric plane or the π-plane, Concept of
failure envelope, Yield surface for Tresca Criteria – Shear diagonal. Elastic energy.
Maximum Elastic Energy theory. Energy for volumetric change. Maximum
Distortion Energy theory. Octahedral stress plane, Octahedral shearing stress
theory.
Failure theories in a nutshell, Yield surface for Tresca criteria and von Mises in 3D
36. Theories of
– Identifying shear diagonal – limiting values. Comparison of Tresca and von Mises
Failure – 2: Yield
criteria. Bi-axial test specimens. Validation of Tresca and von Mises based on test
surfaces, Mohr’s
data. Mohr’s theory of failure (Stress-Difference Theory) – Envelope of failure.
Theory and Failure
Modified Mohr’s theory. Griffith’s modification to Mohr’s theory. Combined loading.
Video lectures on SOM by Prof. K. Ramesh complete playlist
in Combined Design of shafts subjected to bending and torsion based on bending and twisting
Loading moments. Discussion on factor of safety. Rotation of shafts in bending leading to
fatigue loading - increasing factor of safety value. More questions need detailed
new tests. Test for fatigue strength – Endurance limit. Testing of cracked specimen
to generate crack growth curves. Split-Hopkinson’s bar for characterizing high
strain rate behaviour of materials. Illustrative problems on combined loading and
design verification.
Opening remarks on stability, Classifications of column failure – What is Buckling
Failure? Buckling is sudden but configuration is in Neutral Equilibrium! Euler
Buckling Loading. Useful effects of buckling! – Snap buckling. Governing equation
37. Stability–1:
developed based on deformed configuration. Importance of boundary conditions
Governing
playing a crucial role on the value of critical load. Analysis of columns with fixed-
Equations, Fixed-
free ends; Solution based on 4th order and 2nd order differential equations.
free and Pinned-
Pinned-pinned ends using 4th order differential equation; Boundary conditions,
pinned
Critical load for buckling, Mode shapes, equation of the deflected curve. Reason
for the coefficient being indeterminate, Analytical analysis valid till critical load but
experiment is truth beyond that.
Analysis of columns with Fixed-pinned ends and with Fixed-fixed ends; Boundary
conditions, Critical loads for buckling, Mode shapes, Equation of the deflected
curve. Summary of critical loads for different end conditions. Equivalent length,
38. Stability–2:
Slenderness Ratio. Use of buckling as energy absorber. Buckling experiments are
Fixed-pinned,
expensive. Deviation from analytical predictions are the highest.
Fixed-fixed
1. Crandall SH, Dahl NC, Lardner TJ. An introduction to mechanics of solids. Tata
McGraw-Hill Education