Video lectures on SOM by Prof. K.

Ramesh complete playlist

Lecture Concepts covered

Common to spectacular failures of structures. Importance of idealisations in

Engineering. Idealizations made in Strength of materials - small deformation,
material homogeneity, isotropy and elastic continuum. Structures that support
1. Introduction to transverse loading. Slender member. Knowledge of deformation in solving
Strength of statically indeterminate problems. Pictorial representation of resistance offered by
materials - 1 a member in tension, bending or torsion. Visualization of resistance by
photoelasticity for a spanner, a member in tension and in pure bending. Complexity
of stress fields due to discontinuities in shape. Historical evolution of stress
variation in a beam. Strength of materials in the 17th century.
Strength of materials in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Madhava’s contribution
to Calculus. Ecole Polytechnique’s role in SOM. Timeline of advances in material
science. Demonstration of failure of chalk in tension and torsion; ductile material in
2. Introduction to tension. Orthotropy, anisotropy, composites for light structures. Nature inspired
Strength of engineering- strain-induced alignment of collagen, biomimetics in self-healing
materials - 2 composites. Functionally graded materials: bones, tooth and even plants! All
idealizations are violated in modern engineering - Metallic foam, heterogeneity,
manufacturing methodology influencing the strength, Rapid Prototyping –
Photoelasticity is indispensable for solving modern problems.
Deformation of springs in series, parallel. Importance of force-deformation relation.
Extension to characterize the material. Elegance of plotting stress vs strain. Stress
3. Stress appears scalar – can be used to solve simple problems. Geometric compatibility.
component is Force developed while tightening a nut - Bolt-nut problem - need for development
Scalar of suitable compatibility condition. Deformation of thin cylinders. Taking center line
of the pressure vessel for calculations. Photoelastic visualization of stress in thin
and thick cylinders.
Stress component is scalar, useful to solve simple problems like thin cylinder
subjected to internal pressure. Hoop stress. Stress varies from point to point;
evident from photoelastic fringe patterns. Cross-section also can vary from point to
point. Desirable to evolve new mathematical entities to go down to a point.
4. Stress Vector Definition of Stress vector, Definition of normal and shear stress, Stress
components on x, y, and z planes. Meaning of two indices, Chalk experiment
prompts information of stress vector on an arbitrary plane. State of stress at a point,
Pictorial representation of stress tensor. Stress vector on an arbitrary plane at a
point. Derivation of Cauchy’s formula.
Mathematical representation stress tensor, Stress tensor in two dimensions,
Construction of stress tensor for simple problems in tension and pure shear.
5. Stress Tensor
Variation of stress vector, normal stress and shear stress for a point in a tension
member as polar plot. Photoelastic visualization of Saint Venant’s principle.
Necessary and sufficient conditions of equilibrium for a particle, rigid body and
6. Equilibrium
deformable solids. Systematic explanation of using Taylor’s approximation over a
Conditions
small element in x-direction. Force equilibrium; accommodating body force.
 Video lectures on SOM by Prof. K. Ramesh complete playlist

Moment equilibrium, equality of cross-shears. Stress transformation law from first

principles. Matrix representation of stress transformation.
Review of drawing normal and shear stress as a polar plot. Construction of Mohr’s
circle. The use of sign convention and its importance. Location of arbitrary planes
on a Mohr’s circle. Definition of the principal stresses and principal planes using
7. Mohr’s Circle
Mohr’s circle. Correlation between orientation of principal and maximum shear
stress planes. Reason for the chalk failure in a particular manner subjected to
tension.
Discussion on planes of maximum shear stress. Each point on a Mohr’s circle
represents a plane, Proof of Mohr’s circle, Mohr’s circle for different states of
stresses (uniaxial, biaxial and pure shear), Discussion on critical planes for ductile
and brittle material failing under uniaxial stress. Importance of zero value of the
8. Proof of Mohr’s
other principal stress when both the principal stresses are either positive or
Circle
negative. Special case where all planes are principal planes. Reason for the chalk
failure in a particular manner subjected to torsion. Mohr’s Circle for 3D stress state.
Local and Global maximum of shear stress and their importance in practical
applications.
Different graphical representations of the state of stress other than Mohr’s circle -
Lame’s ellipsoid, Cauchy’s stress quadric. Stress transformation using indices.
Definition of principal planes. Determination of principal stresses and their
9. Principal
directions mathematically from Cauchy’s formula. Cubic equation. For non-trivial
Stresses
solution the determinant has to be zero. Definition of stress invariants. Principal
stresses and their orientations – expressions for 2-dimensional problems. Different
representations of state of stress. Utility of Invariants.
Invariants in terms of principal stresses. Octahedral stress plane; expressions for
normal and shear stress on the octahedral stress plane. Decomposition of a stress
tensor into hydrostatic and deviatoric stress tensor. Relation between stress
vectors on any two arbitrary planes. Principal stress direction by eigen vector
10. Octahedral
approach. Mathematical proof that principal planes are mutually perpendicular.
and Deviatoric
Experimental demonstration of principal planes being mutually perpendicular –
Stresses and
example of brittle coating results. Numerical verification of the relation between
Principal
stress vectors on any two arbitrary planes. Solving a numerical problem that
Directions
involves tensorial representation and pictorial representations of state of stress,
stress transformation, principal stress determination, association of its direction
based on the sketch of Mohr’s circle, and verification of results using stress
invariants. Clear appreciation of Mohr’s circle.
Definition and examples of Free surface, Utility of Equality of cross-shears,
Explaining shear cannot cross a free boundary with different examples, Proof that
at outward corners both stress vector and stress tensor are zero. Importance of
11. Free Surfaces free surface in validating boundary conditions in numerical methods, Comparing
stress state at free outward and re-entrant corners, State of stress in a Pressure
Vessel, Design of composite pressure vessel and tyres inspired by nature.
Locomotion of Nemertine worms.
 Video lectures on SOM by Prof. K. Ramesh complete playlist

Brief introduction to photoelasticity, Nature of light, Concept of birefringence,

polarization, basics of crystal optics. Demonstration that ordinary and extraordinary
rays are plane polarized, and their planes are mutually perpendicular, Retardation
plates, stress-optic law. Conventional Photoelasticity, Home made polariscope
setup. Appreciation of whole field information. Features of Simulation software
12. Photoelasticity
P_Scope® Analytically plotting sigma x contours for a beam under four-point
bending. Establishing that photoelasticity gives contours of principal stress
difference. Establishing that principal stress directions remains constant even on
changing load magnitude. Maximum shear stress occurs beneath the surface for
contact stress and role of friction in it.
Perception of large deformation and lateral strain by stretching rubber band, Plane
strain, circles deforming into ellipses under load. Investigation under uniform and
non uniform strain, example of gudgeon pin by super plasticity. Infinitesimal strain
is the focus from Tensile test for Mild steel specimen. Simplistic definition of normal
13. Strain
and shear strains. Relation between strain and displacement. All relative
displacements do not cause strain with the example of cantilever beam under point
load. Strain matrix, Strain tensor and rigid body rotation. Strain Transformation
Law, Principal strain and directions.
Mohr’s circle for Plane Strain, Need for defining strain at a point, Analysing
Principal strains and their directions using Mohr’s circle, Is Photoelasticity only
applicable to transparent materials? Use of Reflection Photoelasticity in practical
14. State of Strain
applications, Strain-displacement relations in Polar coordinates, Finite Strain
Components, Deformation Gradient Tensor, Relationship between Displacement
gradient, Strain and Rotation
Range of stress/strain measurement of various experimental techniques, Strain
gauge, Gauge length, Thumb rule in selection of gauge length, Strain sensitivity of
a wire. Construction of a strain gauge, resistance values, Definitions of transverse
15. Strain
sensitivity factor and gauge factor, Pasting of strain gauges and connecting them
Measurement
to the Wheatstone bridge for the optimum measurement. Determination of strain
at a point, Rectangular rosette, Delta rosette. Strain gauge designation systems
and selection.
Normal stress produces normal strain and shear stress produces only shear strain
for isotropic materials. For anisotropic materials normal stress can produce both
normal and shear strains and vice versa. Salient features of the Tension test –
failure of ductile material in tension, DIC integrated testing systems. Overview of
DIC. Stress-strain diagram for brittle materials – tension and compression strength.
Stress-strain diagram for mild steel, alloy steel, and brass, recognizing that mild
16. Tension Test
steel and alloy steel have the same Young’s modulus. Identification of yield
strength – use of 0.2% offset. Salient points on the stress-strain curve -
Proportional limit, Elastic limit, Upper and lower yield points, strain hardening,
necking. Discussion on necking. Experimental results on necking precipitated by
internal flaws. Experimental demonstration of fatigue failure.
 Video lectures on SOM by Prof. K. Ramesh complete playlist

Necking, Cup and cone fracture. Showing stress-strain curves for various length
scales from 40% strain, 30%, 20%, 10%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%,
17. Stress Strain 0.1% etc. Justification of simplified modeling such as rigid, rigid plastic, linear
Relations elastic, bilinear elastic plastic, elastic perfectly plastic, elastic-plastic. Stress-strain
relation in tension test. Determination of Poisson’s ratio from the tensile test. True
stress – true strain relations. Stress-strain relations under general loading.
Elastic stress strain relations, Stress strain curve in tension and torsion. Volumetric
strain. Interrelationships between Young’s, Shear and Bulk Moduli. Limiting values
of Poisson’s ratio, Cork and rubber have extreme values. Utility of Negative
Poisson’s Ratio in stents made of auxetic materials. Stress Strain relationship for
18. Inter-relations
General loading case, Stress Strain relationship in terms of Lame’s constants.
between Elastic
Influence of Loading sequence on Yield strength, Bauschinger’s Effect. Relook at
Constants
Isotropic, Orthotropic and Anisotropic material behaviour. How manufacturing
techniques effects the material properties, Generalized Hooke’s Law, Number of
Elastic constants required for Isotropic, Orthotropic and Anisotropic materials.
Isotropic material requires only two elastic constants.
Thermal Strain, Stress-Strain Temperature relations, Engineering approach to
mitigate thermal effects, Continuous welded rails and Rail Neutral Temperature
(RNT), Solving a composite hoop subjected to temperature change. What is glass
and improvements in Glass strength by using thermal effects. Tempering also
19. Thermal Strain
makes the glass fail safely, Use of photoelasticity in stress analysis of as well as in
checking its manufacturing. Solving the tightened bolt and nut combination
subjected to temperature change, Stresses in the system due to mechanical and
thermal load, Improved strength and flexibility of Gorilla Glass.
Introduction to Torsion, Types and application of shafts, Torsional springs,
20. Torsion - 1:
Quantities to be determined in a torsion problem Geometry of deformation of a
Thought and
twisted circular shaft, Cross–section of a uniform circular shaft remains plane
Physical
before and after twisting, Concept of warping of cross-section in square shafts,
Experiments
Shear effects in circular shaft due to torsion, Twisting Moment diagram.
Discussion on plane sections remain plane before and after loading for a uniform
circular shaft, loading of the tension spring, Deformation of a twisted circular shaft,
21. Torsion - 2:
Shear strain components in torsion, Determination of strain components, Stresses
Mathematical
from stress-strain relations, Shear stress and its variation and the plane on which
Development
it acts, Relation between torque and angle of twist, Spring constant of a shaft,
Torsion formula, Stress tensor in torsion.
Torsion formula. Problem of a lift. Design approaches for shaft through an example,
22. Torsion - 3: Torsion of elastic hollow circular shaft. Shaft design is usually stiffness based.
Problem solving, Open sections have poor torsional rigidity. Mohr’s circle for stresses in a shaft. How
Hollow shaft to measure torque using strain gauges? Problem of finding the distribution of
twisting moment, angle of twist and shear stress along the shaft.
What is a beam? – Slender beam. Practical examples of beams – bridges, leaf
23. Bending - 1:
springs – cross section of a Rail. Resolution of a force into a force and a couple.
Euler Bernoulli
Simply way to plot SFD and BMD. Beam under four-point loading – SFD and BMD
Hypothesis
– pure bending – applications in daily life. Variation of internal resistance in axially
 Video lectures on SOM by Prof. K. Ramesh complete playlist

loaded members, beams and shafts. Assumptions in developing beam theory.

Curvature of beams. Engineering and exact analysis of beams. Euler-Bernoulli
Hypothesis. Deformation of a cross section of beam under bending. Concept of
neutral axis and neutral surface – loading plane – plane of symmetry.
Determination of axial strain – linear variation over the depth of beam.
Axial strain variation over the depth of the beam. Investigation of existence of other
strain components. Discussion on assumption of transverse behavior. Stress
components in pure bending – Normal stresses σy and σz do not exist. Similarly,
yz also does not exist. Definition of anticlastic curvature and synclastic curvature
24. Bending-2:
– experimental visualisation of anticlastic curvature in beams. Equilibrium
Flexure Formula
requirements. Location of Neutral axis. Role of symmetry of cross-section in
satisfying equilibrium requirement. Introduction to flexural formula. Visualization of
stresses due to tension or bending – Use of photoelasticity in learning SOM and
solving current problems.
Beam theory applied to a stepped beam. Stress tensor in a beam satisfies the
equilibrium conditions. Is beam theory applicable to a cantilever beam? –
Engineering analysis of beams - just use BM and SF for calculations at that point
– Photoelasticity is useful to learn SOM. 3-point bending - need to compare SOM
25. Bending-3: and Theory of elasticity (TOE) solutions - shear effects are strong near load
Engineering application points as revealed by photoelastic experiment. Inter-relationship
Analysis of Beams between bending moment, loading and shear force. Bookshelf problem – Tips on
drawing SFD and BMD quicker – Surprise from TOE on correction to bending
stress and existence of σy. Work of Da Vinci and Galileo – His famous beam under
bending – Behavior of a ruler under different orientations. Other historical evolution
of stress variation in a beam.
Warping due to shear. Experimental observation of shear development – a case
study using homogenous and layered beams. Slipping of layers of the layered
beam. Shear in beams is due to combined effect of shear force and varying
bending moment. Determination of shear flow, shear stress and its variation. Shear
26. Bending - 4:
stress distribution in a rectangular beam. Verifying zero shear stress on top and
Shear Stress in
bottom surfaces through the concepts of a free surface and equality of cross
Beams
shears. Effect of shear stress in a cantilever – a photoelastic study – absence of
neutral axis as black fringe - indication of non-linear variation of shear stress.
Relative magnitudes of bending and shear stress in a rectangular beam – pictorial
representation. Stress tensor representation at key points in the cross-section.
Shear stresses in beams – A recap, Understanding the contributing moment of
area for shear stress in built-up beams, Task to analyse equilibrium of vertical cuts
in a rectangular beam section, Strain and stress variations in composite beams,
Applicability of simple beam theory to open sections, Bending analysis of
27. Bending-5:
composite beams using curvature, Strengthening of beams against bending, Strain
Composite Beams
compatibility and stress discontinuity at the material interface in composite
sections, Shear effects near load application points and inadequacy of SOM
solution demonstrated by photoelasticity, Strengthening of beams against high
shear. How to reinforce a concrete beam? Concrete beam analysis using
 Video lectures on SOM by Prof. K. Ramesh complete playlist

Transformed Area Method, Shift of neutral axis from centroidal axis in asymmetric
composite sections, Strain and stress variations in a concrete beam.
Shear stress distribution in closed sections, Consistency of free surface
arguments, Equilibrium of vertical cuts for closed sections, Deriving the shear
stress distribution from differential equations of equilibrium, Shear flow in open
sections, Equilibrium of vertical cuts for open sections, Shear stress in I-beams,
28. Bending-6: Linear variation of shear stress in flanges, Quadratic variation of shear stress in
Shear in I-Beams webs, Stress Discontinuity at junctions, Inconsistencies in shear stress formula,
and Shear Centre Relative magnitudes of bending and shear stresses, Web buckling as a result of
high shear in webs, Buckling in flanges due to bending compression, Honeycomb
structures to enhance moment of inertia, Response of unsymmetrical sections to
transverse loading, Shear centre of unsymmetrical sections with non-zero products
of inertia, Experiment on shear centre, Stress tensor in bending
Limitations of shearing stress formula: Violation of boundary condition in circular
sections subjected to bending shear but consistency when subjected to twisting
shear. Unsymmetrical bending: Bending about two axes; Non-zero products of
29. Bending-7:
inertia. Neutral axis in unsymmetrical bending. Load transmitted by a torsional
Unsymmetrical
spring, Photoelastic experiments on a crane hook, Shift of neutral axis in
Bending and
homogenous curved sections, Hyperbolic stress variation across depth of curved
Combined Loading
beams. Human femur and its loading, Simplified modelling of load acting on a
femur, Careful use of principle of superposition to obtain the stress tensor in a
femur for combined loading.
Force transmitted by a slender member, Experimentally visualizing variation of
internal resistance. Idealisations and characterisation of materials. Axial, Flexure
and Torsion Formulae, Relevance of stress and strain, Stress as a scalar, vector
and tensor quantity, Stress tensor components, Cauchy’s Formula, Equality of
cross-shears, Polar plot of normal and shear stresses, Saint Venant’s principle
using photoelasticity, Taylor’s approximation in deriving differential equations of
30. Review 1 equilibrium, Stress transformation law, Principal stresses and directions using
Mohr’s Circle and eigen approach, Utility of stress invariants, Orthogonality of
principal planes, Free surface, Stresses in thin pressure vessels, Composite
cylinders and Nemertine worms, Strain and strain-displacement relations, Strain
and rotation tensors, Mohr’s circle of strain, Finite strain components, Stress-strain
curves for brittle and ductile materials, Determination of yield strength and stress-
strain relations.
Curvature in pure bending of beams, Euler-Bernoulli hypothesis, Nonlinear relation
between curvature and deflection, Error involved in linearised curvature, Moment
- curvature relation, Approximation in neglecting shear effects in slender and deep
31. Deflection-1:
beams, Flexural rigidity (Bending Modulus) of sections. Various methods to
Moment-Curvature
determine deflection of beams: Double and quadruple integration methods and
and Load-
their applicability to statically determinate and indeterminate problems, Moment
Deflection
area method, Method of superposition, Energy methods. Evaluation of deflection
for a simple beam using double integration method. Experimental visualisation of
boundary conditions for various supports, Experiment showing slope and rigid
 Video lectures on SOM by Prof. K. Ramesh complete playlist

body rotation of elastic curve, Slope and deflection of a cantilever beam using
double integration method.
Boundary conditions for various supports – revisited, Slope and rigid body rotation
of elastic curves, Integration of load-deflection equation for statically indeterminate
systems using propped cantilever example. Standard results for slopes and
32. Deflection-2:
deflections. Moment-area method: Moment-area theorems for change of slope and
Moment-Area
tangential deviation, Slope and deflection calculation of a simple beam using
Method
moment-area method. Method of Superposition: Validity of the method of
superposition for small deformations in linear elastic materials, Examples for
decomposing unknown problems as sum of known problems.
Method of Superposition for solving slope, deflection, unknown reactions in
statically indeterminate problems, support reactions in continuous beams.
Potential and complementary energy in deformable solids. Simplification in linear
33. Deflection-3:
systems, Castigliano’s theorem to find in-line deflection, Fictitious load method for
Method of
evaluating generalised deflections at any point and direction. Strain energy stored
Superposition and
in structural members subjected to Axial, Bending, Torsion and Shear loads.
Energy Method
Elegance of energy approach to determine deflection under combined loading of
bending and torsion. Evaluation of shear contribution to deflection in a cantilever
beam.
Relative magnitudes of bending and shear contribution to deflection of beams,
Castigliano’s theorem and procedure for fictitious load method, Example problem
of a cantilever beam using fictitious load method, Generalised force system and
34. Deflection-4: generalised deformation. Importance in learning how to move a force acting at one
Fictitious Load point to another point. Use of this in finding the force system transmitted by a
Method tension spring. Evaluation of stiffness of a tension spring using energy method.
Deflection of a frame by different idealisations. How a simple pin joint idealisation
makes the mathematics very simple leading to acceptable engineering solution.
Brief introduction to the Finite Element Method.
Comparison of stress-strain curves – Brittle, Ductile and Highly elastic materials.
Failure of brittle materials subjected to tension and torsion – A review. Tension vs
Torsion test, Yield strength of material in tension and shear. Why factor of safety
required? Theories of failure – An introduction. Multiaxial loading and comparison
35. Theories of with test data. Maximum principal stress theory, Maximum elastic strain theory,
Failure – 1: Maximum shear stress theory. Decomposition of a stress tensor into hydrostatic
Overview and deviatoric (pure shear) states, Deviatoric plane or the π-plane, Concept of
failure envelope, Yield surface for Tresca Criteria – Shear diagonal. Elastic energy.
Maximum Elastic Energy theory. Energy for volumetric change. Maximum
Distortion Energy theory. Octahedral stress plane, Octahedral shearing stress
theory.
Failure theories in a nutshell, Yield surface for Tresca criteria and von Mises in 3D
36. Theories of
– Identifying shear diagonal – limiting values. Comparison of Tresca and von Mises
Failure – 2: Yield
criteria. Bi-axial test specimens. Validation of Tresca and von Mises based on test
surfaces, Mohr’s
data. Mohr’s theory of failure (Stress-Difference Theory) – Envelope of failure.
Theory and Failure
Modified Mohr’s theory. Griffith’s modification to Mohr’s theory. Combined loading.
 Video lectures on SOM by Prof. K. Ramesh complete playlist

in Combined Design of shafts subjected to bending and torsion based on bending and twisting
Loading moments. Discussion on factor of safety. Rotation of shafts in bending leading to
fatigue loading - increasing factor of safety value. More questions need detailed
new tests. Test for fatigue strength – Endurance limit. Testing of cracked specimen
to generate crack growth curves. Split-Hopkinson’s bar for characterizing high
strain rate behaviour of materials. Illustrative problems on combined loading and
design verification.
Opening remarks on stability, Classifications of column failure – What is Buckling
Failure? Buckling is sudden but configuration is in Neutral Equilibrium! Euler
Buckling Loading. Useful effects of buckling! – Snap buckling. Governing equation
37. Stability–1:
developed based on deformed configuration. Importance of boundary conditions
Governing
playing a crucial role on the value of critical load. Analysis of columns with fixed-
Equations, Fixed-
free ends; Solution based on 4th order and 2nd order differential equations.
free and Pinned-
Pinned-pinned ends using 4th order differential equation; Boundary conditions,
pinned
Critical load for buckling, Mode shapes, equation of the deflected curve. Reason
for the coefficient being indeterminate, Analytical analysis valid till critical load but
experiment is truth beyond that.
Analysis of columns with Fixed-pinned ends and with Fixed-fixed ends; Boundary
conditions, Critical loads for buckling, Mode shapes, Equation of the deflected
curve. Summary of critical loads for different end conditions. Equivalent length,
38. Stability–2:
Slenderness Ratio. Use of buckling as energy absorber. Buckling experiments are
Fixed-pinned,
expensive. Deviation from analytical predictions are the highest.
Fixed-fixed

Collection of photoelastic patterns for different loading and end conditions of

beams. Deviations of SOM from TOE for these cases.
Continuation of review of Lec. 30. Determination of Poisson’s ratio. Inter-relations
between E, G and ν; E, K and ν. Limiting values of Poisson’s ratio. Generalized
Hooke’s Law. Number of Elastic constants required for Isotropic, Orthotropic and
Anisotropic materials. Stress-Strain temperature relations – Composite hoops.
Stress and strain variations in Composite beams. Basics of photoelasticity.
Experimental techniques to measure strain. Strain measurement using strain
gauges. Torsion of circular shafts – Torsion formula. Euler-Bernoulli hypothesis –
Summary of results – Flexure formula. Applicability of Flexure formula. Shear in
beams. Inter-relationship between bending moment, loading and shear force.
39. Review 2
Slipping of layers causing shear in beams. Relative magnitude of shear stresses
in rectangular beams. Shear in open sections, Inconsistencies in shear stress
formula; Shear center, Unsymmetrical bending. Actual loading of tension and
torsion springs. Inadequacies of solution from SOM: Shear effects near loading
points; Stress components in a UDL beam – TOE solution. Deflection of beams,
Boundary conditions for various supports, Method of superposition, Fictitious load
method. Finite element method – An introduction. Failure theories in a Nutshell.
Shaft transmitting bending is loaded in fatigue. Stability of columns: Critical load,
Equivalent length. Photoelastic visualization of Saint Venant’s Principle
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Books and References

1. Crandall SH, Dahl NC, Lardner TJ. An introduction to mechanics of solids. Tata
McGraw-Hill Education

Perquisite: Engineering Mechanics