Section A [15 marks]

Answer all questions in this section

1. Which the following statement is not true about haemoglobin?
A. Haemoglobin can act as a pH buffer.
B. Haemoglobin consists of four polypeptide chain.
C. Oxygen competes with carbon dioxide to bind to haemoglobin.
D. Haemoglobin has lower affinity to oxygen as compare to mygobin.

2. Some babies are born with a hole between the right and left atria. These newly born babies are found
to have more number of red blood cells than normal babies. Suggest a reason for this increase.
A. More blood is needed because it is pumped faster.
B. There is less oxygen available to the newly born baby.
C. Newly born babies’ haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen.
D. Newly born babies’ haemoglobin molecules only have one haem group.

3. Which of the following shows the correct blood pressures if the atrioventricular valve is open and
the semilunar valve is closed?

Pressure in right Pressure in right Pressure in pulmonary

atrium (mmHg) ventricle (mmHg) artery (mmHg)
A. 15 9 3
B. 9 6 15
C. 3 15 9
D. 6 9 15

4. +
• It was observed that the K accumulates at certain parts of phloem cells
• Energy for transporting materials comes from companion cells

The above explanations describe a hypothesis which was suggested to explain the translocation
in phloem. Which hypothesis is best described by these explanations?
A. peristaltic waves B. electro-osmosis C. cytoplasmic streaming D. mass flow

5. The diagram below shows the cell structures in the root of a plant. Which is the easiest way of
water movement across the cells?

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6. Nerve impulse travels very rapidly along neurones. Which of the following factors is least likely to
affect the speed of conduction of the impulse?

A. The axons have large diameters.

B. The length of the axon increases.
C. The temperature rises from 25oC to 35oC.
D. The neurones are covered with myelin sheath.

7. Which of the followings explain the “Rigor Mortis” condition where the muscles turn stiff after death?

I. No new ATP is generated.

II. Cross-bridge cannot be formed.
III. ATP remains attached to myosin head.
IV. Myosin head remains attached to actin.

A. I and III B. I and IV C. II and III D. II and IV

8. An insect’s larva is performing its final ecdysis and metamorphosis to become an adult. What is the
correct hormone content in the body of this insect at the moment?

A. Ecdysone is in high concentration.

B. Neurosecretory hormone is inhibited.
C. Juvenile hormone is in high concentration.
D. The adolescent hormone is in high concentration.

9. Which of the followings trigger menstruation to occur?

I. Increase of LH level.
II. Increase of FSH level.
III. Decrease of oestrogen level.
IV. Decrease of progesterone level.

A. I and II B. I and IV C. II and III D. III and IV

10. Which of the following process prevents polyspermy?

A. Decapacitation C. Cortical reaction

B. Spermatogenesis D. Acrosome reaction

11. Which of the following blood vessel contains the highest urea concentration?

A. Hepatic vein C. Hepatic portal vein

B. Hepatic artery D. Pulmonary artery

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12. Avicennia is a type halophyte. The following adaptive features belong to this halophytic plants
except

A. presence of large air spaces in leaves.

B. presence of trichomes around the stomata.
C. presence of hydathodes at the edge of the leaves.
D. presence of pneumatophores on the breathing roots.

13. When a person produces large volume of diluted urine, this shows that

A. ADH level in the blood is high. C. adrenaline level in the blood is high.
B. insulin level in the blood is high D. aldosterone level in the blood is high.

14. The followings are some of the events that happen when a HIV is infecting a T4 cell.
I. Viral RNA and protein are synthesised.
II. Provirus is formed in the host cell’s DNA.
III. Reverse transcriptase produces double stranded DNA.
IV. HIV attaches itself to the CD4 receptor on the host cell.
Arrange these events in correct order.
A. III, IV, II, I C. IV, III, I, II
B. III, I, II, IV D. IV, III, II, I

15. When a body cell is infected by a pathogen, which of the following describes a correct immune
response?

A. T helper cells release cytokines, plasma cells release antibodies.

B. Cytotoxic T cells create holes in infected cells, releasing antibodies.
C. Memory cells release antibodies, cytotoxic T cells secrete cytokines.
D. Cytotoxic T cells release cytokines, infected body cells release antibodies.

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 Section B [15 marks]
Answer all questions in this section.

16. The diagram represents sequence of events that happens when adrenaline reaches a liver cell.

Enzyme M

Enzyme M

(a) Which type of hormone does adrenaline belongs to? [1]

____________________________________________________________________________
(b) (i) Name enzyme M. [1]
__________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Explain how enzyme M can change from inactive form to active form. [3]
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(c) Name the compounds in the diagram that act as: [2]
(i) first messenger : ______________________________________________________
(ii) second messenger : ______________________________________________________

(d) Suggest what will happen to the glycogen in the liver cell as a result of the events above. [1]
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

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17. The diagram below shows a part of the human liver lobule.

Structure Q Canaliculus
Cell P

(a) Identify cell P and name its function. [2]

Cell P: _____________________________________________________________________

Function: ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

(b) (i) Name structure Q. [1]

___________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Suggest what would happen to the digestion process if structure Q is damaged. [2]

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

(c) Describe briefly the process that happens in hepatocyte to eliminate excess amino acids. [2]
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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 Section C [30 marks]
Answer ONLY two questions in this section.

18. (a) (i) What is an oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin? Sketch a graph showing the
oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin. [3]
(ii) State the shape of the curve that you sketch in (a) (i). Explain the significance of the
curve in oxygen transport by haemoglobin. [6]
(b) Describe how transpiration pull and cohesion-adhesion forces help in the movement of
water in plants. [6]

19. (a) Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis. [5]

(b) Figure 1

hypocotyl

Graph 2

Figure 1 shows a germinating long bean seed and Graph 2 shows the result obtained by a
group of scientists that carried out an investigation on the growth of long bean. The lengths
of hypocotyls and the concentration of gibberellin in seedlings were measured at the same
time during the investigation.
(i) Calculate the average growth rate of the hypocotyls between day 3 and day 6. [2]
(ii) Explain the seed germination process shown by the graph from day 1 to 5 after
imbibition of water. [8]

20. (a) Describe the roles of hormone involved in menstrual cycle. [6]
(b) Explain the role of aldosterone and the related hormones in regulating blood volume in
human . [9]

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Answer to Trial Sem2 2019
1. C 6. B 11. A
2. B 7. B 12. A
3. B 8. A 13. D
4. B 9. D 14. D
5. A 10. C 15. A

Structure
16. (a) non-steroid / peptide hormone
(b) (i) adenyl / adenylyl cyclase
(ii) - adrenaline binds to receptor protein on the plasma membrane (to form hormone-
receptor complex)
- the complex activates G-protein (located in the plasma membrane)
- (activated) G-protein activates inactive adenyl cyclase
(c) (i) adrenaline (ii) cAMP
(d) glycogenolysis happens / glycogen is converted to glucose

17. (a) Cell P – Kupffer cell

Function: ingest/destroy old/damaged red blood cells / foreign substances /
bacteria (by phagocytosis)
(b) (i) Bile duct
(ii) - bile cannot be secreted to duodenum/small intestine
- digestion of fat is inefficient
(c) - deamination happens / breakdown of amino acids (into nitrogenous and non-
nitrogenous parts) / removal of amino group from amino acids
- amino group is converted into ammonia
- ammonia is converted to urea (through ornithine cycle) [any 2]

Section C
18. (a) (i) What is an oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin? Sketch a graph showing the
oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin.[3]
(ii) State the shape of the curve that you sketch in (a) (i). Explain the significance of the
curve in oxygen transport by haemoglobin.[6]
(b) Describe how transpiration pull and cohesion-adhesion forces help in the movement of
water in plants. [6]

(a) (i)

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CONFIDENTIAL*

1. A graph that shows the

relationship between
degree/percentage of
saturation and oxygen
partial pressure is
called an oxygen
dissociation curve
2. Correct axes with
label
3. Sigmoid shape

(ii) 1. Sigmoid / S-shaped [1] – compulsory

2. the sigmoid curve is due to cooperative oxygen binding property of Hb
3. the binding of first oxygen molecule to one subunit of Hb/haem group causes a slight
change in shape/conformation (of other subunits)
4. the conformation change is transmitted to other 3 subunits
5. which facilitates the oxygen binding to the other subunits/Hb
6. as a result, the affinity of Hb for oxygen increases
7. the cooperative binding is reversible / release of oxygen from one subunit facilitate other
oxygen molecules to be released
8. therefore, a slight drop in oxygen partial pressure (in the steepest part of curve) can
cause more oxygen to be released to the respiring tissues
[1 + any 5 = 6m]
(b)
1. As water is transpired, water tension builds up near the leaf xylem.
2. Water molecules continually exit / move out from xylem to replace the transpired water /
The transpiration of water creates a pulling force that pulls/draws water from the leaf
xylem.
3. This pulling force is extended from leaves to roots.
4. The transpiration pull occurs only when the water column / chain in the xylem is not
broken.
5. The transpiration pull is aided by cohesion and adhesion forces.
6. Cohesion is forces of attraction / bondings that happen among the water molecules.
7. Adhesion is the attractions / bondings that happen between the water molecules and
wall of xylem vessels.
8. Both cohesion and adhesion forces contribute to the formation of capillary effect / force
that helps the transport of water in xylem. [max 6]

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CONFIDENTIAL*

19. (a) Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis. [5]

(b) (i) Calculate the average growth rate of the hypocotyls between day 3 and day 6. [2]
(ii) Explain the seed germination process shown from day 1 to 5 after imbibition of water. [8]

(a) Similarities: [any 1]

1. Both produce reproductive cells / gametes
2. Both involve meiosis
3. Both stimulated by FSH

Differences: [any 4]
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
1. Begins at puberty Begins in feotus
2. Happens in testis (testis) Happens in ovary
3. Continuous process (until death) Stop after menopause
4. Meiosis I is immediately followed by Meiosis I stops at birth and meiosis II
meiosis II continue at puberty
5. Meiosis II is completed directly to form Meiosis II is completed only after entry of
secondary spermatocyte / spermatozoa sperm into secondary oocyte
6. No polar body is formed (3) Polar bodies are formed
6. (Four) spermatozoa are produced from (One) mature ovum / secondary oocyte is
one primary spermatocyte produced from one primary oocyte

(b) (i) 62 – 6 [1]

3
= 18.67 / 18.7 mm per day / mm day-1 [1m with correct unit]
(ii)
1. After imbibitions, the seed expands / ruptures its coat/testa.
2. Water activates the embryo to release gibberellin/GA
3. Resulting the increase of gibberellin/GA (from day 1 to 3)
4. Gibberellin/GA diffuses into the aleurone layer.
5. Aleurone secretes amylase/hydrolytic enzymes/protease/lipase
6. Amylase/hydrolytic enzymes/protease/lipase diffuse into endosperm
7. Starch is hydroysed into maltose/sugar // or any correct hydrolysis of nutrient
8. Sugars are transported/mobilised to embryo for metabolism/respiration/to produce
energy
9. for the growth embryo into seedling
10. hypocotyls increase in length [max 8]

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 CONFIDENTIAL*

20. Describe the roles of hormone involved in menstrual cycle (6m)

(b) Explain the role of aldosterone and the related hormone in regulating blood volume in
human. (9m)

Stimulates follicular growth in ovaries / /Stimulates

FSH 1+1
estrogen secretion.

Surge causes ovulation // results in the formation of a

LH 1+1
corpus luteum.

Thickens uterine lining (endometrium) // Inhibits FSH and

Estrogen / Oestrogen LH for most of cycle // Stimulates FSH and LH release pre- 1+1
ovulation.

Thickens uterine lining (endometrium) // Inhibits FSH and

Progesterone 1+1
LH

b. (b) renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)

- A lowering of blood volume activates the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. 1
+
- Low blood volume and a decrease in blood Na levels reduce blood pressure. 1
- Reduced blood flow past the juxtaglomerular apparatus 1
- triggers the release of renin into the blood 1
- which catalyzes the production of angiotensin I from angiotensinogen. 1
- Angiotensin I converts into a more active form, angiotensin II. 1
- Angiotensin II stimulates blood vessel constriction 1
- and the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. 1
+
- Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of Na in the distal convoluted tubules. 1
+ –
- Increased Na reabsorption is followed by the reabsorption of Cl and water. 1
- An increase in blood volume may also trigger the release of an atrial natriuretic hormone,
which inhibits the release of aldosterone. 1

Any 9

th
Note: refer to Raven biology 11 edition page 1054

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