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Applied - 3IS-Q1-Module 4 - Understanding Ways To Collect Data

The document discusses research design and different ways to collect data for research. It explains the difference between qualitative and quantitative research, with qualitative research using methods like interviews and observations to understand perspectives and meanings, while quantitative research uses statistical analysis. Some common qualitative research designs are discussed including ethnography, narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case studies.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
225 views12 pages

Applied - 3IS-Q1-Module 4 - Understanding Ways To Collect Data

The document discusses research design and different ways to collect data for research. It explains the difference between qualitative and quantitative research, with qualitative research using methods like interviews and observations to understand perspectives and meanings, while quantitative research uses statistical analysis. Some common qualitative research designs are discussed including ethnography, narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case studies.

Uploaded by

Ma Kyla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SHS

Inquiries, Investigation,
and Immersion
Quarter 1- Module 4- Week 6

Understanding Data and Ways to


Collect Data (Research Design)

CHRISTIAN JAY M. REPUBLICA


Subject Teacher

Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion


MODULE
Understanding Data and Ways
1 to Collect Data
Most of us wanted to become successful in everything that we do. We
understand that planning ahead of time can help us put things right at the
right time. Planning is believed as one of the indicators that mark success.
And apparently, it is the result that gives us the idea how effective the plan
was. In like manner, research aims to gauge for a successful result. It
involves understanding data and ways to collect data.
This module will enlighten you to become successful in understanding data
and data collection.
In this connection, you are welcome in this Lesson 1 – Research Design.

Learning Target

This lesson specifically aims to describe adequately research design, either


in qualitative or quantitative research.

Vocabulary List

Research Design - describes whether your study is qualitative or


quantitative.

Qualitative Research - makes use of first person/textual/discursive in


nature.

Quantitative Research - makes use of third person - past


tense/researcher is not the one who determines
the variables, but it is the subject itself.

Warming Up

Many times those that undertake a research project often find they are not
aware of the differences between Qualitative Research and Quantitative

2
Research methods. Many mistakenly think the two terms can be used
interchangeably.

Source: Department of Education


In your own words, what is the difference between Qualitative
Research and Quantitative Research? Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper or your notebook.
1. Define and compare the different kinds of Qualitative and
Quantitative Research.
2. Illustrate the most interesting and creative research design you
can think of.
3. Using a flow chart of your chosen design, illustrate the steps.

4. State the problem of your study.


5. After the discussion of the types of research, identify what type
of research method is relevant to the current research problem.
Consider the following questions in choosing sample.
 Which group of people (study population) are you interested
in?
 From which you want to draw a sample?
 How many people do you need in your
sample?
 How will you select these people?

LEARNING ABOUT IT

3
Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an


understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights
into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative
research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and
opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. Qualitative data collection methods
vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques. Some common methods
include focus groups (group discussions), individual interviews, and
participation/observations. The sample size is typically small, and respondents are
selected to fulfill a given quota.

What to Know: Qualitative research study is not but one kind. But just as with
quantitative methods, there are actually many varieties of qualitative methods.
Similar to the way group usability testing methods, there are also a number of
ways to segment qualitative methods.

You may choose the appropriate qualitative research design in order to collect
the needed data of the study.

A popular and helpful categorization separate qualitative methods into five


groups: ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory, and
case study. John Creswell outlines these five methods in Qualitative Inquiry
and Research Design.

While the five methods generally use similar data collection techniques
(observation, interviews, and reviewing text), the purpose of the study
differentiates them—something similar with different types of usability tests. And
like classifying different usability studies, the differences between the methods
can be a bit blurry. Here are the five qualitative methods in more detail.

1. Ethnography
Ethnographic research is probably the most familiar and applicable
type of qualitative method to UX professionals. In ethnography, you
immerse yourself in the target participants’ environment to understand
the goals, cultures, challenges, motivations, and themes that emerge.
Ethnography has its roots in cultural anthropology where researchers
immerse themselves within a culture, often for years! Rather than
relying on interviews or surveys, you experience the environment first
hand, and sometimes as a “participant observer.” For example, one way
of uncovering the unmet needs of customers is to “follow them home”
and observe them as they interact with the product. You don’t come
armed with any hypotheses to necessarily test; rather, you’re looking to
find out how a product is used.
Source: https://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/qualitative-vs-quantitative-research/

4
2. Narrative

The narrative approach weaves together a sequence of events,


usually from just one or two individuals to form a cohesive story. You
conduct in-depth interviews, read documents, and look for themes; in other
words, how does an individual story illustrate the larger life influences that
created it. Often interviews are conducted over weeks, months, or even
years, but the final narrative doesn’t need to be in chronological order.
Rather it can be presented as a story (or narrative) with themes, and can
reconcile conflicting stories and highlight tensions and challenges which
can be opportunities for innovation.

For example, a narrative approach can be an appropriate method for


building a persona. While a persona should be built using a mix of
methods— including segmentation analysis from surveys -depth interviews
with individuals in an identified persona can provide the details that help
describe the culture, whether it’s a person living with Multiple Sclerosis, a
prospective student applying for college, or a working mom.

3. Phenomenological

When you want to describe an event, activity, or phenomenon, the


aptly named phenomenological study is an appropriate qualitative method.
In a phenomenological study, you use a combination of methods, such as
conducting interviews, reading documents, watching videos, or visiting
places and events, to understand the meaning participants place on
whatever’s being examined. You rely on the participants’ own perspectives
to provide insight into their motivations.

Like other qualitative methods, you don’t start with a well-formed


hypothesis. In a phenomenological study, you often conduct a lot of
interviews, usually between 5 and 25 for common themes, to build a
sufficient dataset to look for emerging themes and to use other participants
to validate your findings.

For example, there’s been an explosion in the last 5 years in online


courses and training. But how do students engage with these courses?
While you can examine time spent and content accessed using log data
and even assess student achievement vis-a-vis in-person courses, a
phenomenological study would aim to better understand the students
experience and how that may impact comprehension of the material.

4. Grounded Theory

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Whereas a phenomenological study looks to describe the essence
of an activity or event, grounded theory looks to provide an explanation or
theory behind the events. You use primarily interviews and existing
documents to build a theory based on the data. You go through a series of
open and axial coding techniques to identify themes and build the theory.
Sample sizes are often also larger—between 20 to 60—with these studies
to better establish a theory. Grounded theory can help inform design
decisions by better understanding how a community of users currently use
a product or perform tasks.

For example, a grounded theory study could involve understanding


how software developers use portals to communicate and write code or
how small retail merchants approve or decline customers for credit.

5. Case Study

Made famous by the Harvard Business School, even mainly


quantitative researchers can relate to the value of the case study in
explaining an organization, entity, company, or event. A case study
involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data sources.
Case studies can be explanatory, exploratory, or describing an event. The
annual CHI conference has a peer-reviewed track dedicated to case
studies. For example, a case study of how a large multi-national company
introduced UX methods into an agile development environment would be
informative to many organizations.
Source: https://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/qualitative-vs-quantitative-research/

WHAT ARE TYPICAL QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS?

Qualitative research, sometimes also referred to as naturalistic inquiry, is a


distinct field of research with its own research philosophy, theory and
methodology. If your desire is to perform a qualitative study, it will probably
be a lot easier to develop your research question if you first become familiar
with some of qualitative research’s basic principles.

The qualitative paradigm suggests that there are multiple realities, and
what we are researching are constructs. In qualitative research, generally the
phenomenon is studied in its natural setting and the focus is on the
participants’ (and also the researcher’s) view of the world. In other words,
qualitative research usually does not happen in a lab, or while sitting at a
desk. It generally requires going out, talking to people, observing what they
do, as well as how they perceive and interpret things. Also, it does not aim to
generalize findings to entire populations. Therefore, the research question
that you ultimately choose guides your inquiry and reflects this stance. The

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vocabulary of your questions will usually suggest to the reader your intent to
explore a certain phenomenon in its natural context.

The process of developing qualitative research questions

It is very unlikely that your first attempt to develop a good research question
will be without hurdles. Every question usually undergoes a process of
reflection and refinement before you get your question to its final version. It
is usually helpful to share your draft question with others (mentor, advisor,
colleagues, other students) so they can comment on it and help you improve
and reach better clarity.

For instance, a question ‘What challenges are encountered by people


who switch careers later in life?’ could guide a qualitative inquiry, but this
question would most likely require some further clarification. As it stands, it
refers to a broad group of people who might be difficult to capture in one
single study. People can change careers for different reasons (e.g. illness,
difficulty finding a job in their primary profession, new life stage, joining a
family business) so even a big sample of people could have experiences that
vary significantly. We might want to consider narrowing this question down
and focusing only on one group, for example: What special challenges are
encountered by people who switch careers later in life due to not being able
to perform their primary profession anymore because of age-related health
issues? This group of participants could then be narrowed down even further
to distinguish between different sub-groups of health issues (mental health,
physical illness, accidents, etc.). The first question could serve as the
overarching question, followed by sub-questions referring to different
examples of health problems.

The process of crafting a good research question can begin with writing
down a qualitative purpose statement regarding your research. When
accomplishing this try using words such as explore, understand, discover.
Your purpose statement can also mention the participants and the research
site. An example of a purpose statement would be: The purpose of this study
is to explore how online tools can help with dieting.

The purpose statement can then be used to develop your research


question, which narrows down your purpose statement and makes it more
specific. For the previous statement, the research question could be:

What are the experiences of women aged 30 to 40 using smartphone


applications for dieting?

Examples of research questions for different qualitative methodologies

Different types of studies go under the umbrella of qualitative research;


each with its own philosophy and ways of looking at the world as well as

7
various methods of interpreting data. Here are some qualitative research
question examples that could be used through different qualitative
approaches:

Grounded theory:
What are the attitudes of elderly people with stroke towards the daily use of
assistive devices and technologies?

Phenomenology:
What role does the therapist’s spirituality play in the treatment of his or her
patients?
How do female high school teachers who have been physically assaulted
by students overcome their fears so they can effectively teach?

Ethnography:
How do adolescent Latinas/Latinos conceptualize classroom participation
processes shape active oral participation?

Narrative inquiry:
How does a good everyday life come about when living with chronic
rheumatic conditions?

Case study:
What strategies are being used by small businesses that have effective
and viable workplace wellness programs?

Source: Agee, J. (2009). Developing qualitative research questions: a reflective


process. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 22(4), 431-447.
Worthington, M. (n.d.) Differences between phenomenological research and a
basic qualitative research design.

TOP 4 METHODS / TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

#1 – Survey Research
Using the survey research as the method of research, an organization
conducting survey ask different survey questions from the respondents using
the various types like online surveys, online polls paper questionnaires, etc
and then collect data and analyze collected data in order to produce the
numerical results.

#2 – Causal-Comparative Research
Causal-Comparative Research method is used to draw conclusions with
respect to the cause and effect equation between the two or more than two

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variables, where the one variable will be dependent on other variables which
will be independent.

#3 – Experimental Research
This analysis is done for the purpose of proving or for disproving the
statement. It is generally used in the field of natural sciences or in the field of
social sciences as in those areas various statements are there which
required to be proved as right or wrong

#4 – Correlation Research
Correlation Research conducted for establishing a relationship between the
two closely associated entities for knowing the impact of one on other and
the changes which eventually observed. It is carried for giving value to the
naturally occurring relationships. For this research minimum, two different
groups will be required.

Source: https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/quantitative-research/

What are typical quantitative research questions?

Quantitative research questions are generally used to set the scene for
an entire study or industry report. For quantitative business research it is
imperative that the research questions used allow your respondents to
answer succinctly. With that in mind there are three common types of
quantitative research questions:

1. Descriptive research questions


2. Comparative research questions
3. Relationship-based research questions

Let’s take a look in greater detail at the typical formats you can use
when preparing quantitative market research questions.

Descriptive research questions

Descriptive survey questions are designed to uncover a respondent’s


response towards a particular question or variable. Put simply, it’s the easiest
way to quantify the particular variable(s) you’re interested in on a large scale.
Common descriptive research questions will begin with “How much?”, “How
regularly?”, “What percentage?”, “What time?”, “What is?”

Primarily, a descriptive research question will be used to quantify a


single variable, but there’s nothing stopping you covering multiple variables
within a single question.

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Here are a few examples to get you started:
Question Variable Demographic
How often do you buy mobile Number of mobile apps Smartphone users
apps for fitness purposes? bought Fitness enthusiasts
How much would you be The cost respondents Men aged 18-40
willing to pay for a men’s would be willing to pay for
lifestyle magazine? a men’s lifestyle magazine
How regularly do you go Number of times Families & adults
abroad for a holiday? respondents go on holiday aged 18-and-over
abroad

Comparative research questions

Comparative survey questions are designed to help you identify clear


differences between two or more groups based on one or more variables. For
instance, a typical comparative research question will begin by asking
respondents for the “difference between” a particular variable e.g. mobile apps
bought between two or more groups e.g. teenage boys and teenage girls.
On the whole, a comparative research question will only be used to
quantify a single variable, but depending on the needs of your market research
it’s plausible to use two or more if necessary.

Here are few examples for you to consider:


Question Variable Demographic
What is the difference in Daily calorific intake Men based in London
the daily calorie intake Women based in London
between men and women
in London?
What are the differences Attitudes towards online Millennial adults
in attitudes towards online banking Adults born prior to 1982
banking between
Millennial adults and older
people?
What is the difference in Number of landline Millennial adults
the number of landline telephone calls made Adults born prior to 1982
telephone calls made
between Millennial adults
and older people?

Relationship-based research questions

A relationship-based research question can be misleading to some as


it doesn’t mean you’ve got to ask respondents about their love life!

10
Here, the term relationship is used more to describe an association or
trend between two or more variables within one or more demographic groups.

Examples of relationship-based research questions include:


Question Dependent Independent Demographic
variable variable
What is the relationship between Gender A Level exam 6th Form
gender and A Level exam results results students
amongst 6th Form students?
What is the relationship between Disposable Location Young adults
disposable income and location income
amongst young adults?
What is the relationship between Job Salary London
job satisfaction and salary satisfaction residents
amongst London residents?

Source: https://www.bl.uk/business-and-ip-centre/articles/what-are-
typicalquantitative-research-questions

Sampling is a process through which the researcher selects a portion or


segment from the population at the center of the researcher’s study. The
population is a group of persons or objects that possess some common
characteristics that are of interest to the researcher, and about which the
researcher seeks to learn more.

Two groups of population:

 Target population is composed of the entire group of people or objects


to which the researcher wishes to generalize the findings of the study.
 Accessible population is the portion of the population to which the
researcher has reasonable access.
 Subjects are individuals or entities which serve as the focus of the study.
 Respondents are individuals or groups of people who actively serve as
sources of information during data collection.
 Elements refer to subjects of the study who are not people.

Source: AmadeoPangilinan Cristobal,Jr,Ed.D./ MauraConsolacion De La


Cruz,Ed.D

11
Keeping You in Practice

Practice Task 1. Connecting to Research Problem


1. State the problem of your study.
2. After the discussion of the types of research, identify what type of
research method is relevant to the current research problem.

Practice Task 2. Identification of appropriate research design.


Why there is a need to identify research method that is appropriate to your
study? Give your justification/s.

RUBRICS
Critical Thinking - 30%
Appropriateness - 20%
Content - 30%
Organization - 20%
Total - 100%

OUTPUTS MUST BE IN A SHORT BOND PAPER!!!

Points to Ponder

When you conduct Qualitative research, you need to qualify the data from
observation, key -informant/s or focused group discussion by describing
or projecting images or figures into words. While using Quantitative
research, as the name implies, is gathering quantifiable data and
performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques.

References

Department of Education Curriculum Development


https://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/qualitative-vs-quantitative-research/
https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/quantitative-research/
https://measuringu.com/qual-methods/
https://www.bl.uk/business-and-ip-centre/articles/what-are-typical-quantitative-
research-questions

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