SUPPORT MATERIAL

GEOGRAPHY
CLASS XII- TERM 2
2021-22
 CHAPTER 6 SECONDARY ACTIVITIES

CONCEPT MAP

GIST OF THE LESSON

Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable
products. The literally meaning of manufacturing is to make by hand, but the manufacturing
means the conversion of raw material into more useful and valuable fabricated articles with the
help of machines.

Manufacturing Industries
These are geographically located manufacturing units that transform raw materials into finished
goods of higher value for sale in local or distant markets.
The manufacturing industries are characterised by the following:

 Specialisation of Skills In industries, one task is done repeatedly that gives

specialisation of doing that task. This involves high cost of manufacturing.
 Mechanisation The industries use automated processes or machines which does
the major production. Human thinking is not required in mechanisation.
 Technological Innovation Latest technology is used and constant innovation is
done to eliminate waste, quality control, combat pollution and bring efficiency.
  Organisational Structure and Stratification Modern manufacturing is characterised
by complex machine technology, extreme specialisation, division of labour, vast
capital etc
 Uneven Geographic Distribution The industries are concentrated in regions that
are rich in mineral and other resources. These areas cover less than 10% of the
world’s land area. These regions have become the major centres of economic and
political power.

Location of industry
The location of industry at a particular place is governed by a large number of geographical and
non-geographical factors.Following factors influence the location of industry at particular places:

 Access to Market Areas that provide large markets for finished industrial goods like
developed areas of Europe, America, Japan, Australia, South Asia have huge
concentration of industries.
 Access to Sources of Energy Coal, petroleum and hydroelectricity are main sources
of energy. Industries using more power are located close to these sources.
 Access to Raw Material Industries based on cheap, bulky and weight-losing
materials (ores) like steel, sugar are based close to sources of raw materials.
Similarly, processing of dairy products, perishable foods and agro based are done
near the sources of raw materials.
 Access to Labour Supply Industries are located where there is availability of skilled
labour. Some types of manufacturing still require skilled labour.
 Access to Source of Energy Industries which use more power are located nearer to
the source of energy supply such as iron and steel industries. Energy is most
essential to run machines in industries. The main power resources are coal,
petroleum, hydroelectricity, natural gas and nuclear energy.

 Access to Transportation and Communication Facilities Industries are located in

places that have efficient transportation facilities and communication services for
the exchange and management of information.
 Access to Agglomeration Economies Agglomeration economies refer to the
benefits derived from the linkages that exist between different industries. The
small industries or ancillary units like to operate near leader industries to benefit
from nearness to big or basic industries.
 Government Policy For the balanced economic development, governments
promote various regions by setting up industries in a particular link between
industrial areas.

Classification of Manufacturing Industries

Industries are classified on the basis of their size, inputs/ raw materials, output/ products and
ownership.

Industries Based on Size

Based on amount of capital invested, a number of workers employed and volume of production,
industries are classified into the following:

 Household Industries or Cottage Manufacturing It is the smallest manufacturing unit.

Artisans use local raw materials, simple tools and production is done with the help of
 family members. Production is done for local consumption and local markets. There is not
much capital needed, e.g. mats, baskets, pottery, jewellery, artefacts and crafts.
 Small Scale Manufacturing These type of industries employ semi-skilled labour, operate
by power driven machines, use local raw materials and manufacture products in
workshops. It provides employment and raises local purchasing power. India, China,
Indonesia and Brazil have developed labour intensive small scale manufacturing units.
 Large Scale Manufacturing Here mass production takes place, involves large market,
many raw materials, huge energy requirements, specialised workers, advanced
technology and large capital. Large scale manufacturing industries are divided into two
parts i.e. Traditional large scale industrial regions and High technology large scale
industrial regions.

Industries Based on Inputs/Raw Materials

On the basis of raw materials used, industries are classified as follow:

 Agro based Industry This involves processing of raw materials from the fields and farms
into finished products like sugar, fruit juices, beverages, oils and textiles (cotton, jute,
silk), rubber, etc.
 Food Processing This is part of agro based industry and includes processes like canning,
producing cream, fruit processing, confectionery, drying, fermenting and pickling.
 Agri Business This is commercial farming on an industrial scale. The farms are
mechanised, very large and highly structured, like tea plantation and tea factories near
the plantations.
 Mineral based Industry These are industries that use minerals as raw materials such as
ferrous like iron and steel and non-ferrous like aluminium, copper, etc. Mineral based
non-metallic industries are of cement and pottery.

 Chemical based Industry These industries use natural chemical minerals like salts,
sulphur, potash, mineral oil in petrochemical industry and chemicals obtained from
wood and coal. Synthetic fiber and plastics are other examples of chemical based
industry.
 Forest based Industry Industries that use forest products such as timber, wood,
bamboo, grass, lac, etc come under forest based industry.
 Animal based Industry Industries that use animal products such as leather, woollen
textiles, ivory are grouped under animal based industry.

Industries based on Output/ Product

This refers to industries based on the finished products or output. These are:

1. Basic Industries These are the industries that produce raw material to be used in
other industries such as iron and steel.
2. Consumer Goods Industries These are the industries which produces what is
consumed by consumers directly such as tea, biscuits, toiletries, etc.

Industries based on Ownership

Based on the ownership, the industries are grouped as:
  Public Sector Industry This refers to industries that are owned and managed by
government. In India, it is called public sector undertakings. Socialist economies
have all state owned industries.
 Private Sector Industry This refers to industries that are owned by private
individuals and also managed by them. Capitalist economies have mostly private
owned industries.
 Joint Sector Industry Industries that are jointly owned and managed by joint stock
companies or established by private and government sector are called joint sector
industries.

Foot Loose Industries

These industries do not depend on any specific raw material so they can be located at any place.
They largely depend on component parts, employ small labour force and produce in small
quantity.

Traditional Large Scale Industrial Regions

Traditional largescale industries are mostly heavy industries located near coal fields and involved
in metal smelting, heavy engineering, chemical manufacturing or textile production. Their
features are high employment, high density of housing but poor services, unattractive
environment, pollution and waste heaps. Due to these problems, many industries are closed
leading to unemployment, emigration and wastelands.

The Ruhr Coal Field, Germany

 This area was a major industrial region due to coal and iron-ore deposits. But the
industry started shrinking as demand of coal declined, iron-ore exhausted,
industrial waste and pollution increased.
 Now a New Ruhr landscape has emerged that focusses on other products like Opel
car assembly plant, new chemical plants, universities and out of town shopping
centres.

High Technology Industry

 Also called high-tech industry, it is highly technical and incorporates advanced

scientific and engineering research and development strategy.
 The workforce are highly skilled specialists, professionals (known as white collar)
who outnumber the production labour (blue collar).

 Robotics, computer aided design and manufacturing, electronics, new chemicals

and pharmaceuticals are examples of these industries.

Iron and Steel Industry

 It is known as basic industry as it provides raw materials or base to other industries.

It is also called heavy industry due to its bulky raw material and heavy finished
products.
 These industries are located near the source of raw materials i.e. iron ore, coal,
manganese and limestone or near ports where it could be early brought.
This industry is spread in developed and developing countries such as America, UK, Germany,
France, Belgium, Ukraine, Japan, China and India (Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Raurkela, etc.)
Cotton Textile Industry
This industry has three sub-sectors:

1. Handloom This is labour intensive, employs semi-skilled workers, requires small

capital and involves processes like spinning, weaving and finishing of the fabrics.
2. Powerloom This is less labour intensive, uses of machines and production is more.
3. Mill Sector This is highly capital intensive, requires good quality raw cotton and
produces in bulk.
India, China, USA, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Egypt produce more than half of
world’s raw cotton. Now the cotton textile industry is shifting to less developed
countries due to labour cost.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which one of the following is not a factor that determines the size of an industry?
a. No of workers employed
b. Location of industry
c. Volume of production
d. Amount of capital invested
2. Which industry has a global market?
a. Arms
b. Aluminium
c. Oilseeds
d. Cottage
3. Where is Silicon Valley located?
a. Near New York
b. Near Montreal
c. Near San Francisco
d. Near Boston
4. Which one of the following types of industries produces raw materials for other
industries?
a. Cottage Industries
b. Small-scale Industries
c. Basic Industries
d. Footloose Industries.
5. Ruhr is an industrial region of:
a. Germany
b. Europe
c. France
d. USA
6. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?
a. Automobile industry -Los Angeles
b. Shipbuilding Industry -Lusaka
c. Aircraft Industry -Florence
d. Iron and Steel industry -Pittsburg
7. Which center is known as Rust Bowl of USA?
a. Pittsburg
b. Chicago
 c. Gary
d. Buffalo
8. A manufacturing which involves large market various raw material advanced technology
assembly line mass production and large capital is
a. Small scale manufacturing
b. Large scale manufacturing
c. Household manufacturing
d. None of these
9. In which type of manufacturing capital and transportation do not wield much influence?
a. Small scale manufacturing
b. Large scale manufacturing
c. Household manufacturing
d. None of these
10. An activity concerned with manufacturing processing and construction industries is
a. Primary activity
b. Teritiary activity
c. Secondary activities
d. Quaternary activites

ANSWERS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. B. Location of industry
2. A. Arms
3. C. Near San Francisco
4. C. Basic Industries
5. A. Germany
6. D. Iron and Steel industry -Pittsburg
7. A. Pittsburg
8. B. Large scale manufacturing
9. C. Household manufacturing
10. C. Secondary activities

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Which is the smallest unit of manufacturing?

Cottage Industry
2. Define Secondary Activities?
Secondary activities add some value to natural resources by transforming raw material
into valuable products.
3. What is industry?
A process which convert the primary products into secondary products & make them
more valuable and more usable and multi usable.
4. What is the literal meaning of 'Manufacturing'?
To make by hand
 5. What is manufacturing?
Manufacturing is essentially a process which involves transforming raw materials into
finished goods of higher value for sale in local or distant markets.
6. Ruhr Industrial Region is located in which country?
Germany
7. Which area is called the Rust Bowl of USA?
Pittsburgh
8. Define Technopoles?
High-tech industries which are regionally concentrated, self-sustained and highly-
specialized are called technopoles.
9. Why dose cotton textile industry shifted to less developed countries?
Because labor cost is very low in less developed countries.
10. Which industry is also called basic industry & why?
Iron and Steel industry. Because it produce raw material for other industries,
11. Write one example of techno pole in India?
Bangalore
12. Define foot-loose industry?
The industry which can be setup anywhere (in a wide variety of places)
13. Write one example of industry which is located very close to source of power?
Aluminum Industry
14. Write two examples of Agro-based industries which are located very close to raw
material?
1. Sugar Industry
2. Food-processing Industry
15. Where is Silicon Valley located?
California (USA)
16. Write two examples of animal-based industry?
1. Leather
2. Woolen cloth Industries

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. How do secondary activities add value to natural resources? Explain with three examples
a. Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials
into valuable products.
b. Cotton transformed to yarn
c. Iron ore transformed to steel
d. Sugarcane to sugar
2. Explain three type of industries based on ownership.
a. Public Sector: The industries which are owned and run by the government are
called public sector.
b. Private Sector: Which are owned and run by individual's for own economic profit.
c. Joint Sector: Which are run and managed by both government and individuals.
3. Define foot loose industry? Write their features.
Foot loose industries are those industries which can be setup in a wide variety of places.
 The 4 features are:-
a. Light industries that often do not use raw material but component parts.
b. Power requirements usually only electricity available from the national grid.
c. Employs small labor force.
d. Non-polluting.
4. What are the characteristics of household Industries?
a. Smallest unit of manufacturing.
b. Artisan use local raw material to produce everyday goods at their home with the
help family members.
c. Finished products are less and consumed at home and local market.
i. Not much affected by capital and transportation.
ii. Ex.: Food stuff, mat, Basket marking, pot making.
5. What are the main characteristics of small scale manufacturing?
a. Larger unit than cottage manufacturing.
b. Place of production is outside the home.
c. Use simple power driven machine.
d. It provide employment and raise local purchasing power.
6. What is agri business? What are its characteristics?
Commercial farming on an industrial scale financed by business whose main
interest lie outside agriculture
eg tata tea
Characteristics of agribusiness
a. mechanized
b. large in size
c. highly structured
d. reliant on chemicals
e. also called agro factories
7. Distinguish between small scale and large scale industry of the world by stating three
points of distinction of each.
Small scale industries Large scale industries
Uses local raw material Uses various raw material even from outside

Uses simple power driven machines Uses big machines and enormous energy
Semi-skilled labour Specialized workers engaged
Provides employment to a large number of Uses advanced technology with less number of
people people
Caters to local needs/market Caters to national and international
needs/market
Production on small scale Production on large scale
Requires low capital Requires high capital
8. Classify the industry on the basis of output.
Industry based on output:
Basic Industry: It's finished products are used as raw material in other industry to produce
good.
Ex. Iron & Steel Industry
 Consumer Industry: These are those industry, whose products are directly used by
consumers.
Ex. Sugar, Biscuits, Food, Oil Industry
9. Define smokestack industry. Discuss its characteristics.
Smokestack Industry are those unit which are engaged in metal smelting, heavy
engineering chemical or textile production located near coal field. They produce toxic
gases in environment.
Features:
a. High proportion of employment.
b. High density housing and poor service.
c. Unattractive environment (Pollution and waste heaps)
10. Write three sub-sectors of cotton textile industry.
Handlooms: Simple tools and machines.
Power looms: Simple power driven machines.
Modern Mills: Modern Machines are used for production.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What are the main factor which affect the location of industry?
OR
There is uneven distribution of industry in the world. Discuss the causes.
a. Geographical Factors:
1. Raw Material
2. Water Supply
3. Topography
4. Source of Power
5. Climate
b. Economic Factor:
1. Labor
2. Capital
3. Market
c. Other Factors:
1. Security
2. Government Policies
2. What are the characteristics of modern large scale manufacturing?
a. Specialization of skills/methods of production
b. Mechanization
c. Technological Innovations
d. Organizational Structure and stratification
e. Uneven Geographic distribution
3. 'Africa has immense natural resources and yet it is industrially the most backward
continent'. Comment.
a. Unfavorable climatic conditions
b. Low level of technological development
 c. Lack of rapid network of transport and communication
d. Lack of developed energy resources
e. Lack of market facilities
4. Explain the importance of manufacturing industries in the economic development of a
country?
a. Transform raw material into useful goods.
b. Change shape of material and increase its value and quality.
c. Raise the per capita income.
d. Help in urbanization and social development.
e. Help in development of public services like education, health, banking, etc.
f. Help in earning foreign exchange

CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

Major concentrations of modern manufacturing have flourished in a few number of places. These
cover less than 10 percent of the world’s land area. These nations have become the centres of
economic and political power. However in terms of the total area covered, manufacturing sites
are much less conspicuous and concentrated on much smaller areas than that of agriculture due
to greater intensity of processes. The same area could contain several large integrated factories
and employ thousands of workers.

1. Industries locate at points where

a. minimum production costs
b. maximum production costs
c. purchasing power
d. none of these
2. The above paragraph mentions about
a. mechanisation
b. technological innovations
c. access to market
d. uneven geographic distribution

3. Why manufacturing sites are much less conspicuous?

ANSWERS

1. a
2. d
3. Manufacturing sites are much less conspicuous and concentrated on much smaller
areas than that of agriculture due to greater intensity of processes.
DIAGRAM/MAP BASED QUESTIONS

1. The image shows packaged drinking water, name the industry which produces these
bottles?
These plastic bottles are produced by petrochemical industry.
2. What is the most important raw material used by these industries?
Petroleum
3. Which category of industries this belongs to?
Chemical industry
4. What can you say about the location of these industries?
Petrochemical industries usually have a coastal location or close to the oil refineries. This
is because petroleum is usually found on the sea bed and hence coastal location reduces
the cost of transportation.
 CHAPTER 7 TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES

CONCEPT MAP

GIST OF THE LESSON

1. Tertiary activities are related to service sector.

2. Majority of workers get employment in tertiary sector and a moderate proportion is employed
in the secondary sector in a developed economy.
3. They include both production and exchange.
4. Production includes provision of service.
5. Output is indirectly measured in terms of wages and salaries.
6. Exchange involves trade transport and communication.
7. Provide commercial output service.
8. Specialized skills are involved.
Types of tertiary activities

SOME SELECTED EXAMPLES

Tourism :
1. Tourist regions
2. Factors affecting tourism: demand , transport
3. Tourist attractions: climate, landscape history and art, culture and economy Empowered
workers,
4. Medical Tourism

QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES – Knowledge oriented sector

1. Collection production and dissemination of information .
2. Production of information
3. Research and development
4. Specialized knowledge
5. Technical skills
6. Administrative competence

QUINARY ACTIVITIES : The highest level of decision makers, policy makers.

Often referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions.
Trends in quinary activities include -
1. Knowledge Processing Outsourcing
2. Home shoring
3. Business Processing Outsourcing
Outsourcing : Giving work to an outside agency to improve efficiency and to reduce costs.
Large no. of call centers in India and China opened.
Advantages :
 Cheap
 Availability of skilled persons,
  English language communication skills
 Out migrating countries.

MEDICAL SERVICES FOR OVERSEAS PATIENTS I INDIA

1. India is leading country in medical tourism
2. World class hospitals are located in India
3. Abundant benefits for the developing countries
4. It is cheap for developed countries
5. Advantages for patients
6. Developed transport in India

DIGITAL DIVIDE
1. Availability of information and communication technology
2. It is uneven in the world
3. It depends on the government policy
4. Developed countries provide but developing countries still to provide the ICT to their people.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which one of the following is a tertiary activity?

a. Farming
b. Weaving
c. Trading
d. Hunting
2. Giving work to an outside agency to improve efficiency is known as
a. BPO service
b. Outsourcing
c. Data processing
d. IT services
3. Which one of the following sectors provides most of the employment in Del hi, Mumbai,
Chennai and Kolkata?
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Quaternary
d. Service
4. Jobs that involve high degrees and level of innovations are known as:
a. Secondary activities
b. Quinary activities
c. Quaternary activities
d. Primary activities
5. Which one of the following activities is related to quaternary sector?
a. Manufacturing computers
b. University teaching
c. Paper and Raw pulp production
d. Printing books
 6. Which one out of the following statements is not true?
a. Outsourcing reduces costs and increases efficiency.
b. At times engineering and manufacturing jobs can also be outsourced.
c. BPOs have better business opportunities as compared to KPOs.
d. There may be dissatisfaction among job seekers in the countries that outsource
the job.
7. Tertiary activities depend on :
a. Skill
b. Machinery
c. Factory
d. Production
8. Door – to –door service is provided by.
a. Retail trading
b. Wholesale trading
c. Mandis
d. Bi – weekly markets
9. Who operates on wholesaler’s capital?
a. Large stores
b. Chain stores
c. Retailer
d. Departmental stores
10. Which of the following markets can generally be periodic markets?
a. Urban markets
b. Rural markets
c. Quasi – urban markets
d. None of the above
11. Expand CBD.
a. Commercial Business District
b. Central Business District
c. Central Business Department
d. None of the above
12. What are mandis?
a. Urban centres
b. Rural markets
c. Wholesale markets
d. Co-operatives
13. Expand ICT
a. Information Communication Technology
b. Industrial and chemical technology
c. IT and communication Technology
d. None of the above

ANSWER KEY
1. Trading
2. Outsourcing
 3. Service
4. Quinary activities
5. University teaching
6. BPOs have better business opportunities as compared to KPOs.
7. Skill
8. Retail trading
9. Retailer
10. Rural markets
11. Central Business District
12. Wholesale markets
13. Information and communication technology
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Give any two examples of tertiary activities

Trade
Transport
2. What is the main difference between secondary and tertiary activities?
The main difference between secondary activities and tertiary activities is that the
expertise provided by services relies more heavily on specialized skills, experience and
knowledge of the workers rather than on the production techni ques, machinery and
factory processes.
3. What is retail trading services?
This is business activity concerned with the sale of goods directly to the consumers
4. What is wholesale trading service
Bulk business through intermediary merchants and supply houses
5. What is transport?
A service or facility by which persons manufactured goods and property are physically
carried from one location to another.
6. How is ‘node’ different from ‘link’ in transport system?
Difference between a Node and a Link: - A Node is the meeting point of two or more
routes. A Link is a road that joins two nodes.
7. What are isochrones lines?
Isochrones lines- lines drawn on a map to join places equal in terms of time taken to
reach them.
8. Define the term ‘telecommunication’.
It is the modern method of sending messages within seconds over long distances.
9. Give two examples of mass media.
Newspaper, television
10. Give any two examples of quaternary activities
a. mutual fund manager
b. tax consultant
11. What is out sourcing?
Outsourcing or contacting out is giving work to an outside agency to improve efficiency
and reduce costs
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Describe any three characteristics of chain stores in the world.

Chain stores are able to purchase merchandise most economically to their
specification. ii. They often direct the manufacturers. iii. They employ highly
skilled specialists. iv. They have the ability to experiment in one store and apply
the results to many.
2. What are the three ways of measuring transport distance?
Transport distance measured in three ways
Km distance-actual distance of route length
Time distance- time taken to travel on a particular route
Cost distance- expense of travelling on a route
3. Which are the two factors affecting tourism in the world? Explain each factor with example.
Factors affecting tourism in the world- demand and transport
Demand
Since the last century the demand for holidays has increased rapidly
Improvements in the standard of living and increased leisure time permit people
to go on holidays for leisure
Transport
The opening up of tourist areas has been aided by improvement in transport
facilities
Travel is easier by car with better road systems
More significant in recent years has been the expansion in air transport
Package holidays has reduced the costs
4. Outsourcing has resulted in opening up a large number of job opportunities in several
countries. Analyse the statement with three suitable examples

Outsourcing is giving work to an outside agency to improve efficiency and reduce

costs.
A large number of call centres in India, china, Eastern Europe, Israel, Philippines,
Costa Rica are providing great opportunities of jobs
New job opportunities are created by BPO’s and KPO’s
There is trend of outsourcing of medical tests and data interpretation. Hospitals in
India, Switzerland and Australia have been performing certain medical services
like reading radiology images to interpreting Magnetic Resonance Images [MRI]
and ultrasound tests.
5. Explain any three characteristics of quaternary activities
Quaternary activities involve some of the following: the collection, production and
dissemination of information or even the production of information
Quaternary activities centre around research development and may be seen as an
advance form of services involving specialised knowledge, technical skills and
administrative competence
New trends in quaternary services include KPO and home shoring
KPO involves more high skilled workers
It is information driven knowledge outsourcing
 KPO enables companies to create additional business opportunities. Examples of research
and development, e learning, business research intellectuals property research, legal
profession and the banking sector.
6. What is medical tourism? Explain the scope of medical services for overseas patients in
India.
Medical tourism-When medical treatment is combined with international tourism
activity, It is known as medical tourism.
Scope of Medical Services for overseas patients in India – (i) About 55,000 patients
from U.S.A visited India in 2005 for treatment. (ii) India has emerged as the
leading country of medical tourism in the world. (iii) World class hospitals located
in metropolitan cities of India . (iv)Medical tourism brings abundant benefits to
developing countries like India.
7. Explain the digital divide with special reference to India.
ICT is unevenly distributed (ii) Wide ranging economic, political and social
differences among countries. (iii) Developed countries have surged forward (iv)
Developing countries have lagged behind (v) Indian metros have better
connectivity while rural areas have no such facility. (vi) Digital divide exists within
the countries.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Bring out clearly the differences between Rural marketing centres and Urban marke ting
centres in the world.
Rural marketing centers cater to the needs of nearby settlements, whereas urban
marketing centers have more widely specialized urban goods and services. (ii) The former
serves as trading centers of the most rudimentary type whereas, the latter provides
ordinary goods and services as well as specialized goods and services. (iii) Rural marketing
centers are where personal and professional services are not well developed whereas
urban centers offer specialized and developed markets. (iv) Rural marketing centers serve
as collection and distribution centers like Mandis whereas urban marketing centers largely
sell semi-finished and finished products. (v) Rural marketing centers provide services which
are frequently demanded by rural folk whereas in urban marketing centres, all
commodities are readily available, thus providing more choice.

2. What is the significance of transport and communication services

Significance of transport and communication services

Transport
1. Transport is a service by which persons and goods are physically carried from one
location to another
2. It is an organised industry created to satisfy man’s basic needs of mobility
3. Modern society requires speedy and efficient transport system to assist in the
production, distribution and consumption of goods
4. The value of the material is significantly enhanced by transportation
5. Development directly or indirectly depends on transport services
6. In selecting the mode of transport the distance in terms of time or cost is taken
into consideration
 Communication services
1. It involves the transmission of ideas and messages
2. Initially communications were sent through persons animals and by different
means of transport
3. The modern development in communication such as mobiles telephones and
satellites etc have made communication independent of transport
4. The use of telecommunications has revolutionized communications because of
theri speed with which messages are sent
5. Radio and television helped to relay news and pictures to vast audiences around
the world
6. Newspapers cover events around the world
7. Satellite relays the information of the earth from space
8. The internet has revolutionized global communications
3. Analyse the significance and growth of service sector in the modern economic development of
the world.

The significance and growth of service sector in the modern economic development of
the world
 Services are provided to individual consumers who can afford to pay for them. For
example gardener, launderers and barber do primarily physical labour. Teacher,
lawyers, physicians, musicians and others perform mental labour.
 Many services have now been regulated. Making and maintaining highways and
bridges, maintaining fire fighting departments and supplying or supervising education.
 Customer care is among the important services often supervised or performed by
governments or companies.
 State and Union legislation have established corporations to supervise and control the
marketing of such services as transport, telecommunication, energy and water supply.
 Professional Services are primarily health care, engineering, law and management.
 The location of recreational and entertainment services depends on the market.
 Multiplexes and restaurants might find location within or near the Central Business
District (CBD), whereas a golf course would choose a site where land costs are lower
than in the CBD.
 In India dabbawala (Tiffin) services in Mumbai is provided to huge number of
customers.
 In modern times Service sector has grown at a very fast speed all over the world.
Economy of most of the developed countries is based on the earnings of service
sectors.

4. What is the importance of tourism? Explain with examples the four factors of tourist attractions
in the world.

Importance
1. Tourism is the world’s single largest tertiary activity in total registered jobs [250
million] and total revenue [40% of the total GDP].
2. Tourism fosters the growth of infrastructure industries, retail trading, and craft
industries
 Tourist attractions
1. Climate
People from colder regions go to places of warm sunny weather eg-Mediterranean
region and southern Europe
2. Landscape
People like to spend their holidays in an attractive environment like mountains, lakes,
sea coasts
3. History and art
People visit ancient or picturesque towns and archaeological sites and enjoy exploring
castles, palaces and churches
4. Culture and economy
These attract tourists with a penchant for experiencing ethnic and local customs

CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

Read the given source carefully and answer the questions that follow

Outsourcing or contracting out is giving work to an outside agency to improve efficiency and to
reduce costs. When outsourcing involves transferring work to overseas locations, it is de scribed
by the term off - shoring, although both off - shoring and outsourcing are used together.
Business activities that are outsourced include information technology (IT), human resources,
customer support and call centre services and at times also manufacturing and engineering.
Data processing is an IT related service easily be carried out in Asian, East European and African
countries, In these countries IT skilled staff with good English language skills are available at
lower wages than those in the developed countries. Thus, a company in Hyderabad or Manila
does work on a project based on GIS techniques for a country like U.S.A or Japan. Overhead
costs are also much lower making it profitable to get job-work carried out overseas, whether it
is in India, China or even a less populous country like Botswana in Africa.
1. What is the main aim of Outsourcing?
a. Transferring work to an active person
b. Search for better opportunities
c. To improve efficiency and to reduce costs
d. All of the above
2. What does we call outsourcing when it involves transferring work to overseas
locations?
a. Off shoring
b. Overseas outsourcing
c. Overseas transfer
d. Exchange of overseas services
3. Which of the following factors is responsible for carrying out Data processing in Asian,
East European and African countries?
a. Due to better technology over there
b. Availability of skilled staff with good English communication at lower wages.
c. Due to highly educated youth
d. Cost of producing information is lower
 4. Company in Hyderabad or Manila mainly does work regarding GIS for which
countries?
a. India and China
b. India and Japan
c. Japan and U.S.A.
d. U.S.A. and China

Answers
1. To improve efficiency and to reduce costs
2. Off shoring
3. Availability of skilled staff with good English communication at lower
wages
4. Japan and U.S.A.

Services occur at many different levels. Some are geared to industry, some to
people; and some to both industry and people, e.g. the transport systems. Low -order services,
such as grocery shops and laundries, are more common and wi despread than high-order
services or more specialised ones like those of accountants, consultants and physicians.
Services are provided to individual consumers who can afford to pay for them. For example, the
gardener, the launderers and the barber do primarily physical labour. Teacher, lawyers,
physicians, musicians and others perform mental labour. Many services have now been
regulated. Making and maintaining highways and bridges, maintaining firefighting departments
and supplying or supervising education and customer-care are among the important services
most often supervised or performed by governments or companies. State and union legislation
have established corporations to supervise and control the marketing of such services as
transport, telecommunication, energy and water supply. Professional services are primarily
health care, engineering, law and management. The location of recreational and entertainment
services depends on the market. Multiplexes and restaurants might find location within or near
the Central Business District (CBD), whereas a golf course would choose a site where land costs
are lower than in the CBD. Personal services are made available to the people to facilitate their
work in daily life. The workers migrate from rural areas in search of employment and are
unskilled. They are employed in domestic services as housekeepers, cooks, and gardeners. This
segment of workers is unorganised. One such example in India is Mumbai’s dabbawala (Tiffin)
service provided to about 1,75,000 customers all over the city.

1. Which of the following Services are not a higher order service?

a. Accountants
b. Consultants
c. Physicians
d. Grocery shops
2. Which service is categorised as professional service?
a. Engineering
b. Gardner
c. Launderers
 d. Cooks
3. Which of the following segment of worker is not coming under unorganized
sector?
a. House keeper
b. Cooks
c. General Manager
d. Gardener
4. The Location of __________ and _________service depend on the market
a. Mining and Industries
b. Recreation and Entertainment
c. Export and Import
d. Buying and selling

ANSWERS

1. Grocery shops
2. Engineering
3. General Manager
4. Recreation and Entertainment

Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, re -arrangement and interpretation
of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new
technologies. Often referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions, they represent another
subdivision of the tertiary sector representing special and highly paid skills of senior business
executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants, etc.
Their importance in the structure of advanced economies far outweighs their numbers.
Outsourcing or contracting out is giving work to an outside agency to improve efficiency and
to reduce costs. When outsourcing involves transferring work to overseas locations, it is
described by the term off – shoring, although both off – shoring and outsourcing are used
together. Business activities that are outsourced include information technology (IT), human
resources, customer support and call centre services and at times also manufacturing and
engineering. Data processing is an IT related service easily be carried out in Asian, East
European and African countries, In these countries , IT skilled staff with good English
language skills are available at lower wages than those in the developed countries. Thus, a
company in Hyderabad or Manila does work on a project based on GIS techniques for a
country like U.S.A or Japan. Overhead costs are also much lower making it profitable to get
job-work carried out overseas, whether it is in India, China or even a less populous country
like Botswana in Africa.

1. Which among these is a quinary activity?

a. Administrative offices
b. Car manufacturing
c. Horticulture
d. Trade and commerce
2. Which of these is an advantage of outsourcing?
 a. Low operating cost
b. Transfer of technology
c. Tax saving
d. All of the above
3. Which of the following activities are usually outsourced?
a. IT services
b. Engineering services
c. Data processing
d. All of the above
4. Why are most of the services outsourced to Asian countries?
a. Availability of cheap IT staff
b. Low taxes in Asia
c. Large number of customers in Asia
d. None of the above

ANSWERS

1. Administrative offices
2. Low operating cost
3. All of the above
4. Availability of cheap IT staff

Communication services involve the transmission of words and messages, facts

and ideas. The invention of writing preserved messages and helped to make communication
dependent on means of transport. These were actually carried by hand, animals, boat, road,
rail and air. That is why all forms of transport are also referred to as lines of communication.
Where the transport network is efficient, communications are easily disseminated. Certain
developments, such as mobile telephony and satellites, have made communications
independent of transport. All forms are not fully disassociated because of the cheapness of
the older systems. Thus, very large volumes of mail continue to be handled by post offices all
over the world. The use of telecommunications is linked to the development of modern
technology. It has revolutionised communications because of the speed with which
messages are sent. The time reduced is from weeks to minutes. Besides, the recent
advancements like mobile telephony have made communications direct and instantaneous
at any time and from anywhere. The telegraph, morse code and telex have almost become
things of the past. Radio and television also help to relay news, pictures, and telephone calls
to vast audiences around the world and hence they are termed as mass media. They are vital
for advertising and entertainment. Newspapers are able to cover events in all corners of the
world. Satellite communication relays information of the earth and from space. The internet
has truly revolutionised the global communication system.
1. Which among the following service involves transmission of words and
messages?
a. Trade
b. Transport
c. Communication
 d. Satellites
2. Which is the fastest means of communication?
a. Mobile phones
b. Trains
c. Satellites
d. Both a and c
3. What are modes of mass media?
a. Radio
b. Television
c. Newspaper
d. All of the above
4. Which among the following has its vast usefulness nowadays?
a. Radio
b. Television
c. Internet
d. Telegram
ANSWERS
1. communication
2. satellites
3. All of the above
4. Internet

DIAGRAM/MAP BASED QUESTIONS

1. Give a suitable title to the given picture

Dabbawala service in Mumbai
2. State two typical features of the service shown in the picture.

Features of this service:

(i) This service provides food to people working in different offices in Mumbai
(ii) People working in this service are mainly migrant and unskilled workers.
(iii) This tiffin service provides food to 1,75,000 customers all over the city of
Mumbai.
(iv) This type of service comes under the Informal/Non-formal/Unorganised sector.
CHAPTER 8 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

CONCEPT MAP

GIST OF THE LESSON

LAND TRANSPORT

ROADS

 Economical for short distance

 Offer door to door service
 Unmetalled roads not effective and serviceable for all seasons
 Worlds total motorable road length-15 million km[33% north America]
 Highest road density-North America[continent] Japan[country]
 Highest number of vehicles-north America

SOLUTIONS OF URBAN TRANSPORT PROBLEMS

 Higher parking fee

 Mass rapid transit
 Improved public bus service
 Express ways
Highways

 Metalled roads connecting distant places

 80m wide with separate traffic lanes
 Constructed for unobstructed vehicular movement
 Highway density is high in North America [0.65 km per sq km]
 Every place is within 20 km distance from a highway.
 Trans Canadian high way
o Vancouver to St John’s
 Alaskan highway
o Edmonton[Canada] to Anchorage[Alaska]
 Pan American highway
o Will connect south America, central America, USA and Canada
 Transcontinental Stuart highway Australia
o Darwin-Melbourne
 Trans Canadian Highway
 Russia
o Moscow -Vladivostok high way
 India
o NH-7 Varanasi-Kanyakumari is the longest highway
o Golden quadrilateral[super Expressway]- connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata
 Africa
o Algiers to Conakry in Guinea
• Cairo- Cape town

Border roads

 Roads laid along international boundaries

 Connects remote areas with major cities
 Imp for defence-connects military camps

RAILWAYS

 Transport bulky goods

 Passenger over long distances
 Railway gauges
o Broad gauge[greater than 1.5m]
o Standard[1.44m]
o Meter gauge[1m]
o Smaller gauge[less than 1m]
 Commuter trains-
o Trains that carry passengers to and from the cities
o Popular in UK, USA, Japan and India
 Europe has most dense rail network in the world
 Highest rail density- Belgium 1km/6.5km2
  Underground railway important in London and Paris
 Channel tunnel connects London with Paris

Transcontinental railways

Railways that run across the continent and link its two ends

Trans Siberian railway

o In Russia
o St Petersburg to Vladivostok
o Longest-9332km
o Double tracked
o Electrified
o Connects Asian region to west European market
o Chita-agro centre
o Irkutsk- fur centre
o Connection with Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, china

Trans Canadian railway

o Connect Halifax to Vancouver

o 7050km
o Constructed for political reason
o Connects Quebec Montreal industrial region with the wheat belt of the Prairie region and
the coniferous forest region in the north
o Loop line-Winnipeg-thunder Bay- connect with great lakes waterway
o Called economic artery of Canada
o Wheat and meat are the important exports on this route

The Australian Trans Continental railway

o From Perth to Sydney[runs east west]

o North south line-Adelaide-Alice spring to Darwin- Birdum

The Union and Pacific Railway

o Connects New York [Atlantic coast] to San Francisco[Pacific coast]

o Exports- ores, grain, paper, chemicals, machinery

Orient Express

o From Paris to Istanbul

o The journey time from London to Istanbul reduced to 96 hours against 10 days by sea route
o Exports- cheese, bacon, oats, wine, fruits, machinery

Trans Asiatic Railway [proposed]

o Istanbul to Bangkok[Iran, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar]

WATER TRANSPORT

Advantages of water transport

1. Provide smooth highway traversable in all directions

2. There is no maintenance cost
3. It is much cheaper because the friction of water is less than that of land
4. Does not require route construction
5. The energy cost is lower
6. Ideal for carrying bulky goods over long distances from one continent to other.
7. Environment friendly

Water transport is divided into

1. Ocean routes
2. Inland waterways

Improvements in water transport

o Ships equipped with radar, wireless and other navigation aids

o Refrigerated chambers for perishable goods
o Tankers
o Use of containers [cargo handling easier]

Important ocean routes

1. The north Atlantic Sea Route

2. The south Atlantic sea route
3. The Mediterranean -Indian Ocean route
4. The Cape of Good Hope Sea Route
5. The North Pacific Sea Route
6. The South Pacific Sea Route

MAJOR OCEAN TRADE ROUTES

THE NORTH ATLANTIC SEA ROUTE

 This links north eastern USA and north western Europe[industrially developed regions of
the world]
 The foreign trade over this route is greater than that of the rest of the world combined
 One fourth of the world’s foreign trade moves on this route
 It is the busiest ocean trade route of the world
 It is called the Big Trunk Route
 Both the coasts have highly advanced ports and harbour facilities

The South Atlantic sea route

o Connects west European and west African countries with brazil, Argentina and Uruguay
o The traffic is less compared to north Atlantic sea route because
 7. limited development and population in south America and Africa
8. south America and Africa both have similar products and resources

THE MEDITERRANEAN –INDIAN OCEAN ROUTE

o This route connects the developed countries of the Europe in the west with developing
countries of east Africa, south Asia and south east Asia through the Mediterrane an sea, the
red sea and the Indian ocean
o Important ports- port Said, Aden, Mumbai, Colombo, Singapore

THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE SEA ROUTE

o This route connects Western European region with west Africa, south Africa, south east
Asia and Australia and new Zealand
o This is 6400km longer than the Suez canal route[Liverpool and Colombo]
o The volume of trade from both east and west Africa is on the increase due to the
development of the rich natural resource[ gold, diamond, oil palm, copper ]

THE NORTH PACIFIC ROUTE

o Trade across north pacific ocean moves by several routes which converge at Honolulu
o This sea route links the ports on the west coast of North America with those of Asia
o Important ports are Vancouver, san Francisco, Yokohoma, manila and Singapore

THE SOUTH PACIFIC SEA ROUTE

o Connects western Europe and north America with Australia, new Zealand and the scattered
pacific islands via the panama canal
o This route is also used for reaching Hong Kong, Philippines and Indonesia
 Honolulu is an important port on this route

Coastal shipping

o Convenient mode of transportation in countries with long coastlines

o Eg- USA, china, India
o Shenshen states in Europe are most suitably placed for coastal shipping
o Can reduce congestion on the land route

Shipping canals

o The Suez and the Panama canals are two vital man made navigation canals or waterways

The Suez Canal

o Connects Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea.

o About 160 kms long, 11 to 15m deep
o A sea level canal without locks
o Constructed in 1869 in Egypt
o Terminal ports are Port Said[north] and Port Suez [south]
o Reduces distance between Europe and S.E.Asia
 o About 100 ships travel daily and each ship takes 10-12 hours to cross this canal
o The tolls are high so some ship use the longer cape route whenever consequent delay is not
important
o A navigable fresh water canal from the Nile also joins the suez canal in Ismailia.
o A railway line follows the canal to suez and from Ismailia there is a branch line to Cairo

The Panama Canal -

o Connects Atlantic ocean[east] and Pacific ocean [west]

o 72 kms long
o It has 6 lock systems
o It shortens the distance between New York and San Francisco by 13000 km by sea
o Constructed by US government across the Panama Isthmus
o Terminal ports are panama and Colon
o US government purchased 8 km of area on either side and name it the canal zone
o Panama handles 5 % of worlds shipping

Inland waterways

o Rivers, canals, lakes, coastal areas

Development of inland waterways dependent on

o Navigability [width, depth] of the channel

o Continuity in water flow
o Transport technology in use

Lost importance-Reasons

o Competition from railways

o Lack of water due to diversion for irrigation
o Poor maintenance

Measures for development

1. Enhance navigability by dredging

2. Stabilizing river banks
3. Building dams/barrages for regulating the flow of water

Rhine waterway

o From Basel[Switzerland ]to Rotterdam[Netherlands]-700 km

o World’s most heavily used waterway
o Connects the industrial area of Switzerland, Germany, France, Belgium and Netherlands
with the north Atlantic sea route

Danube waterway

o Serves eastern Europe

o From black forest in Germany to Black sea
The Great Lakes-St Lawrence seaway

o Lakes- Superior, Huron, Erie, Ontario are connected by Soo canal and Welland canal
o Commercial waterway in the northern part of north America
o The ports on this route equipped with all facilities of ocean ports
o Large ocean vessels are navigable in this route[upto montreal]
o canals constructed to avoid rapids

The Mississippi waterway

o Mississippi-Ohio waterway connects interior USA with gulf of Mexico

o Up to Minneapolis large streams are navigable

AIR TRANSPORT

Advantages

o Fastest
o Can reach inaccessible areas
o Strategically important

Disadvantages

o Costly
o Construction of airport very expensive
o Manufacturing of air crafts and its operations require elaborate infrastructure

Intercontinental air routes

o Dense network in eastern USA, west Europe, SE Asia

o USA accounts for 60% of airways of the world
o Africa, Asiatic part of Russia and South America lack air services
o Limited air services between 10-35  S latitudes- reasons
o Sparse population
1. Limited land mass
2. Low economic development

Pipelines

o For transport of liquids and gases-water, petroleum and natural gas

o Also used to transport liquefied coal
o USA has dense network of pipelines
o Eg- Big Inch-carries petroleum from gulf of Mexico to NE states of USA

Communications

o Telephones-use of optic fibre cables instead of copper cables

o Advantages
 Allows transmission of large quantity of data
 Rapid and secure transmission of data
  Error free transmission

Satellite communication

o Emergence due to space research of USA and USSR

o Unit cost and time is less invariant in terms of distance
o India-use for long distance communication, television and radio, weather forecasting

Cyber space

o It is the electronic digital world for communicating or accessing information over computer
network without physical movement of the sender and the receiver
o Major internet users- USA, UK, Germany, Japan, China and India

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following mean of transportation is not suitable to carry peoples from one
place to another place?
a. Railways
b. Pipelines
c. Aeroplane
d. Ropeway
2. The first public railway line was opened in 1825 in northern England between which of the
following places?
a. Between Stockton and Darlington
b. Between Stockton and Birmingham
c. Between Darlington and Dortmund
d. Between Darlington and Birmingham
3. In which of the following continent highest road density and highest number of vehicles
are registered?
a. Western Europe
b. Africa
c. Australia
d. Northern America
4. Which of the following highway links Edmonton in Canada to Anchorage in Alaska?
a. Alaskan Highway
b. Trans Canadian Highway
c. Pan American Highway
d. None of the above
5. Which of the following is the longest highway of India?
a. National Highway No. 4
b. National Highway No. 7
c. National Highway No. 9
d. National Highway No. 15
 6. Which of the following factor is responsible for the low traffic on the south Atlantic sea
route as compared to the South Atlantic Ocean sea route?
a. Low population and limited development in South America and Africa
b. Production of same commodities and availability of same resources as well
in South America and Africa
c. Low level of technology
d. Both (a) and (b)

Answers

1. Pipelines
2. Between Stockton and Darlington
3. Northern America
4. Alaskan Highway
5. National Highway No. 7
6. Both (a) and (b)

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is a transport network?

Several places [nodes] joined together by a series of routes [links] to form a pattern
2. When and where was the first public railway line opened?
Between Stockton and Darling ton in 1825
3. Which country has the highest road density in the world
Japan
4. Name the tunnel which joins London with Paris.
Channel Tunnel
5. What are commuter trains?
Trains- that carry passengers to and from the cities
6. What is transcontinental railway?
Railways that run across the continent and link its two ends
7. Name the places connected by the union and pacific railway line.
Connects New York [Atlantic coast] to San Francisco [Pacific coast]
8. Name the terminal stations of the orient express railway
From Paris to Istanbul
9. Why is the traffic less on the Cape of Good Hope sea route? Give two reasons
The traffic is far less on the Cape of Good Hope Route because of -
i) Limited development of this route.
ii) More time consuming
10. How much percentage of world shipping is handled by the Panama Canal?
5%
11. Which is the most important riverine inland waterway of Russia?
The Volga waterway

12. Which is the famous petroleum pipeline of USA?

Big Inch
13. What is internet? Or what is cyber space
 It is the electronic digital world for communicating or accessing information over
computer network without physical movement of the sender and the receiver
14. Name the countries having majority of internet users.
Major internet users- USA, UK, Germany, Japan, China and India

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Explain the merits and demerits of road transport in the world

Merits of road transport:
i) Road transport is the most economical for short distances.
ii) It offers door-to-door service.
iii) It plays a vital role in a nation's trade and commerce and for promoting
tourism.
Demerits of road transport:
i) During rainy season, un-metalled roads become un-motorable.
ii) Even the metalled roads are seriously handicapped during heavy rains and
floods. City roads suffer from chronic traffic congestions.
iii) The quality of roads varies greatly between developed and developing
countries because road construction and maintenance require heavy
expenditure.

2. Classify roads into two categories. Explain any four significant features of the road
transport of developed countries of the world
Highways and border roads
a. Developed countries have resources to construct and maintain good quality roads
b. The intensity of vehicular traffic is more
c. In developed countries good quality roads are universal and provide long distance
links in the form of motorways, autobahns[Germany] and interstate highways for
speedy movement
d. Lorries of increasing size and power to carry heavy loads are common.
3. What are the three major types of inland waterways of the world? State three factors on
which the development of inland waterways depends.
Types of inland water ways
Rivers, canals., lakes
Factors on which the development of inland waterways depend
1. Navigability width and depth of the channel
2. Continuity of water flow
3. Transport technology in use
4. What is the significance of inland waterways? explain the three factors responsible for the
development of inland waterways in the world
 Rivers, canals, lakes and coastal areas have been important inland waterways
 Boats and steamers are used as means of transport for cargo and passengers
 Rivers are the only means of transport in dense forests
 Very heavy cargo like coal cement timber and metallic ores can be transported
through inland waterways
Factors for development
1. Navigability width and depth of the channel
 2. Continuity in the water flow
3. Transport technology in use
5. Why have inland waterways lost their significance?
1. Competition from railways
2. Lack of water due to diversion for irrigation
3. Poor maintenance

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Define the term ‘transport’ describe any four features of highways of North America.
Transport is a service or facility for the carriage of persons and goods from one place to
the other using humans, animals and different kinds of vehicles
Features of highways of North America
1. Highway density is high, about 0.65 km per sq km
2. Every place is within 20km distance from a highway
3. Cities located on the pacific coast are well connected with those of the Atlantic
coast
4. The cities of Canada in the north are linked with those of Mexico in the south
2. Suggest any five measures to overcome urban transport problem
1. Higher parking fee
2. Mass rapid transit
3. Improved public bus service
4. Express ways
5. Car pooling
3. What is the importance of roads? Explain any three reasons for the existence of good
quality roads in the developed countries?
1. Road transport is the most economical for short distances as compared to railways
2. Freight transport by road is gaining importance because it offers door to door
service
3. cost of construction is cheap
4. they can negotiate steep gradient
Reasons
Developed countries have resources to construct and maintain good quality roads
The intensity of vehicular traffic is more
High capacity vehicles which are common need good roads
In developed countries good quality roads are universal and provide long distance links
in the form of motorways, autobahns[Germany] and interstate highways for speedy
movement
4. Which is the busiest sea route in the world? Describe its four characteristics.
The north Atlantic sea route
1. This links north eastern USA and north western Europe[industrially
developed regions of the world]
 2. The foreign trade over this route is greater than that of the rest of the
world combined
3. One fourth of the world’s foreign trade moves on this route
4. It is the busiest ocean trade route of the world
5. It is called the Big Trunk Route
6. Both the coasts have highly advanced ports and harbour facilities

5. Name the principal mode of transportation in the world which is used for carrying liquid
and gaseous materials only. Mention any four characteristics of this mode of
transportation
Principal mode of transporting liquid and gaseous materials
Pipeline
Characteristics of pipeline transportation
1. Used extensively to transport liquid and gases
2. Pipelines can also be used to transport liquefied coal
3. Water, petroleum, natural gas and milk are supplied through pipelines from producing
areas to consuming areas
4. About 17 per cent of all freight per tonne-km is carried through pipelines in USA
5. In Europe Russia, West Asia and India pipelines are used to connect oil wells to
refineries and to ports and domestic markets
6. Pipelines are the most convenient and efficient mode
6. Describe any five achievements of satellite communication in the world ( CBSE2009)
1. Artificial satellites connect even the remote corners of the globe with limited
onsite verification
2. These have rendered the unit cost and time of communication invariant in
terms of distance
3. It has made long distance communication, television and radio very effective
4. Weather forecasting through television is boon.
5. It connects about 1000 million people in more than 100 countries.
7. What is satellite communication? How has it brought revolutionary changes in the field of
communication in the world? Explain
Communication through the use of satellite.
1. Artificial satellites connect even the remote corners of the globe with limited
onsite verification
2. These have rendered the unit cost and time of communication invariant in terms
of distance
3. It has made long distance communication, television and radio very effective
4. Weather forecasting through television is boon.
5. It connects about 1000 million people in more than 100 countries.
8. Explain the significance of each of the transport and communication services available in
the world
Significance of transport and communication services
Transport
 Transport is a service by which persons and goods are physically carried from one
location to another
 It is an organised industry created to satisfy man’s basic needs of mobility
  Modern society requires speedy and efficient transport system to assist in the
production, distribution and consumption of goods
 The value of the material is significantly enhanced by transportation
 Development directly or indirectly depends on transport services
 In selecting the mode of transport the distance in terms of time or cost is taken
into consideration
Communication services
 It involves the transmission of ideas and messages
 Initially communications were sent through persons animals and by different
means of transport
 The modern development in communication such as mobiles telephones and
satellites etc have made communication independent of transport
 The use of telecommunications has revolutionized communications because of
theri speed with which messages are sent
 Radio and television helped to relay news and pictures to vast audiences around
the world
 Newspapers cover events around the world
 Satellite relays the information of the earth from space
 The internet has revolutionized global communications

DIAGRAM/MAP BASED QUESTIONS

1. Name the trans-continental railway showing the given map

Trans Siberian railway
2. Mention the terminal stations of this railway line
It runs from St Petersburg in the west to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast in the
east
3. Write any four characteristics of this transcontinental railway line.
a. It is a major rail route of Russia
b. It runs from St Petersburg in the west to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast in the
east
 c. It passes through Moscow. Ufa, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Chita and Khabarovsk
d. It is the most important route in Asia and the largest[9332km]double tracked and
electrified transcontinental railway in the world
e. It has helped in opening up its Asian region with west European markets
f. It runs across Ural mountains, Ob and Yenisei rivers,
g. Chita is an important Agro centre and Irkutsk fur centre
h. These are connecting links to the south namely to Odessa, Ukraine -Baku on the
Caspian coast, Tashkent[Uzbekistan],Ulan Bator[Mongolia] and
Shenyang[Mukden] and Beijing in china
4. In which country does this railway line lie?
Russia
5. What is the total length of this railway line?
9332km
6. Write down any one significance of this railway line.
It has helped in opening up Russia’s Asian region with west European markets

1. In which country does this railway line lie?

Canada
2. Name the two ocean coasts which are linked by this railway line.
Atlantic and Pacific
3. Name the trans-continental railway of North America constructed in 1886.
Trans Canadian railway
1. Name the railway line shown in the given map
Australian Trans Continental Railway
2. Name the terminal stations of Australian trans-continental railway
Perth and Sydney
3. In which country this railway line lies?
Australia
4. Name the two ocean coasts which are linked by this railway line.
Indian ocean and Pacific Ocean
5. Name the ports located on the coast of Spencer Gulf through which this railway line passes
Port August and Port Pirie

1. Name the shipping canal shown in the map

Suez canal
2. What do the railway lines and fresh water canal indicate about the relief of the region
shown in the map
The region is a plain
3. How did relief help in reducing the cost of construction of this shipping canal?
The cost got reduced as the canal does not require lock system
4. Which one of the following waterways has drastically reduced the oceanic distance
between India and Europe.(1) the Rhine waterway (2)the Cape of Good Hope sea
route(3)Suez canal and(4) the Panama Canal.
Suez canal
5. Name the country through which this canal passes
Egypt
6. Which two seas are connected by this canal
Red sea and Mediterranean sea
7. Write two points of importance of this canal.
Connects Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea.
Reduces distance between Europe and S.E.Asia
8. Name the two ports located at the ends of Suez Canal
Port Said and port Suez
9. Name any two lakes through which Suez Canal passes
Great Bitter lake and Little Bitter lake

1. Name the shipping canal shown in the map

The Panama Canal
2. Name the two oceans connected by Panama Canal.
Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean
3. Name the terminal ports of this shipping canal.
Colon and Panama City
4. Name the country which has constructed this canal
USA
5. Why does this canal have lock system?
For maintaining the water level required for the ship to cross the canal
6. Why is this canal mostly used by USA
 It shortens the distance between New York and San Francisco. So the panama canal
was constructed by the US government

1. Name the inland waterway of Europe shown in the photograph.

Rhine waterway
2. How has this inland waterway been a boon in the development of the countries
1. It is navigable for 700km from Rotterdam to Basel in Switzerland.
2. Ocean going vessels can reach upto Cologne
3. River Ruhr flows through rich coal files and joins river Rhine thus making the
whole basin prosperous manufacturing area
4. It connects the industrial areas of Switzerland, Germany, France Belgium and the
Netherlands with the north Atlantic sea routes
5. It is the world’s busiest waterway
 BOOK- 2

CHAPTER 7: MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES

CONCEPT MAP

GIST OF THE LESSON

 Mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and
physical properties
CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS
 Minerals are unevenly distributed over space.
 There is inverse relationship in quality and quantity of minerals.
 All minerals are exhaustible over time.
DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS IN INDIA
3 belt of minerals
1. The North Eastern Plateau Region
2. The South Western Plateau Region
3. The North Western Region
 Himalayan belt=copper, lead, zinc, cobalt, tungsten
 Assam valley and off shore of Mumbai- mineral oil
FERROUS MINERAL
Iron ore
 India has largest reserve of iron ore in Asia
 2 types of iron ore
 1. Hematite
2. Magnetite
MANGANESE
 Uses
o Smelting of iron ore
o Manufacture of Ferro alloys
 Leading producer-Odisha
 Odisha- Bonai. Kendujhar, Sundergarh, Koraput
 Karnataka-Bellary, Chikmangalur, Tumakuru
 Maharashtra-Ratnagiri, Nagpur [located far from steel plants]
 Madhya Pradesh-Balaghat, Jhabua
NON FERROUS MINERALS
Bauxite
 Used in the manufacturing of aluminium
 Largest producer-Odisha
 Odisha- Kalahandi, Sambalpur, Koraput
 Jharkhand- Lohardaga
 Gujarat- Bhavnagar, Jamnagar
 Chhattisgarh- Amarkantak Plateau
 Madhya Pradesh- Katni, Jabalpur, Balaghat
 Maharashtra- Ratnagiri, Pune
COPPER
 Uses
o Electrical industry making wire
o Electric motors, transformers, generators
o Jewellery[mixed with gold]
 Jharkhand- Singhbhum
 Madhya Pradesh- Balaghat
 Rajasthan- Jhunjhunu, Alwar
NON METALLIC MINERALS
Mica
Use
 Electrical and electronic industries
 Jharkhand- Hazaribagh Plateau
 Andhra Pradesh- Nellore
 Rajasthan- Jaipur to Bhilwara, Udaipur
 Karnataka- Hasan, Mysore
 Tamilnadu- Coimbatore, Kanyakumari
 Kerala- Alleppey
 Maharashtra- Ratnagiri
 West Bengal- Purulia, Bankura
ENERGY-RESOURCES
COAL
 Use
o Generation of thermal power
o Smelting of iron ore
 80%coal deposits in India bituminous type
 Occur in rock sequences of two geological ages
1. Gondwana[200 million years old]
2. Tertiary[15-60 million years old]
GONDWANA COAL
 Located in Damodar valley
 Lie in Jharkhand-Bengal coal belt
 Imp coal fields-Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro
 Jharia is the largest coal field
 Other river valleys associated with coal- Godavari, Mahanadi, Sone
COAL MINING CENTRES
 Madhya Pradesh- Singrauli
 Chhattisgarh- Korba
 Orissa- Talcher, Rampur
 Maharashtra- Chanda-Wardha, Kamptee, Bander
 Andhra Pradesh-Singareni, Pandur
TERTIARY COAL
 Assam, Arunachal Pradesh Meghalaya Nagaland
 Meghalaya- Cherrapunji
 Assam- Makum, Nazira
 Arunachal Pradesh- Namchik-Namphuk
 Jammu and Kashmir-Kalakot
Brown coal/lignite
 Tamilnadu, Pondicherry, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir
PETROLEUM
 Source of energy for all internal combustion engines
 Many by products- fertilizers, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, medicines, Vaseline,
lubricants, wax, soap, cosmetics
 Oil exploration and production-Oil and Natural Gas Commission [1956]
 Assam- Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran
 Gujarat-Ankaleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana
 Mumbai high
Two type of refineries
1. Field based-Digboi
2. Market based –Barauni
NATURAL GAS
 Gas authority of India limited-1984-To transport and market natural gas
Located
  Tamilnadu, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tripura, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra
NUCLEAR ENERGY RESOURCES
 Mineral used for generation of nuclear energy
1. Uranium
2. thorium
Uranium-
 Singhbhum- Jharkhand
 Udaipur. Alwar- Rajasthan
 Durg- Chhattisgarh
 Kullu- Himachal Pradesh
Thorium- from monazite and ilmenite
Rich monazite deposit-
 Kerala- Palakkad, Kollam
 Andhra Pradesh- Vishakhapatnam
 Odisha- Mahanadi delta
1948-Atomic Energy commission set up
1954-Atomic Energy Institute-Trombay
1967-renamed Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Nuclear power projects
 Maharashtra- Tarapur
 Rajasthan- Kota [Rawatbhata]
 Tamilnadu- Kalpakkam
 Uttar Pradesh- Narora
 Karnataka- Kaiga
 Gujarat- Kakrapara
NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
Advantages
 Inexhaustible
 Eco friendly
 Cheap
 Low running cost
Disadvantage
 Initial cost high
SOLAR ENERGY
2 process to tap solar energy
1. Photovoltaic
2. Solar thermal technology
Advantages
 Cost competitive
 Environment friendly
 Easy to construct
Uses
 Heaters
  Crop dyers
 Cookers
High potential-Western India - Rajasthan and Gujarat
WIND ENERGY
 Pollution free
 Inexhaustible
 The kinetic energy of wind, through turbines is converted into electrical energy
 The permanent wind systems such the trade winds, westerlies and seasonal wind like
monsoon have been used as source of energy.
 local winds-land and sea breezes can also be used to produce electricity
 Wind power plant at Lamba in Kutch Gujarat is the largest in Asia
 Potential areas- Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka
TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY
 Energy from tidal waves and ocean currents
 High potential-west coast of India
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 Hot springs
 Geysers
 Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
BIO ENERGY
 From biological products-agricultural residues, municipal industrial and other wastes
 Bioenergy is a potential source of energy conversion. It can be converted into electrical
energy, heat energy or gas for cooking
 It will also process the waste and garbage and produce energy
Advantages
 Improves economic life of rural areas in developing countries
 Reduces environmental pollution
 Enhances self reliance
 Reduce pressure on fuel wood
 Eg Okhla in Delhi
CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
 Use of scrap metals[recycle of metal- copper, lead, zinc]
 Use of substitutes for scarce metals
 Export of strategic and scarce minerals must be reduced so that the existing reserve may
be used for a longer period..
 The alternative energy sources like solar power, wind, wave, geothermal energy should be
developed to replace the exhaustible resources
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is not an example of ferrous minerals?

a. Iron ore
b. Manganese
c. Cobalt
d. Bauxite
 2. Which of the following regions is not associated with the availability of petroleum?
a. Assam
b. Gujarat
c. Mumbai High
d. Madhya Pradesh
3. Neyveli coal reserves are found in which of the following region?
a. North-east plateau region
b. South-west plateau region
c. North-western region
d. North-eastern states
4. Which of the following minerals are provided as raw materials for the cement industry?
a. Gypsum and lead
b. Cobalt and limestone
c. Dolomite and limestone
d. Zinc and bronze
5. Which of the following mines are not associated with Odisha ?
a. Badampahar
b. Rajahra
c. Sulaipet
d. Gurumahisani
6. Which of the following is the oldest oil producing region of India?
a. Ankaleshwar
b. Digboi
c. Mumbai High
d. Naharkatiya

ANSWER

1. Bauxite
2. Madhya Pradesh
3. South-west plateau region
4. Dolomite and limestone
5. Rajahra
6. Digboi

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is a mineral?
A mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical
and physical properties.
2. Why is India endowed with a rich variety of mineral resources?
India is endowed with a rich variety of mineral resources due to its varied
geological structure.
3. Which are the two types of iron ore found in India?
Haematite, Magnetite
4. Why Indian iron ore has great demand in international market?
 It has great demand in international market due to its superior quality.
5. State any two uses of manganese
Manganese is an important raw material for smelting of iron ore and also used for
manufacturing ferro alloys.
6. Which state leads in manganese production?
Odisha is the leading producer of Manganese
7. Name any two ferrous minerals other than iron ore
Manganese, Chromite
8. What is the utility of Bauxite as a mineral ?[CBSE]
Bauxite is the ore which is used in manufacturing of aluminum..
9. Which metal is obtained from bauxite?
Aluminium
10. Which metal is indispensable in electrical industry?
copper
11. Name any two non ferrous minerals.
Aluminium, copper
12. Name the place of Maharashtra where an atomic power station is located.
Tarapur in Maharashtra
13. Name any two fossil fuels
Coal, petroleum, natural gas
14. Name the organization that markets and transports natural gas
The Gas Authority of India Limited
15. Name the two types of geological formation containing coal deposits in the country
Coal occurs in rock sequences mainly of two geological ages, namely Gondwana
and tertiary deposits.
16. Distinguish between thermal electricity and hydro electricity
Electricity generated from coal is called thermal electricity and that generated
from falling water is hydro electricity.
17. Write the name of four river valleys known for the occurrence of Gondwana coal
The most important Gondwana coal fields of India are located in Damodar Valley.
The other river valleys associated with coal are Godavari, Mahanadi and Sone.
18. What is Mumbai high known for?
Off shore oil field.
19. Name the place where first oil refinery of India was set up?
Digboi
20. Where was the first atomic power station set in India?
Tarapur in Maharashtra
21. Name four conventional sources of energy
Coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear energy
22. Which are the two types of refineries in India? Give an example of each
There are two types of refineries in India: (a) field-based and (b) market-based.
Digboi is an example of field-based and Barauni is an example of market-based
refinery
23. Why is petroleum referred to as liquid gold?
 Petroleum is referred to as liquid gold because of its scarcity and diversif ied uses.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Describe any three characteristics of minerals

 Minerals are unevenly distributed over space.
 There is inverse relationship in quality and quantity of minerals i.e. good quality
minerals are less in quantity as compared to low quality minerals. T
 All minerals are exhaustible over time
2. State any one characteristic each of metallic and non-metallic minerals
Characteristics of Metallic Minerals :- Ductile, malleable, Good conductor of heat and
electricity, sonorous etc. Characteristics of Non Metallic Minerals:- These minerals don’t
have all the above mentioned characteristics/ These are either organic such as fossil fuels
or inorganic such as Mica, limestone etc.
3. State any one characteristic each of ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.
Ferrous Minerals :- Ferrous Minerals are those minerals which have some contents of iron
ore like iron and manganese etc. Non Ferrous Minerals:- Non - ferrous minerals are those
minerals which have no trace of iron like copper, bauxite etc.
4. Classify minerals on the basis of chemical and physical properties.
Classification of minerals - i. Metallic ii. Non – metallic
5. Give two advantages of copper. Mention four main copper mining areas of India.
Copper is alloyable, malleable and ductile. It is also mixed with gold to provide strength to
jewellery
The Copper deposits mainly occur in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand, Balaghat district in
Madhya Pradesh and Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts in Rajasthan
6. How are canaries helpful in the detection of CO in the underground coal mines?
Canaries are used to detect the presence of deadly carbon monoxide in underground
mines
When canaries are lowered into mines with CO presence, the birds show distress
symptoms such as ruffling of feathers, pronounced chirping and loss of life. These
reactions occur even if 0.15 per cent of CO is present in the air. If the content is 0.3 per
cent the bird shows immediate distress and falls off its perch in two to three minutes
7. ‘‘Conservation of mineral resources is essential for the de velopment of India.’’ Examine
the statement.
Need of conservation of Mineral resources: i. These are unevenly distributed over space
ii. There is inverse relationship in quantity and quality of minerals. iii. All minerals are
exhaustible over time. iv. These take long to develop geologically v. They cannot be
replenished immediately at the time of need
8. Why should mineral resources be conserved ? Explain any three ways to conserve mineral
resources in India. [CBSE]
 The alternative energy sources like solar power, wind, wave, geothermal energy
are inexhaustible resource. These should be developed to replace the exhaustible
resources.
  In case of metallic minerals, use of scrap metals will enable recycling of metals.
Use of scrap is especially significant in metals like copper, lead and zinc in which
India’s reserves are meagre.
 Use of substitutes for scarce metals may also reduce their consumption.
 Export of strategic and scarce minerals must be reduced, so that the existing
reserve may be used for a longer period.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Classify minerals into two groups on the basis of chemical and physical properties and give
one example of mineral of each group.
 On the basis of chemical and physical properties, minerals may be grouped under
two main categories of metallic and non-metallic.
 Metallic minerals are the sources of metals. Iron ore, copper, gold
 Metallic minerals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallic minerals.
 All those minerals which have iron content are ferrous such as i ron ore itself and
those which do not have iron content are non-ferrous such as copper, bauxite, etc.
 Non-metallic minerals are either organic in origin such as fossil fuels also known as
mineral fuels which are derived from the buried animal and plant li fe such as coal
and petroleum.
 Other type of non-metallic minerals are inorganic in origin such as mica, limestone
and graphite, etc.
2. Mention the three major mineral belts in India. Write the main feature of each[2011]
Minerals are generally concentrated in three broad belts in India
1. The North-Eastern Plateau Region
2. The South-Western Plateau Region
3. The North-Western Region
The North-Eastern Plateau Region
 This belt covers Chhotanagpur (Jharkhand), Odisha Plateau, West Bengal and
parts of Chhattisgarh.
 It has variety of minerals viz. iron ore coal, manganese, bauxite, mica.
The South-Western Plateau Region
 This belt extends over Karnataka, Goa and contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and
Kerala.
 This belt is rich in ferrous metals and bauxite. It also contains high grade iron
ore, manganese and limestone.
 This belt lacks in coal deposits except Neyveli lignite.
 This belt does not have as diversified mineral deposits as the north-eastern
belt.
 Kerala has deposits of monazite and thorium, bauxite clay.
 Goa has iron ore deposits.
The North-Western Region
 This belt extends along Aravali in Rajasthan and part of Gujarat and minerals
are associated with Dharwar system of rocks.
 Copper, zinc have been major minerals.
 Rajasthan is rich in building stones i.e. sandstone, granite, marble. Gypsum
and Fuller’s earth deposits are also extensive.
  Dolomite and limestone provide raw materials for cement industry.
 Gujarat is known for its petroleum deposits.
3. “The promotion of the use of non-conventional sources of energy in India is the need of
the hour.” Support the statement
Use of Non- Conventional Sources of Energy (i) Non –conventional resources of energy
are highly valuable. (ii) They are able to produce sustainable energy. (iii) They are easily
available in different parts. (iv) They are very abundant in nature. (v) They will provide
sustainable, eco-friendly and cheap energy.
4. Name five sources of non conventional energy in India and also state one potential area of
each source of non conventional energy.
Solar energy – Gujarat and Rajasthan
Wind energy - Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka
Tidal energy- west coast of India
Geothermal energy- Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
Bio energy- Okhla in Delhi

CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

Nuclear energy has emerged as a viable source in recent times. Important minerals used for the
generation of nuclear energy are uranium and thorium. Uranium deposits occur in the Dharwar
rocks. Geographically, uranium ores are known to occur in several locations along the Singbhum
Copper belt. It is also found in Udaipur, Alwar and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan, Durg district
of Chhattisgarh, Bhandara district of Maharashtra and Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh.
Thorium is mainly obtained from monazite and ilmenite in the beach sands along the coast of
Kerala and Tamil Nadu. World’s richest monazite deposits occur in Palakkad and Kollam districts
of Kerala, near Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahanadi river delta in Odisha. Atomic
Energy Commission was established in 1948, progress could be made only after the
establishment of the Atomic Energy Institute at Trombay in 1954 which was renamed as the
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1967. The important nuclear power projects are Tarapur
(Maharashtra), Rawatbhata near Kota (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar
Pradesh), Kaiga (Karnataka) and Kakarapara (Gujarat)
1. Name the six nuclear power plants of India
The important nuclear power projects are Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata near Kota
(Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), Kaiga (Karnataka) and
Kakarapara (Gujarat)
2. Name the two minerals used for the generation of nuclear energy
Important minerals used for the generation of nuclear energy are uranium and thorium
DIAGRAM/MAP BASED QUESTIONS

1. Name the state which has the maximum oil refineries

Assam
2. Name two states with two refineries each
Andhra Pradesh- Vishakhapatnam, Tatipaka
Tamil Nadu- Chennai, Nagapattinam
3. Name the oil refinery under construction
Paradwip
 CHAPTER 9: PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN CONTEXT

CONCEPT MAP

GIST OF THE LESSON

Planning

The process of thinking, formulation of a scheme or programme and implementation of actions

to achieve some goal.

Approaches of planning
there are two approaches of planning which are as follows:

 Sectoral Planning Approach In this approach, the development of various sectors of

economy, e.g. agriculture, irrigation, manufacturing, power, construction, transport,
communication, social infrastructure and services, etc, are are taken into consideration to
which various sets of schemes or programmes are to be formulised and implemented.
 Regional Planning Approach In this approach, the main emphasis is on to draw such plans
which may help to reduce regional disparities and bring uniform economic development.

Target Area Planning

The core focus of planning process is in promoting economically backward areas. It is importan t
that for proper economic development of a region, there is a need of resource base as well as
technology and investment simultaneously, because sometimes resources rich regions also
remain backward.

After having about one and half decade planning experie nce, it is realised that our economic
development is still facing the regional imbalances. In order to encounter both regional and
social disparities, the Planning Commission introduced the ‘Target area’ and ‘target group
approaches’ to planning.

Some of the programmes which are directed towards the development of these two approaches
are as follows:

Target Area Programmes

Target area has the following programmes such as:

1. Command Area Development programme

2. Drought Prone Area Development Programme
3. Desert Development Programme
4. Hill Area Development Programme

Target Group Programmes

Target groups has the following programmes such as:

1. The Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA)

2. Marginal Farmers Development Agency (MFDA)

In the Eighth Five Year Plan, hill areas, North-Eastern states, tribal areas and backward areas
were taken into consideration in order to develop special area programmes.

Planning Related to Area Development Programme

Hill Area Development Programme

 It covers 15 districts comprising all the hilly districts of Uttar Pradesh (present
Uttarakhand), Mikir hill and North Cachar hills of Assam, Darjiling district of West Bengal
and Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu. It was stated in Fifth five year plan.
 It was recommended in 1981, by the National committee on the Development of Backward
Area, that the hill areas having a height above 600 m and not covered under tribal sub -plan
be treated as backward hill areas.

The aims of Hill Area Development Programmes are as follows:

1. Development of horticulture, plantation agriculture, animal husbandry, poultry, forestry

and small scale and village industry were the main objectives of the programme through
which exploitation of local resources may become possible.
2. The detailed plans were based on topographical, ecological, economic and social
conditions of the hill areas.

Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP)

This programme was started during the Fourth Five Year Plan. The main objectives of Drought
Prone Area Programme are as follows:
 1. This plan mainly emphasised on generating employment opportunities to the people of
drought prone areas along with creating productive assets.
2. Besides, irrigation projects, land development programmes, afforestation, grassland
development and creation of basic rural infrastructure such as rural electrification, roads,
market, credit and services were also its main priorities.
3. The National Committee on Development of Backward Areas found that this programme
was mostly confined to the development of agriculture and allied sectors along with
restoration of ecological balance.
4. The society due to burden of population was bound to utilise the marginal lands for
agriculture and as a result led ecological degradation.

Thus, it was observed that there is an urgent need to generate alternative employment
opportunities in these regions.

Drought Prone Regions

 There are 67 districts (entire or partly) in India identified by planning commission (1967) as
drought prone regions.
 Irrigation commission (1972), demarcated the drought affected areas and also introduced
the criterion of 30% irrigated land.
 These areas are semi-arid and arid tract of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western Madhya Pradesh,
Marathwada, region of Maharashtra, Rayalseema and Telangana plateaus of Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka plateau and Higlands and interior parts of Tamil Nadu.

Due to the advancement in irrigation facilities, Haryana, Punjab and Northern Rajasthan have
become protected regions.

Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur Region

 The region lies between 32° 111 N and 32° 41′ N latitudes and 76° 22′ E and 76° 53′ E
longitudes. Spread over an area of about 1818 sq km, the region mostly lies between 1500
m to 3700 m above the mean sea level.
 This region popularly known as the homeland of Gaddis and is surrounded by lofty
mountains on all sides. It has Pir Panjal in the North and Dhaula Dhar in the South. In the
east, the extension of Dhaula Dhar converges with Pir Panjal near Rohtang pass.
 The river Ravi and its tributaries, the Budhil and the Tundahen, drain this territory and
carve out deep gorges.
 These rivers divide the region into four physiographic divisions called Holi, Khani, Kugti and
Tundah areas. Bharmaurs experiences freezing weather conditions and snowfall in winter.
It means monthly temperature in January remains 4°C and in July 26°C.

Area and Life of People in Bharmaur

The area and life of people of Bharmaur region are as follows:

1. The tribal area covers Bharmaur and Holi tehsils of Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh.
2. It is one of the most backward area economically as well as socially in Himachal Pradesh
and also a notified tribal region since 21st November,
1975.
3. The area is occupied by a tribal group of community named ‘Gaddi’, who practised
transhumance and speak ‘Gaddiali’ dialect.
 4. According to 2001 census, the total population of the area was 39113 i.e. 21 persons per
sq km.
5. People of the area face major problems as the economy is mostly affected by its harsh
climate, low resource base and fragile environment.

Economy in the Area of Bharmaur

Traditionally, subsistence agriculture-cum-pastoral activities such as growing food grains and
animal husbandry like sheep and goat are the main activities of these people.

Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP)

 In 1970s, Gaddis were included in the list of scheduled tribes and in the same period the
development process of tribal area of this region started.
 Later in 1974 under the Fifth Five Year Plan, the tribal sub-plan was introduced and
Bharmaur was designed as one of the five Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) in
Himachal Pradesh.

Aims and priorities of the Intergrated Tribal Development Project are as follows:

1. Improving the quality of life of the Gaddis.

2. Narrowing the gap in the level of development between Bharmaur and other districts of
Himachal Pradesh.
3. The highest priority was on development of transport and communications, agriculture
and allied activities as well as social and community services.

The main achievements of the tribal sub-plan are as follows:

Infrastructural Facilities
Infrastructural facilities of tribal sub-plan are as follows:

1. Development of infrastructure i.e schools, health care facilities, potable water, roads,
communications and electricity supply.
2. Villages located along the river Ravi in Holi and Khani areas are main beneficiaries
infrastructural development.

Social Benefits
Social benefits of tribal sub-plan are as follows:

1. There are tremendous increase in literacy rate, e.g, the female literacy rate in the region
increased from 1.88% in 1971 to 65% in 2011.
2. Decline in gender inequality i.e. between male and female literacy rate.
3. Improvement in sex-ratio.
4. Decline in child marriage.

Economic Benefits
As the Gaddis had practiced traditionally, subsistence agriculture cum-pastroral economy, later
on during the last three decades of twentieth century, pulses and other cash crops became one
of the main crops of the region.

Some Shortcomings to ITDP

 1. In terms of infrastructural facilities, the remote villages in Tundah and Kugti areas are still
remained unaffected.
2. The technology is still traditional in nature.
3. The importance of pastoralism has been decreasing day-by-day as only about one tenth of
the total households practice transhumance.
4. But, still a sizeable portion of the Gaddis migrate to Kangra and its Fringing Zone in order
to earn living from wage labour during cold season.

Sustainable Development

 In the 1960, this was the period when people throughout the world were much concerned
about the environmental issues because of undesirable effects of industrial development
and thus, the concept of sustainable development emerged in western world.
 This level of fear among environmentalists and common people reached at its peak with
the publication of The population Bomb’ by Ehrlich in 1968 and ‘The Limits to Growth’ by
Meadows

Aims of Sustainable
Development

 The main aim of sustainable development is to take care of economic, social and ecological
spheres of development during the present times as we ll as conserve all the resources in
such a manner that these can be retain for future generations.
 So, there is a need of changing our attitude towards nature as well as economic
development.

Concept of Development

 Development is a dynamic concept and has evolved in the second half of twentieth
century, used to describe the state of particular societies and the process of changes
experienced by them.
 In early human history, the main criteria of determination of a society’s state was the
interaction process between human societies and their bio-physical environment.
 Societies helped in the development of various levels of technology and institutions upon
which human-environment process depend.
 These have helped in increasing the pace of human environment inte raction, therefore,
the momentum generated and festinated technological progress and transformation and
creation of institutions.
 After the period of World War II, the two important terms i.e. development and economic
growth considered as one concept. But due to unequal distribution, a faster rate of growth
in poverty is experienced by even the developed nations having high economic growth.
 Then, redistribution with growth and ‘growth and equity’ broaden the term development
in 1970s. Now, the concept of development not only restricted to economic sphere alone,
but also incorporates balance and equality among people in term of welfare and quality of
life of people, health education and other facilities, equal opportunity to all and ensuring
political and civil rights.
 Hence, the concept of development has become multi-dimensional and stands for postive,
irreversible transformation of the economy, society and environment.

World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)

  The United Nations established a World Commission on Environment and Development
(WCED), after concerning the opinion of world community on the environmental issues.
 The WCED was headed by the Norwegian Prime Minister, Gro Harlem Brundtland. The
commission gave its report entitled ‘Our Common Future’ in 1987, also known as
Brundtland Report.
 In this report, ‘sustainable development’ took into consideration and defined as ‘A
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs’.

Measures for Promotion of Sustainable Development

As we have seen that this project has affected the ecological sustainablity and physical
environment of the region badly. So, attaining the goal of sustainable development in command
area requires such measures that can achieve ecological, social and economic sustainabality,
simultaneously.
Hence, five of the seven measures have been proposed in this respect such as:

1. Rigorous implementation of water management policy is the first and foremost

requirement of this project. Stage I and Stage II comprising of protective irrigation and
extensive irrigation for crops and pasture development, respectively according to the canal
project.
2. By and large water intensive crops shall be avoided and plantation crops such as fruits shall
be encouraged by folks.
3. In order to reduce the conveyance loss of water, few important programmes shall be taken
into account such as the CAD (Command Area Development) programmes i.e.
 Lining of water courses.
 Land development and levelling.
 Warabandi system (means equal distribution of canal water in the command area of
outlet).
4. The areas should be reclaimed that got affected by water logging and soil salinity.
5. The eco-development is a must, especially in the fragile environment of Stage II, through
afforestation, shelterbelt, plantation and pasture development activities.
6. By providing a decent financial and institutional support for cultivation of the land,
allottees who have poor economic background, can be prove a positive step towards
achieving the social sustainability in the region.
7. The economic sustainability can be attained through expanding the economic sector which
must include agriculture and allied activities along with other economic sectors, as a
whole. Hence, we will then find diversification of economic base and establishment of
functional linkages between basic villages, agro-service centres and market centres.

Promotion of Sustainable Development in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area

 It is one of the largest canal systems in India, conceived by Kanwar Sain in 1948. This
project was launched on 31st March 1958 that transformed a desert into green land.
 The origin place of the canal is at Harike barrage in Punjab state and goes parallel to
Pakistan Border at an average distance of 40 km in Thar Desert of Rajasthan (Marusthali).
 9060, km is the total planned length of the system catering to the irrigation needs of a
total culturable command area of 19.63 lakh hectares.
 The canal has two irrigation system such as ‘flow system’ and ‘lift system’. Around 70%
land of the command area is irrigated by flow system and rest 30% land by lift system.
There are tw’O stages through which the construction work of the canal system has been
done such as:
Stage I of Indra Gandhi Canal Command Area

 This command area covers Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and Northern part of Bikaner
districts.
 Its culturable command area is 5.53 lakh hectares along with gentle undulating
topography.
 In this stage, the irrigation system was introduced in early 1960s.

Stage II of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area

This stage covers 14.10 lakh hectares cultarable area of Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur,
Nagpur and Churu districts.
The main characteristics of the area are:

1. Hot desert with shifting sands dunes.

2. Summer temperature upto 50°C.

Irrigation system was introduced in this stage in mid- 1980s. In the lift canal, water is lifted up to
make it to flow against the slope of the land. All the lift canals of this system originate at the left
bank of main canal while all the canals on the right bank of main canal are flow channels.

Effects of Indira Gandhi Canal Irrigation

There are various effects of Indira Gandhi Canal irrigation on environment and on agricultural
economy:

Effects on Environment
The environment of the areas is influenced by this project both positively and negatively:

 Positive Effect Now, there is sufficient soil moisture availability for a longer duration.
Various afforestation and pasture development programme came into being.
A considerable reduction in wind erosion and siltation of canal systems have also been
recorded.
 Negative Effect Due to intensive irrigation and excessive use of water, an alarming rate of
water logging and soil salinity have been recorded.

Effects on Agriculture
There are some positive and negative effect on agriculture:

 Positive Effect This canal irrigation led to increase in cultivated land and intensity of
cropping. Main commercial crops i.e. wheat, rice, cotton, groundnut replaced the drought
resistant crops like gram, bajra, and Jowar.
 Negative Effect Intensive irrigation has also became a cause of water logging and soil
salinity. So, in the near future it may hampers the sustainability of agriculture.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. In which state in Bharmaur Tribal Region situated?

a. Uttarakhand
b. Jammu & Kashmir
c. Himachal Pradesh
d. Uttar Pradesh
 2. What should be the height of an area in the hill area development programme?
a. 500 metres
b. 600 metres
c. 700 metres
d. 800 metres
3. In India how many districts are identified as drought prone?
a. 47
b. 57
c. 67
d. 77
4. Which is the main river in the Bharmaur region?
a. Chenab
b. Beas
c. Satluj
d. Ravi
5. Expand ITDP
a. Integrated tribal development programme
b. Integrated tribal development Policy
c. Integrated tribal development Projects
d. Integrated tribal developing policy
6. Who published ‘THE POPULATION BOMBY’ in 1968?
a. Meadows
b. Ehlrich
c. Ritter
d. Ratzel
7. Who published ‘THE LIMITS TO GROWTH’ in 1972?
a. Meadows
b. Ehlrich
c. Ritter
d. Ratzel
8. Expand WCED established by UN which published the Brundtland report entitles as ‘Our
common future’ in 1987.
a. World commission on Environment and Development
b. World commission on Economy and development
c. World commission on Environment and Disaster
d. World commission on Ecology and development
9. …………………. Defines sustainable development as a ‘development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.’
a. ITDP
b. WCED
c. SFDA
d. MFDA
10. Full form of CAD
a. Command area development
b. conservation and development
c. Conserve area development
d. None of these.

Answer key
1. Himachal Pradesh
 2. 600 m
3. 67
4. Ravi
5. Integrated tribal development Projects
6. Ehlrich
7. Meadows
8. World commission on Environment and Development
9. WCED
10. Command area development

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. When was NITI Aayog formed?

On 1 January 2015, the NITI Aayog was formed.
2. What was the objective behind the setting up of NITI Aayog?
NITI Aayog has been set up with the objective of involving the states in economic
policy making for India for providing strategic and technical advice to the Central
and State governments.
3. In which five year plan of India were hill area development programmes initiated?
Hill Area Development Programmes were initiated during the Fifth Five Year Plan
4. What was the main objective to implement the fourth five year plan for the people in
drought prone areas
This programme was initiated during the Fourth Five Year Plan with the objectives
of providing employment to the people in drought-prone areas and creating
productive assets
5. How many districts are identified as prone to drought as per planning commission of
India in 1967?
The Planning Commission of India (1967) identified 67 districts (entire or partly) of
the country prone to drought
6. What is the occupation and dialect of the Gaddi tribal of Bharmaur tribal region?
‘Gaddi’, tribal community practised transhumance and conversed through Gaddiali
dialect
7. Examine the twin environmental problems that have emerged in the ‘Indira Gandhi Canal
Command Area’.
Environmental problems – i. Water logging ii. Soil salinity
The intensive irrigation and excessive use of water has led to the emergence of twin
environmental problems of Water logging and Soil salinity in the Indira Gandhi Canal
Command Area
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is regional planning?

There is no uniform economic development over space in any country. Some areas
are more developed and some lag behind. This uneven pattern of development
over space necessitates that the planners have a spatial perspective and draw the
 plans to reduce regional imbalance in development. This type of planning is termed
as regional planning.
2. What is sectoral planning?
Sectoral planning means formulation and implementation of the sets of schemes or
programmes aimed at development of various sectors of the economy, such as
agriculture, irrigation, manufacturing, power, construction, transport,
communication, social infrastructure and services
3. Examine the concept of ‘Target Area Planning’.
The planning process has to take special care of those areas which have remained
economically backward. Sometimes resource-rich region also remain backward.
Economic development requires technology, as well as, investment besides
resources. In order to arrest the accentuation of regional and social disparities, the
Planning Commission introduced the ‘target area’ approach to planning. Eg-
Command Area Development Programme, Drought Prone Area Development
Programme, Desert Development Programme, Hill Area Development Programme
4. Hill area development programmes in India were drawn keeping in view their
topographical, ecological, social and economic conditions”. Support this statement with
suitable explanation.
The detailed plans for the development of hill areas were drawn keeping in view
their topographical, ecological, social and economic conditions.
These programmes aimed at harnessing the indigenous resources of the hill areas
through development of horticulture plantation, agriculture, animal husbandry,
poultry, forestry and small-scale and village industry.
5. What was the main aim of the ‘Tribal Sub-Plan’ introduced in 1974 in Bharmaur area ?
Review its contribution in the development of the Bharmaur region.
The main aim of the ‘Tribal Sub Plan was :- This area development plan was aimed
at improving the quality of life of the Gaddis and narrowing the gap in the level of
development between Bharamaur and other adjoining areas of Himachal Pradesh.
Contribution in development of Bharmaur area – Bharmaur was a very backward
area. The most significant contribution of tribal sub plan in Bharmaur region is the
development of - i. Infrastructure in terms of school ii. Health care facilities iii.
Potable water iv. Roads v. Communication vi. Electricity

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. The target area planning is essential to reduce regional and social disparities in India.
Support the statement with suitable examples.
The planning process has to take special care of those areas which have remained
economically backward. The economic development of a region depends upon its
resource base. But sometimes resource-rich region also remain backward.
Economic development requires technology, as well as, investment besides
resources. It was realised that regional imbalances in economic development were
getting accentuated. In order to arrest the accentuation of regional and social
 disparities, the Planning Commission introduced the ‘target area’ and target group
approaches to planning. Some of the examples of programmes directed towards
the development of target areas are Command Area Development Programme,
Drought Prone Area Development Programme, Desert Development Programme,
Hill Area Development Programme. The Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA)
and Marginal Farmers Development Agency (MFDA) which are the examples of
target group programme.
2. Explain the major objectives of developing ‘drought prone areas’ in India.
Major objectives of developing drought prone areas: (i) Providing employment to
the people and creating productive assets. (ii) Emphasis on land development
programmes and irrigation projects. (iii) It lays emphasis on labour intensive civil
work. (iv) Emphasis on afforestation, grassland development and creation of basic
rural infrastructure such as electricity/roads/market/credit and services. (v) Its
focus is also on the development of agriculture and allied sectors. (vi) It emphasizes
on restoration of ecological balance.
3. Analyse the Integrated Tribal Development Project in ‘Bharmaur’ region.
Integrated Tribal development Project in Bharmaur Region:  It comprises
Bharmaur and Holi tehsils of Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh.  It has harsh
climate conditions, low resource base and fragile environment.  It has influenced
the society and economy of the region.  It is a notified tribal area since 21
November 1975.  It is inhabited by “Gaddi” tribal community, they practice
transhumance and conversed through Gaddiali dialect.  Under the Fifth Five Year
Plan, it was designated as one of the five Integrated Tribal Development Projects
(ITDP).  It was aimed at improving the quality of life of the Gaddis.  This plan laid
the highest priority on development of transport and communications, agriculture
and allied activities and social and community services.  This plan aimed at the
development of infrastructure in term of schools, health care facilities, potable
water, roads, communication and electricity.
4. ‘‘The introduction of irrigation in the Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area has
transformed its ecology and economy.’’ Analyse the statement.
Indira Gandhi Command Area has transformed its ecology and economy:
Ecology:
(i) It has influenced the environmental conditions. (ii)Improved the
availability of soil moisture. (iii) Afforestation programme. (iv)
Pasture development programme (v)Reduced wind erosion. (vi)
Reduced siltation of canal system.
Economy:
(ii) It has increased the cultivated area. (ii)Increased the intensity of
cropping like jowar, bajra and gram. (iii) The traditional crops have
been replaced by wheat, cotton, groundnut and rice. (iv) Intensive
agriculture has increased the agricultural productivity. (v)It has
increased the livestock rearing
5. Describe any five measures needed for the promotion of sustainable development in
the Indira Gandhi canal command area.
 The first requirement is strict implementation of water management policy. The canal
project envisages protective irrigation in Stage-I and extensive irrigation of crops and
pasture development in Stage-II.
In general, the cropping pattern shall not include water intensive crops. It shall be
adhered to and people shall be encouraged to grow plantation crops such as citrus fruits.
The CAD programmes such as lining of water courses, land development and levelling and
warabandi system (equal distribution of canal water in the command area of outlet) shall
be effectively implemented to reduce the conveyance loss of water.
The areas affected by water logging and soil salinity shall be reclaimed.
The eco-development through afforestation, shelterbelt plantation and pasture
development is necessary particularly in the fragile environment of Stage-II.
The social sustainability in the region can be achieved only if the land allottees having
poor economic background are provided adequate financial and institutional support for
cultivation of land.

The economic sustainability in the region cannot be attained only through development
of agriculture and animal husbandry. The agricultural and allied activities have to develop
along with other sectors of economy. This shall lead to diversification of economic base
and establishment of functional linkages between basic villages, agro-service centres and
market centres

DIAGRAM/MAP BASED QUESTIONS

1. Name the tribal group inhabiting the Bharmaur tribal region

Gaddi
2. Name two drainage systems shown in the map
Ravi and its tributaries– the Budhil and the Tundahen, drain this territory
3. Name four physiographic division of Bharmaur tribal region.
Holi, Khani, Kugti and Tundah
4. Write down latitudinal and longitudinal extend of Bharmaur tribal region.
This region lies between 32° 11’ N and 32°41’ N latitudes and 76° 22’ E and 76°
53’E longitudes.
5. Name the important river in this tribal region.
Ravi
6. Name the main occupation of this tribal region.
Agriculture and allied activities such as sheep and goat rearing
7. Name two tehsils of Chamba district for ITDP
Bharmaur and Holi tehsils

1. Which canal is shown in this map?

Indira Gandhi Canal
2. Most of the under flow irrigated area lies towards which direction of the canal?
All the canals on the right bank of main canal are flow channels
3. State any one advantage of this canal
The availability of soil moisture for a longer period of time and various afforestation
and pasture development programmes under CAD have resulted in greening the
land
4. Who was the founder the concept of Indira Gandhi canal (Rajasthan canal) for the Thar
Desert?
Kanwar Sain
5. What is total length of Indira Gandhi canal in command area?
9060 km
6. What was the previous name of Indira Gandhi Canal?
Rajasthan Canal
7. When was Indira Gandhi canal project launched?
The canal project was launched on 31 March, 1958
 8. Write down three positive impact of Indira Gandhi canal on the environment
a. Greening of land
b. Reduction in wind erosion
c. Reduction in siltation of canal system
9. Write down three negative impact of Indira Gandhi canal on the environment
a. Water logging
b. Soil salinity
c. Change in agriculture pattern
10. What percent area will be irrigated by flow system under Indira Gandhi canal?
70%
11. On which side of the canal is the irrigated area larger?
Right
12. What is the main reason for larger irrigated area on this side of the canal?
It is under flow system
13. What is the source of Indira Gandhi canal
Canal originates at Harike Barrage/ Confluence of Satluj and Beas

14. Name the districts of Rajasthan benefitted by the Indira Gandhi Canal.
Barmer, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Churu, Ganganagar
15. Write down any three impact of Indira Gandhi canal on the development of agriculture.
a. Spread of canal irrigation has led to increase in cultivated area
b. It has increased the intensity of cropping.
c. The traditional crops sown in the area, gram, bajra and jowar have been replaced
by wheat, cotton, groundnut and rice. This is the result of intensive irrigation
16. From where Indira Gandhi canal originate.
The canal originates at Harike barrage in Punjab
17. Name of the beneficiary districts of Rajasthan from in the Indira Gandhi canal.
Ganganagar, Hanumangarh ,Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur and
Churu
18. Name the rivers from which the Harike barrage gets water.
Satluj and Beas
19. Name the districts which are served by I.G.C. under flow in I & II stage.
The command area of Stage-I lies in Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and northern part
of Bikaner districts.
The command area of Stage-II is spread over Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur,
Nagaur and Churu districts
20. Why is the eastern part of the canal area under lift irrigation?
Areas of the East of canal under lift irrigation because water is lifted up to make it
to flow against the slope of the land/ high land area.
21. When was irrigation started in Phase I and Phase II?
Irrigation in Stage-I command area of the canal was introduced in early 1960s,
whereas, the command area of Stage-II began receiving irrigation in mid-1980s.
22. What is the difference between the two areas shown as ‘underflow’ and under lift
system of irrigation
a. Flow system -A channel of canal where water flows under the influence of gravity
b. Lift system - A channel of canal where water is forced to flow against the slope of
land by upliftment.
23. Explain any three achievements of indira Gandhi canal command area project
 a. The availability of soil moisture for a longer period of time and various
afforestation and pasture development programmes under CAD have resulted in
greening the land.
b. This has also helped in reducing wind erosion and siltation of canal systems
c. Spread of canal irrigation has led to increase in cultivated area and intensity of
cropping.
CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

NITI AAYOG

On 1 January 2015, the NITI Aayog was formed. India adopted centralised planning after
Independence, but subsequently, it graduated into decentralised multi-level planning. The
responsibility of plan formulation was with the Planning Comminssion at the Centre, State and
district levels. But on 1 January 2015, the Planning Commision was replaced by the NITI Aayog.
NITI Aayog has been set up with the objective of involving the states in economic policy making
for India for providing strategic and technical advice to the Central and State governments.

1. What is the full form of NITI Aayog?

a. National institute for transforming India
b. National institute for technologies India
c. National institute for transferring India.
d. None of these
2. Who is the chairman of NITI Aayog?
a. Narendra Modi
b. Shri Amitabh Kant
c. Rajiv Kumar
d. Shri R P Gupta
3. When was NITI Aayog formed?
a. 2014
b. 2015
c. 2016
d. 2017
ANSWERS
1. National institute for transforming India
2. Narendra Modi
3. 2015

INTEGRATED TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IN BHARMAUR REGION

Bharmaur tribal area comprises Bharmaur and Holi tehsils of Chamba district of Himachal
Pradesh. It is a notified tribal area since 21 November 1975. Bharmaur is inhabited by ‘Gaddi’,
a tribal community who have maintained a distinct identity in the Himalayan region as they
practised transhumance and conversed through Gaddiali dialect. Bharmaur tribal region has
harsh climate conditions, low resource base and fragile environment. These factors have
influenced the society and Economy of the region. According to the 2011 census, the total
population of Bharmaur sub-division was 39,113 i.e., 21 persons per sq km. It is one of the
most (economically and socially) backward areas of Himachal Pradesh. Historically, the
Gaddis have experienced geographical and political isolation and socio-economic deprivation.
 The economy is largely based on agriculture and allied activities such as sheep and goat
rearing.
1. Which tribal community is the inhabitants of Bharmaur region?
a. Gaddi
b. Bhotiya
c. Bakarwal
d. none of these
2. What is the population density of Bharmaur?
a. 21 persons/sq km
b. 20 persons/sq km
c. 22 persons per sq km
d. none of these
3. Bharmaur is a …………… region of Himachal Pradesh
a. Industrial region
b. economically and socially backward region
c. urbanised region
d. developing region
4. In which year was Gaddis included in the Scheduled tribes
a. 1970
b. 1971
c. 1972
d. 1973
ANSWERS
1. Gaddi
2. 21 person / sq km
3. socially and economically backward
4. 1970
CHAPTER 10: TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

CONCEPT MAP

GIST OF THE LESSON

LAND TRANSPORT
ROAD TRANSPORT
o Total road length is 56 lakh km (morth.nic.in, Annual Report 2017-18).
o 85% passengers, and 70% of freight are carried by roads
o Shahi road connect Indus valley to Sonar valley
o It is renamed as Grad Trunk (GT) road.
o At present it connects Amritsar to Kolkata
CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
5. Constructed and maintained by central govt./NHAI
6. Meant for interstate transport
7. Movement of defense men and material
8. Connect state capitals
9. Total length 101011 km in 2017-18
10. Accounts 2% of total road length.
11. Carry 40% of road traffic.
Golden quadrilateral
5846 km long, 4/6/lane, high density traffic, connect metro cities, time distance and cost
distance decreased
North-South corridor connect Srinagar to Kanyakumari (4076 km)
East - West corridor connect Porbandar to Silchar (3640 km)

STATE HIGH WAYS

 Constructed and maintained by state PWD
 Connect state capitals with Dist. Hqs.
 Account for 4% of road length
DISTRICT ROADS
 Connect Dist.HQ with other towns
 account for 14% of road length
RURAL ROADS
 Connect rural areas
 Accounts 80% of road length
 Regional variation in road density
 Influenced by terrain and climate
OTHER ROADS
BORDER ROADS AND INTERNATIONAL HIGHWAYS
 BRO was established in 1960
 Helps to develop economy
 Strengthen the defense
 Improvements in connecting the strategic points
 It is a premier multifaceted construction agency
 Highest road way connects Manali –Leh with 4270 mts. Altitude
 Maintain harmonious relation with neighboring countries
 Highest road density is 387.24 /100sq. km in Kerala lowest road density is 10.48 /100 sq
km in J&K. It is high in northern plains and low in mountain Areas

FACTORS INFLUENCING ROAD WAYS

 Terrain
 Climate,
 Economic development.
 Industries
 Cities and towns

RAILWAYS
 The first railway line started in 1853 between Bombay and thane
 It is the largest govt. Sector with the length of 66030 km
 It is divided into 16 zones
Northern –New Delhi 2. North Eastern – Gorakhpur 3. NE Frontier – Maligaon 4.
N.WesternJaipur, 5.N.Central - Allahabad 6.Western Church Gate Mumbai 7.W. Central –
Jabalpur 8. Central CST Mumbai 9. E.Central – Hajipur 10. Eastern-Kol 11. S.Western –
Hubli 12. S.Central Secunderabad 13. SE Central-Bilaspur 14. South Eastern-Kolkota 15.
Southern- Chennai 16. East Coast-Bhubaneshwar

RAILWAY GAUGES (In March 2016):

 Broad gauge :1.676 mts. 60510 km ,
 Meter gauge: 1m 3880 km
 Narrow gauge -0.762mts & 0.610 mts.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN RAILWAYS
  Conversion of meter and narrow gauges into broad gauge
 Steam engines are replaced by diesel and electrical engines
 Introduction of metro railways
 Use of CNG
 Introduction of internet
 Computerization of reservation
 Container services

WATER TRANSPORT ADVANTAGES

 Cheapest means of transport
 Least consumption of energy
 Suitable for heavy bulky goods
 No friction
 Eco friendly
FACTS ABOUT WATER TRANSPORT
 There are two types of Inland water ways
 Cheapest mode of transport
 Competition from road ways and railways
 Water diversion from the rivers cause less navigable
 Total 14500 km of navigable water ways
 Account 1% of transport
 It consists of rivers, canals, backwaters creeks
 5685 km of navigable rivers are available
 2000 km actually used
 Canals are controlled by inland water way authority

There are five inland waterways in India with 10 more to be upgraded.

OCEAN ROUTES
India has coastline about 7517 km there are 12 major ports and 185 minor ports
95 % of India foreign trade and 70 % of value in trade takes place through sea ways

AIR TRANSPORT
ADVANTAGES
 Fastest means of transport
 Connect remote areas
 no need to maintain routes and construct
 Suitable for emergency times
 All continents are connected by air ways
 Suitable for difficult terrain
 Reduce travel time
 Maintained by airport authority
 It maintains 126 minor airports 11 international air ports and 86 domestic airports
 29 civil defense
 There are three divisions
 Air India: provide international air services, Connects all continents
 Delhi and Mumbai air ports accounts for 52% of air service Indian airlines connect Indian
subcontinent
 It is the part of air India Pawan Hans helicopter services serves in north eastern states

PIPELINES
ADVANTAGES
 Most convenient and efficient mode of transporting liquids and gases over long distance
 Least consumption of energy
 Suitable for mountain areas and sea bottom
 Asia’s cross country pipe line is constructed between Naharkatia oil field and Barauni oil
refinery
 with the length of 1157 km, it was extended up to Kanpur in 1966 Other pipe lines are
Ankaleswar to Koyali , Mumbai High to Koyali Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur
 Salaiya to Mathura – 1256 km
 Numaligarh to Siliguri 660km

COMMUNICATION
 It is divided into
Personal- Mobile, internet
Mass - Radio, TV
 Personal communication has become most important. At present user can contact with
the customer directly Fastest means of communication Communication revolution came
into world through internet.
 Mass communication consists of radio, TV and satellite communication. Satellite
communication is the recent development most useful at the time of emergency. When
all other communications are failed it is the only communication which can be used.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. In how many zones has the Indian Railways system been divided?
a. 9
b. 16
c. 12
d. 14
2. On which river and between which two places does the National WaterWay No. 1 lie?
a. The Brahmaputra, Sadiya-Dhubri
 b. The Ganga, Haldia-Allahabad
c. West Coast Canal, Kottapuram to Kollam
3. In which of the following year, the first radio programme was broadcast?
a. 1911
b. 1927
c. 1936
d. 1923
4. Nagpur plan is associated with which of the following?
a. Railway modernisation
b. Road modernisation
c. Waterway development
d. Airways development
5. Which one of the following is the longest National Highway of India?
a. NH-1
b. NH-7
c. NH-6
d. NH-8
6. Which of these provide helicopter services in hilly areas in the North-East region in India?
a. Air India Ltd.
b. Pawan Hans Ltd.
c. Indian airlines
d. BHEL Ltd.
7. Name the Headquarters of Northern Railway Zone of India?
a. Lucknow
b. Kanpur
c. New Delhi
d. Chandigarh
8. The Golden Quadrilateral connects which of these cities?
a. Delhi- Kerala-chennai-Mumbai
b. Goa- Delhi-Kolkata-Assam
c. Delhi- Mumbai-Chennai-Kolkata
d. Delhi- Chennai- Bengaluru-Pune
ANSWERS
1. 16
2. The Ganga, Haldia-Allahabad
3. 1923
4. Road modernisation
5. NH-7
6. Pawan Hans Ltd.
7. New Delhi
8. Delhi- Mumbai-Chennai-Kolkata

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Classify roads on the basis of construction and maintenance.

Roads classified based on construction and maintenance – National Highways (NH), State
Highways (SH), District Roads and Rural Roads
2. Name the states with highest and lowest density of roads.
Highest- Kerala
Lowest – Jammu and Kashmir
 3. Which means of transport is being used widely in India for trading?
Water transport or oceanic routes
4. What is NRSC? Where is its headquarters
The National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) at Hyderabad provides facilities for
acquisition of data and its processing. These are very useful in the management of natural
resources.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What are the functions of National Highway Authority of India.

 The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was operationalised in 1995.
 It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Surface Transport.
 It is entrusted with the responsibility of development, maintenance and operation of
National Highways.
 This is also the apex body to improve the quality of the roads designated as
National Highways.
2. What is State Highways? Write their features.
 Constructed and maintained by state governments.
 Join the state capitals with district headquarters and other important towns.
 These roads are connected to the National Highways.
 These constitute 4 per cent of total road length in the country.
3. Explain the functions of Border Roads Organization.
 The Border Road Organisation (BRO) was established in May 1960.
Functions:
 Accelerating economic development and strengthening defence preparedness
through rapid and coordinated improvement of strategically important roads along
the northern and north-eastern boundary of the country.
 The BRO also undertakes snow clearance in high altitude areas
4. Give the reasons for regional variations of the low density of roads in India.
Reasons for regional variations:
 The density of roads is influenced by nature of terrain and level of economic
development.
 Construction of road is easy and cheaper in the plain areas.
 It is difficult and costly in hilly, mountainous and plateau areas.
 The density and quality of roads is relatively better in plain areas as compared to
hilly areas, rainy and forested areas.
 Inaccessible areas also have less density of roads in India.
 Areas having low economic development have less dense network of roads
5. What is the significance of Konkan railway?
Significance of Konkan railway:
 One of the important achievements of Indian Railways has been the construction
of Konkan Railway in 1998.
 It is 760-km long rail route connecting Roha in Maharashtra to Mangalore in
Karnataka.
 It is considered an engineering marvel. It crosses 146 rivers, streams, nearly 2000
bridges and 91 tunnels.
 Asia’s largest tunnel which is nearly 6.5 km long, also lies on this route.
 States of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka are partners in this undertaking
6. What is pipeline? Describe it’s advantages and disadvantages.
Pipelines are the most convenient and efficient mode of transporting liquids and gases over
long distances. Even solids can also be transported by pipelines after converting them into
slurry.
Advantages-
  It is a cheap means of transport and can be laid through difficult terrains, dense
forest, deserts and high mountains
 It involves low energy consumption.
Disadvantages-
 Cost of laying the pipeline is very high
 Leakage in the pipeline can cause serious disasters
 Maintaining the security of pipeline is difficult.
 All solid substances can not be transported
7. What are the major projects of NHAI?
NHAI has taken up some major projects in the country under different phases :
i. Golden Quadrilateral : It comprises construction of 5,846-km long 4/6 lane,
high density traffic corridor, to connect India’s four big metro cities of
Delhi-Mumbai Chennai- Kolkata. With the construction of Golden
Quadrilateral, the time, distance and cost in of movement among the mega
cities of India will be considerably minimised.
ii. North-South and East-West Corridors :North-South corridor aims at
connecting Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with Kanyakumari in Tamil
Nadu (including Kochchi-Salem Spur) with 4,076-km long road.
iii. East-West Corridor has been planned to connect Silchar in Assam with the
port town of Porbandar in Gujarat with 3,640-km of road length.
8. Classify the Indian Railway into three categories on the basis of width of the track? Write
any one feature of each.
On the basis of the width of track of the Indian Railways, three categories have been made:
 Broad gauge: The distance between rails in broad gauge is 1.676 metre. The total
length of broad gauge lines was 60510 km in March 2016.
 Metre gauge: The distance between rails is one mere. Its total length was 3880 km
in March 2016.
 Narrow gauge: The distance between the rails in this case is 0.762 metre or 0.610
metre. The total length of narrow guage was 2297 km in March 2016. It is
generally confined to hilly areas.
9. Classify the satellite system of India. Explain the main feature of each.
On the basis of configuration and purposes, satellite system in India can be grouped into
two:
Indian National Satellite System (INSAT)
 It was established in 1983
 It is a multi-purpose satellite system for telecommunication, meteorological
observation.
Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS).
 The IRS satellite system became operational with the launching of IRS-IA in
 March 1988 from Vaikanour in Russia.
 It collects data in several spectral bands and transmit them to the ground stations
for various uses.
 It is useful in the management of natural resources
10. Explain why inland water transport is an important mode of transport.
 Inland water is an important mode of transport because:
 It was the chief mode of transport before the advent of railways.
 It contributes about 1% of the country’s transportation.
 It provides cheap means of transport.
 It also attracts large number of tourists.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

“ Indian railways brought people of diverse cultures together”. Support this statement with
examples.
  Indian Railway was introduced in 1853, when a line was constructed from Bombay to
Thane covering a distance of 34 km.
 Indian Railways is the largest government undertaking in the country. The length of Indian
Railways network was 66,030 km as on 31March 2015.
 It connects people of different regions through its 16 zones.
 It facilitates the movement of goods passengers and contributes to the growth of economy.
 People from different languages, customs and food habits could connect with each other
through Indian Railways. By this people of different languages and customs meet and a
mix culture is developing and India is developing as “Nation” from “Federation of States”.
Classify means of communication on the basis of scale and quality into two categories. Explain
any two characteristics of each category.
Classification of means of communication on the basis of scale and quality:
1. Personal communication
2. Mass communication
Characteristics:
Personal communication
 Internet is the most effective and advanced one.
 It is widely used in urban areas.
 It enables the user to establish direct contact through e-mail to get access to
the world of knowledge and information.
 It is increasingly used for e-commerce and carrying out money transactions.
 The internet is a huge central warehouse of data, with detailed information
on various items.
 The network through internet and e-mail provides an efficient access to
information at a comparatively low cost.
 It enables us with the basic facilities of direct communication.
Mass communication
 Radio broadcasting started in India in 1923 by the Radio Club of Bombay.
and changed the socio-cultural life of people.
 Television broadcasting emerged as the most effective audio-visual medium
for disseminating information and educating masses.
 Use of satellite and synoptic view of larger area for economic and strategic
reasons.

9. Describe any five characteristics of National Highways of India

Characteristics of National Highways of India:
 Constructed and maintained by the central government
 Meant for inter- state transport.
 Meant for movement of defense men and material in strategic areas.
 They connect the cities in different parts ( state, capitals, major cities, important ports,
railway junctions) of traffic.
 They constitute about 2 per cent of the total road length and 40 per cent of the road traffic.
 It is entrusted with the responsibility of development, maintenance and operation of
National Highways.
CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

Human beings have evolved different methods of communication over time. In earlier times, the
messages were delivered by beating the drum or hollow tree trunks, giving indications through
smoke or fire or with the help of fast runners. Horses, camels, dogs, birds and other animals
were also used to send messages. Initially, the means of communication were also the means of
transportation. Invention of post office, telegraph, printing press, telephone, satellite, etc has
made the communication much faster and easier. Development in the fiel d of science and
technology has significantly contributed in bringing about revolution in the field of
communication. On the basis of scale and quality, the mode of communication can be divided
into personal and mass communication. Among all the personal communication system internet
is the most effective and advanced one. It is widely used in urban areas. It enables the user to
establish direct contact through e-mail to get access to the world of knowledge and information.
It is increasingly used for e-commerce and carrying out money transactions. The internet is like a
huge central warehouse of data, with detailed information on various items. The network
through internet and e-mail provides an efficient access to information at a comparatively low
cost. It enables us with the basic facilities of direct communication.
Radio broadcasting started in India in 1923 by the Radio Club of Bombay. Since then, it gained
immense popularity and changed the socio-cultural life of people. Within no time, it made a
place in every household of the country. Government took this opportunity and brought this
popular mode of communication under its control in 1930 under the Indian Broadcasting System.
It was changed to All India Radio in 1936 and to Akashwani in 1957. All Indi a Radio broadcasts a
variety of programmes related to information, education and entertainment. Special news
bulletins are also broadcast at specific occasions like session of parliament and state legislatures.
Television broadcasting has emerged as the most effective audio-visual medium for
disseminating information and educating masses.
Satellites are mode of communication in themselves as well as they regulate the use of other
means of communication. However, use of satellite in getting a continuous and synoptic view of
larger area has made satellite communication very vital for the country due to the economic and
strategic reasons. Satellite images can be used for the weather forecast, monitoring of natural
calamities, surveillance of border areas, etc.
1. On what basis communication is classified as personal and mass communication?
a. Design and scale
b. Scale and quality
c. Scale and quantity
d. Design and Quality
2. Which among the following is the most advanced form of personal communication?
a. Television
b. Radio
c. Telephone
d. Internet
3. Which among the following is an effective audio- visual form of communication?
a. Radio
b. Television
c. Satellite
d. News paper
4. What are the advantages of satellite?
a. Weather forecast
b. Monitoring of natural calamities
c. Surveillance of border areas
d. All of the above
ANSWERS

1. Scale and quality

2. Internet
3. Television
4. All of the above
DIAGRAM/MAP BASED QUESTIONS

1. How many waterways are declared as National waterway by the Government?

5
2. Identify the National waterway shown on the map.
National waterway no.3
3. What is the stretch of the given National waterway ?
Kottapuram-Kollam Stretch (205 km)
4. Write down the specification of this National waterway
It includes 168 km of west coast canal along with Champakara canal (14 km) and
Udyogmandal canal (23 km).
 CHAPTER 12: GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELECTED ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

CONCEPT MAP

GIST OF THE LESSON

Environmental Pollution
 Environmental pollution results from the release of substances and energy from waste
products of human activities.
There are many types of pollution.
 They are classified on the basis of medium through which pollutants are transported and
diffused.
 Pollution can be classified into
o air pollution
o water pollution
o land pollution
o noise pollution.
WATER POLLUTION
 Indiscriminate use of water by increasing population and industrial expansion has led
degradation of the quality of water considerably.
 Surface water available from rivers, canals, lakes, etc. is never pure.
 It contains small quantities of suspended particles, organic and inorganic substances.
  When concentration of these substances increases, the water becomes polluted, and
hence becomes unfit for use.
 In such a situation, the self-purifying capacity of water is unable to purify the water.
WATER POLLUTANTS FROM NATURAL SOURCES
 Erosion
 Landslides
 Decay and decomposition of plants and animals
POLLUTANTS FROM HUMAN ACTIVITIES
 Human beings pollute the water through
o Industrial
o agricultural
o cultural activities
 Among these activities, industry is the most significant contributor
 Industries produce several undesirable products including industrial wastes, pollutedwaste
water, poisonous gases, chemical residuals, numerous heavy metals, dust, smoke, etc.
 Most of the industrial wastes are disposed off in running water or lakes. Consequently,
poisonous elements reach the reservoirs, rivers and other water bodies, which destroy the
bio-system of these waters.
 Major water polluting industries are
o Leather
o pulp and paper
o textiles
o chemicals.
WATER POLLUTION -AGRICULTURE
 Various types of chemicals used in modern agriculture such as inorganic fertilisers,
pesticides and herbicides are also pollution generating components.
 These chemicals are washed down to rivers, lakes and tanks.
 These chemicals also infiltrate the soil to reach the ground water.
 Fertiliser induces an increase in the nitrate content of surface waters.
WATER POLLUTION-CULTURAL ACTIVITIES
 Cultural activities also cause water pollution
o pilgrimage
o religious fairs
o Tourism
WATER POLLUTION- CONSEQUENCES
 In India, almost all surface water sources are contaminated and unfit for human
consumption.
 Water pollution is a source of various water- borne diseases.
 The diseases commonly caused due to contaminated water are diarrhoea, intestinal
worms, hepatitis, etc.
 The World Health Organization shows that about one-fourth of the communicable diseases
in India are water-borne.
  Though river pollution is common to all rivers, yet pollution of river Ganga flowing through
one of the mot populous regions of India has caused great concerns among all.
 To imporve the condition of the river, National Mission for Clean Ganga was initiated. The
Namami Gange Programme has been launched for the same.
NAMAMI GANGE PROGRAMME
 Ganga, as a river, has national importance but the river requires cleaning by effectively
controlling the pollution for its water.
 The Union Government has launched the ‘Namami Gange Programme’ with the following
objectives:
o developing sewerage treatment systems in towns
o monitoring of industrial effluents
o development of river front
o afforestation along the bank of increase biodiversity
o cleaning of the river surface
o development of ‘Ganga Grams’ in Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and West
Bengal
o creating public awareness to avoid adding pollutants in to the river even in the form
of rituals.
AIR POLLUTION
 Air pollution is taken as addition of contaminants, like dust, fumes, gas, fog, odour, smoke
or vapour to the air in substantial proportion and duration that may be harmful to flora
and fauna and to property.
 With increasing use of varieties of fuels as the source of energy, there is a marked increase
in emission of toxic gases into the atmosphere resulting in the pollution of air.
 the main sources of air pollution
o Combustion of fossil fuels
o mining
o Industries
 These processes release oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, lead and asbestos.
 Air pollution causes various diseases related to respiratory, nervous and circulatory
systems.
 Smoky fog over cities called as urban smog is caused by atmospheric pollution.
 It proves very harmful to human health.
 Air pollution can also cause acid rains.
 Rainwater analysis of urban environment has indicated that pH value of the first rain after
summer is always lower than the subsequent rains.
NOISE POLLUTION
 Noise pollution refers to the state of unbearable and uncomfortable to human beings
which is caused by noise from different sources.
 This matter has become a serious concern only in recent years due to a variety of
technological innovations.
 The main sources of noise pollution are
o various factories
 o mechanised construction
o demolition works
o automobiles
o aircraft.
 There may be added periodical but polluting noise from sirens, loudspeakers used in
various festivals, programmes associated with community activities.
 The level of steady noise is measured by sound level expressed in terms of decibels (dB)
 Of all these sources, the biggest nuisance is the noise produced by traffic, because its
intensity and nature depend upon factors, such as the type of aircraft, vehicle, train and
the condition of road, as well as, that of vehicle (in case of automobiles).
 In sea traffic, the noise pollution is confined to the harbour due to loading and unloading
activities being carried.
 Industries cause noise pollution but with varying intensity depending upon the type of
industry.
 Noise pollution is location specific and its intensity declines with increase in distance from
the source of pollution, i.e. industrial areas, arteries of transportation, airport, etc.
 Noise pollution is hazardous in many metropolitan and big cities in India.
URBAN WASTE DISPOSAL
 Urban areas are generally marked by overcrowding, congestion, inadequate facilities to
support the fast growing population and consequent poor sanitary conditions and foul air.
 Environmental pollution by solid wastes has now got significance because of enormous
growth in the quantity of wastes generated from various sources.
 Solid waste refers to a variety of old and used articles, for example stained small pieces of
metals, broken glassware, plastic containers, polythene bags, ash, floppies, CDs, etc.,
dumped at different places.
 These discarded materials are also termed as refuse, garbage and rubbish, etc., and are
disposed of from two sources :
o household or domestic establishments,
o industrial or commercial establishments.
 Solid wastes cause health hazard through creation of obnoxious smell, and harbouring of
flies and rodents, which act as carriers of diseases like typhoid, diphtheria, diarrhoea,
malaria and cholera, etc.
 These wastes cause frequent nuisance as and when these are carelessly handled, spread
by wind and splittered through rain water
 Urban waste disposal is a serious problem in India. In metropolitan cities like Mumbai,
Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, etc., about 90 per cent of the solid waste is collected and
disposed.
 These wastes should be treated as resource and utilised for generating energy and
compost. Untreated wastes ferment slowly and release toxic biogas to the atmosphere,
including methane.
Rural-Urban Migration
 Population flow from rural to urban areas is caused by many factors, like high demand for
labour in urban areas, low job opportunities in rural areas and unbalanced pattern of
development between urban and rural areas.
 In India, population in cities is rapidly increasing. Due to low opportunities in smaller and
medium cities, the poor people generally bypass these small cities and directly come to the
mega cities for their livelihood.
Problems of Slums
 Slums are residential areas of the least choice, dilapidated houses, poor hygienic
conditions, poor ventilation, lack of basic amenities, like drinking water, light and toilet
facilities, etc. Open defecation, unregulated drainage system and overcrowded narrow
street patterns are serious health and socio environmental hazards.
 Moreover, most of the slum population works in low-paid, high risk-prone, unorganised
sectors of the urban economy. Consequently, they are the undernourished, prone to
different types of diseases and illness and can not afford to give proper education to their
children. The poverty makes them vulnerable to drug abuse, alcoholism, crime, vandalism,
escapism, apathy and ultimately social exclusion.
LAND DEGRADATION
 Land degradation is generally understood either as a temporary or a permanent decline in
productive capacity of the land. Though all degraded land may not be wasteland, but
unchecked process of degradation may lead to the conversion to wasteland
 There are two processes that induce land degradation.
 These are natural and created by human beings.
 National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) has classified wastelands by using remote sensing
techniques and it is possible to categorise these wastelands according to the processes that
have created them.
 There are a few types of wastelands such as gullied /ravinous land, desertic or coastal
sands, barren rocky areas, steep sloping land, and glacial areas, which are primarily caused
by natural agents.
 There are other types of degraded lands such as waterl ogged and marshy areas, land
affected by salinity and alkalinity and land with or without scrub, which have largely been
caused by natural as well as human factors.
 There are some other types of wastelands such as degraded shifting cultivation area,
degraded land under plantation crops, degraded forests, degraded pastures, and mining
and industrial wastelands are caused by human action.
 Wastelands caused by man-made processes are more important than natural processes

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is the main source of human created water pollution?
a. Industries
b. Domestic waste
c. Agriculture
d. Cultural activities
2. Which of the following is the most water polluting industries?
a. Food processing industry
b. Pulp and Paper industry
c. Electro plating industry
 d. Iron and steel industry
3. Which of the following is not the cause of noise pollution?
a. Mechanised construction
b. Combustion of coal, petroleum and diesel
c. Automobiles and aircraft
d. Loudspeakers
4. Which of the following program has been launched by Union Government for the cleaning
of river Ganga?
a. Ganga Action Plan
b. Namami Gange
c. Ganga Namami Action Plan
d. Ganga Cleaning Mission
5. Which of the following factors is not responsible for land degradation?
a. Soil erosion
b. Salinity
c. Alkalinity
d. Afforestation
6. Which of the following wasteland is belongs to human generated activities?
a. Barren rocky areas
b. Glacial areas
c. Degraded shifting cultivation areas
d. Desertic coastal sands
Answers
1. Industries
2. Pulp and Paper industry
3. Combustion of coal, petroleum and diesel
4. Namami Gange
5. Afforestation
6. Degraded shifting cultivation areas

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is the criterion for the classification of pollution.

Pollution is classified on the basis of medium through which pollutants are transported and
diffused.
2. Which is the main source of environmental pollution in India?
Human activities
3. Mention any two cultural activities responsible for water pollution in India
Pilgrimage, religious fairs, tourism
4. Which city is the largest polluter of the Yamuna
Delhi
5. Which city of India pollutes the Ganga through its leather factories?
Kanpur
6. Describe any three sources which are responsible for water pollution in India.
 Industrial, agricultural and cultural activities
7. Name four diseases spread due to water pollution
Diarrhoea, intestinal worms, hepatitis, cholera
8. Name any two natural sources of water pollution
Water pollutants are also created from natural sources -erosion, landslides, decay and
decomposition of plants and animals, etc.
9. Which is the most significant contributor of water pollution in India
Industry
10. “The industries are major air polluters in India.” Evaluate the statement.
There is a marked increase in emission of toxic gases into the atmosphere due to various
industrial processes resulting in the pollution of air. These processes release oxides of
sulphur and nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead and asbestos.
11. Which source of pollution is responsible for acid rain
Air pollution
12. Name any two diseases that are caused by air pollution
Air pollution causes various diseases related to respiratory, nervous and circulatory systems.
13. How does noise pollution affect human health ?
Noise pollution and human health: It causes damage to the hearing power of human being.
It creates irritation
14. “If we treat the urban waste as a resource and utilize it properly it will be highly valuable
to people in India.” Support the statement.
These wastes should be treated as resource and utilised for generating energy and compost.
Eg- bio energy plant at okhla in delhi which uses municipal waste

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. State the four types of pollution with examples from India

Environmental pollution results from the release of substances and energy from
waste products of human activities. (1) Types of pollution: (i) Air pollution (ii) Water
pollution (iii) Land pollution (iv) Noise pollution
2. Suggest any three measures to control water pollution in India
a. Developing sewerage treatment systems in towns,
b. Monitoring of industrial effluents
c. Cleaning of the river surface
d. Public awareness for control of pollution
3. How are human activities mainly responsible for water pollution in India ? Explain with
examples
Most of the industrial wastes are disposed off in running water or lakes. Consequently,
poisonous elements reach the reservoirs, rivers and other water bodies, which destroy the
bio-system of these waters
Various types of chemicals used in modern agriculture such as inorganic fertilisers,
pesticides and herbicides are also pollution generating components. These chemicals are
washed down to rivers, lakes and tanks
Cultural activities such as pilgrimage, religious fairs, tourism, etc. also cause water pollution
4. Explain any three ill effects of air pollution on human health in India
 a. Air pollution causes various diseases related to respiratory, nervous and circulatory
systems.
b. Smoky fog over cities called as urban smog is caused by atmospheric pollution. It
proves very harmful to human health
c. Air pollution can also cause acid rains
5. Suggest any three measures to reduce noise pollution in India.
a. Regular maintenance of vehicles and machines
b. Protection of ears with hearing protection devices
c. Reduce the volume of devices used
d. Planting trees
e. Banning the use of loudspeakers in festivals and other community programmes
6. Land degradation is caused by human made processes are more harmful than natural
processes in India. Analyse the statement with suitable examples.
There are two processes that induce land degradation. These are natural and
created by human beings. Wastelands such as gullied /ravinous land, desertic or
coastal sands, barren rocky areas, steep sloping land, and glacial areas are primarily
caused by natural agents .Wastelands such as degraded shifting cultivation area,
degraded land under plantation crops, degraded forests, degraded pastures, and
mining and industrial wastelands are caused by human action. Wastelands caused
by man-made processes are more important than natural processes

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. How do human beings pollute the water through industrial and agricultural activities ?
Explain.
The human beings pollute water through industrial and agricultural activities in
the following ways:  Industries release undesirable waste, chemical effluents and
residues, toxins and heavy metals in water.  They destroy the aquatic biodiversity
and ecosystem.  Water polluting industries are leather, pulp and paper, textiles
and chemicals.  In agriculture use of pesticides and fertilizers cause water
pollution.  Percolation of the chemicals through soil cause underground water
pollution.  Fertilizers induce an increase in nitrates in water bodies causing
pollution.  Chemical concentration in water cause water borne diseases.
2. Explain any five objectives of ‘Namami Gange Programme’.
The Objective of Namami Gange Programme are as follows— i. Developing
sewage treatment systems in towns. ii. Monitoring of industrial effluents. iii.
Development of river front. iv. Afforestation along the bank to increase bio-
diversity. v. Cleaning of the river surface. vi. Development of Ganga Gram in
Uttrakhand, U.P, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. vii. Creating public awareness
3. How do industries pollute India’s water bodies? Explain with examples.
Industries produce several undesirable products including industrial wastes,
polluted waste water, poisonous gases, chemical residuals, numerous heavy
metals, dust, smoke, etc. Most of the industrial wastes are disposed off in running
water or lakes. Consequently, poisonous elements reach the reservoirs, rivers and
 other water bodies, which destroy the bio-system of these waters. Major water
polluting industries are leather, pulp and paper, textiles and chemicals.
Industries produce several undesirable products including industrial wastes,
polluted waste water, poisonous gases, chemical residuals, numerous heavy
metals, dust, smoke etc. Most of the industrial wastes are disposed off in running
water or lakes. Consequently, poisonous elements reach the reservoirs, rivers and
other water bodies, which pollute the water bodies. Major polluting industries are
leather, pulp and paper, textiles and chemicals.
4. How has noise pollution become a serious problem in recent years in India ? Explain.
Noise has become a serious concern only in recent years due to a variety of
technological innovations. The biggest nuisance is the noise produced by traffic,
because its intensity and nature depend upon factors, such as the type of aircraft,
vehicle, train and the condition of road, as well as, that of vehicle (in case of
automobiles). In sea traffic, the noise pollution is confined to the harbour due to
loading and unloading activities being carried. Industries cause noise pollution but
with varying intensity depending upon the type of industry. Ocean noise is due to
the vast increase in global shipping trade, the number of ships plying the oceans
and higher speed of vessels.
5. “Shortage of housing and growth of slums are the major problems of urban settlements
in developing countries.” Examine the statement with examples.
Shortage of housing and growth of slums- major problems of urban settlements: (i)
People flock to cities to avail of employment opportunities and civic amenities. (ii)
This creates severe congestion. (iii) There is thus shortage of houses. (iv) Growth of
slums is a common feature. (v) People live in substandard hutments and shanties.
(vi) The unplanned growth of urban settlements defaces the beauty of the cities.
(vii) In most million plus cities in India, one in four inhabitants lives in illegal
settlements. (viii) In the Asia Pacific countries, around 60 per cent of the urban
population lives in squatter settlements.

DIAGRAM/MAP BASED QUESTIONS

1. Identify the problem shown in the diagram.

Accumulation of uncollected solid waste in open spaces between houses
2. Mention two implications of this problem?
Health hazard
Release of toxic biogas to the atmosphere
 3. Is our urban waste worth anything? Mention at least two uses.
Yes
It can be utilised for generating energy
Compost can be prepared

CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

Jhabua district is located in the westernmost agro-climatic zone in Madhya Pradesh. It is, in fact,
one of the five most backward districts of the country. It is characterised by high concentration of
tribal population (mostly Bhils). The people suffer due to poverty which has been accentuated by
the high rate of resource degradation, both forest and land. The watershed management
programmes funded by both the ministries of “Rural Development” and “Agriculture”,
Government of India, have been successfully impleme nted in Jhabua district which has gone a long
way in preventing land degradation and improving soil quality. Watershed Management
Programmes acknowledge the linkage between land, water and vegetation and attempts to
improve livelihoods of people through natural resource management and community
participation. In the past five years, the programmes funded by the Ministry of Rural Development
alone (implemented by Rajiv Gandhi Mission for Watershed Management) has treated 20 per cent
of the total area under Jhabua district. The Petlawad block of Jhabua is located in the northernmost
part of the district and represents an interesting and successful case of Government -NGO
partnership and community participation in managing watershed programmes. The Bhils in
Petlawad block, for example, (Sat Rundi hamlet of Karravat village) through their own efforts, have
revitalised large parts of common property resources. Each household planted and maintained
one tree on the common property. They also have planted fodder grass on the pasture land and
adopted social-fencing of these lands for at least two years. Even after that, they say, there would
be no open grazing on these lands, but stall feeding of cattle, and they are thus confident that the
pastures they have developed would sustain their cattle in future. An interesting aspect of this
experience is that before the community embarked upon the process of management of the
pasture, there was encroachment on this land by a villager from an adjoining village. The villagers
called the tehsildar to ascertain the rights of the common land. The ensuing conflict was tackled
by the villagers by offering to make the defaulter encroaching on the CPR a member of their user
group and sharing the benefits of greening the common lands/ pastures.

1. How the common property resources in Jhabua were restored and developed?
 Each household planted and maintained one tree on the common property.
 They also have planted fodder grass on the pasture land and adopted social -fencing
of these lands for two years
 there would be no open grazing on these lands, but stall feeding of cattle
2. Name the ministry which funded for the development of CPR .
Ministries of “Rural Development” and “Agriculture”
3. Write any two characteristics of the tribal people of Jhabua district
The people suffer due to poverty which has been accentuated by the high rate of
resource degradation, both forest and land
4. How have the bhils of Petlawad block of Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh revitalized
large parts of common property resources through their own efforts. Explain with
examples
The Bhils in Petlawad block through their own efforts, have revitalised large parts
of common property resources. Each household planted and maintained one tree
on the common property. They also have planted fodder grass on the pasture land
and adopted social-fencing of these lands for at least two years. Even after that,
there would be no open grazing on these lands, but stall feeding of cattle, and they
are thus confident that the pastures they have developed would sustain their cattle
in future
5. Examine the success of watershed management programme implemented in Jhabua
district of Madhya Pradesh.
The watershed Management programme in Jhabua district is highly successful
because – 1. Land degradation has been prevented. 2. Soil quality has improved. 3.
Improved the growth of natural vegetation. 4. Improved the sources of live lihood
for the tribals.
 INDIA MAP

State with highest level of

urbanisation- Goa

State with lowest level of

urbanisation- Himachal
Pradesh

LEVEL OF
URBANISATION

High population density-

Bihar

Low population density-

Arunachal Pradesh

POPULATION
DENSITY
One out migrating state –
Uttar Pradesh

One in migrating state-

Maharashtra

IN MIGRATION
AND
OUT MIGRATION

10 million plus cities

1. Greater
Mumbai
2. Delhi
3. Kolkata
4. Chennai
5. Bengaluru

10 MILLION
PLUS CITIES
Iron-ore mines:

1. Mayurbhanj-Orissa
2. Bailadila –Chattisgarh
3. Ratnagiri -
Maharashtra
4. Bellary-Karnataka

MAYURBHANJ
RATNAGIRI
BAILADILA

BELLARY

IRON ORE
MINES

Manganese mines:

1. Balaghat- Madhya
Pradesh
2. Shimoga- Karnataka

BALAGHAT

SHIMOGA

MANGANESE
MINES
Copper mines:

1. Hazaribagh -
Jharkhand
2. Singhbhum-
KHETRI
Jharkhand
3. Khetri- Rajasthan
HAZARIBAGH

SINGHBHUM

COPPER
MINES

Bauxite mines:

1. Katni- Madhya
Pradesh
2. Bilaspur -Chattisgarh
3. Koraput- Odisha

KATNI

BILASPUR

KORAPUT

BAUXITE
MINES
Coal mines:

1. Jharia-Jharkhand
2. Bokaro-Jharkhand
3. Raniganj-West
Bengal
4. Neyveli. –Tamil
Nadu
BOKARO

JHARIA RANIGANJ

NEYVELI
COAL MINES

Oil Refineries:

1. Mathura- Uttar
Pradesh
2. Jamnagar- Gujarat
3. Barauni- Bihar

MATHURA
BARAUNI

JAMNAGAR

OIL
REFINERIES
Important towns on north
south corridor, east-west
corridor & golden
quadrilateral. SRINAGAR

North South Corridor-

Srinagar[north]
DELHI
Kanyakumari [south]

East West Corridor SILCHAR

Silchar-[east] PORBANDER

Porbander[west] KOLKATA

Golden Quadrilateral MUMBAI

Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai-
Kolkata

CHENNAI

TRANSPORT

KANYAKUMARI

MAP QUESTIONS FROM BOARD PAPERS

1. The state with highest level of urbanisation

2. The city with more than 10 million plus population in West Bengal
3. Oil refinery in Gujarat
4. Important coal mining area of West Bengal
5. Copper mine in Rajasthan
6. The state with lowest level of urbanisation
7. Iron ore mine in Odisha
8. The state having highest population density
9. Iron ore mine in Chattisgarh
10. A city with a population of more than 10 million in north India
11. State with lowest density of population
12. A mine of bauxite in Odisha
13. An important coal mining area in Tamil Nadu
14. A city with more than 10million population in Maharashtra
15. An oil refinery in Uttar Pradesh