Object-Oriented Programming

Lecture No. 4

Private access specifier, parametrized constructor, destructor,

encapsulation, data hiding, abstraction, encapsulation,
function/constructor overloading
Abstraction in OOP
• Abstraction is the concept of object-oriented programming that
“shows” only essential attributes and “hides” unnecessary
information. The main purpose of abstraction is hiding the
unnecessary details from the users. e.g., students’ abstraction,
teachers’ abstraction in a university management system.
Encapsulation
• Encapsulation is a process of combining data members and functions
in a single unit called class. This is to prevent the access to the data
directly, the access to them is provided through the functions of the
class. It is one of the popular feature of Object Oriented
Programming(OOP) that helps in data hiding.
Data hiding
• Data hiding is a technique of hiding internal object details, i.e., data
members. It is an object-oriented programming technique. Data
hiding ensures, or guarantees to restrict the data access to class
members. It maintains data integrity.
Private access specifier
• Most restricted access specifier
• Members cannot be accessed (or viewed) from outside the class
• Accessible through public methods
• Default access specifier of class
 Private access specifier - Example
class Student //member function definition, outside of the class
{ void Student::getDetails(){
private: cout << "Enter name: " ;
string name; cin >> name;
int rollNo; cout << "Enter roll number: ";
int total; cin >> rollNo;
float perc; cout << "Enter total marks outof 500: ";
public: cin >> total;
void getDetails(); perc= total/500*100;
void putDetails(); }
};
int main() //member function definition, outside of the class
{ Student std; void Student::putDetails(){
// cin>> std.name; cout << "Student details:\n";
std.getDetails(); cout << "Name:"<< name << ",Roll Number:"
std.putDetails(); << rollNo << ",Total:" << total << ",Percentage:" <<
return 0; perc;
} }
Parameterized constructor
• It is used to initialize various data elements of different objects with
different values when they are created.
• It is used to overload constructors.
• Default constructors are called when constructors are not defined for
the classes.
 Parameterized constructor and constructor overloading
- Example
class Student
{ //member function definition, outside of the class
private: void Student::getDetails(){
string name; cout << "Enter name: " ;
int rollNo; cin >> name;
int total; cout << "Enter roll number: ";
float perc; cin >> rollNo;
public: cout << "Enter total marks outof 500: ";
void getDetails(); cin >> total;
void putDetails(); perc= (float)total/500*100;
Student() { } }
Student(string name1, int rollNo1, int marks)
{
name=name1; int main()
rollNo=rollNo1; { Student std1;
total=marks; Student std2(“Ali", 234, 450);
} std1.getDetails();
}; std1.putDetails();
std2.putDetails();
//member function definition, outside of the class return 0;
void Student::putDetails(){ }
cout << "Student details:\n";
cout << "Name:"<< name << ",Roll Number:" << rollNo <<
",Total:" << total << ",Percentage:" << perc;
}
Constructor overloading
• We can have more than one constructor in a class with same name,
as long as each has a different types or number of arguments. This
concept is known as Constructor Overloading and is quite similar to
function overloading.
Method/Function overloading
Based on:
• Signature – must be different
• Scope – must be same
Destructor
• Destructor is a special member function that is called when the
lifetime of an object ends
• The purpose of the destructor is to free the resources that the object
may have acquired during its lifetime
• It has same name as the class
• It is preceded by a tilde ( ~ )
• Destructor does not take arguments, it can never be overloaded
Rules of destructor
• The name of the destructor must begin with the tilde character (~).
You must not include any return type, not even void!
• A class can have no more than one destructor.
• The destructor cannot have any parameters.
• The class destructor is automatically invoked when the instance of
that class goes out of scope.
Reference
• C++ How to Program
By Deitel & Deitel

• The C++ Programming Language

By Bjarne Stroustrup

• Object oriented programming using C++ by Tasleem Mustafa, Imran Saeed, Tariq Mehmood,
Ahsan Raza

• https://www.tutorialspoint.com

• https://www.includehelp.com/cpp-programs/