BHAGWAN MAHAVIR UNIVERSITY

BHAGWAN MAHAVIR POLYTECHNIC

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Advanced Database Management with MongoDB- Theory(2030106402)

UNIT– 2 Introduction to NoSQL Database

Q-1 What is Relational Database? Marks-3

• Relational databases are also referred to as SQL databases, relational database

management systems (RDBMS), and business intelligence platforms.
• Relational databases are built to work with large amounts of data and are commonly used
by companies in the following scenarios:
• Large corporate institutions
• Companies with multiple departments and divisions. They have multiple data stores of
information used by different teams within the department.
• Relational databases are also called Relational Database Management Systems(RDBMS) or
SQL databases.
• They are the most common type of database used in business. The most popular of these
have been Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database, MySQL, and IBM DB2. These
relational databases are used mostly in large enterprise scenarios.
• These are vital for businesses because they enable companies to store, access, update and
manage information and have a clear path to the various departments that need this data.
• Advantages of Relational Database:
• Speed
• Security
• Simplicity
• Accessibility
• Accuracy
• Multi User
• Data integrity

Q-2 Explain Relational Database Limitations. Marks-3

• Although there are more benefits to using relational databases, it has some limitations also. Let’s
see the limitations or disadvantages of using the relational database.

1. Maintenance Problem:
The maintenance of the relational database becomes difficult over time due to the increase in
the data. Developers and programmers have to spend a lot of time maintaining the database.

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 BHAGWAN MAHAVIR UNIVERSITY
BHAGWAN MAHAVIR POLYTECHNIC
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Advanced Database Management with MongoDB- Theory(2030106402)

2. Cost:
The relational database system is costly to set up and maintain. The initial cost of the
software alone can be quite pricey for smaller businesses, but it gets worse when you factor in hiring
a professional technician who must also have expertise with that specific kind of program.
3. Physical Storage:
A relational database is comprised of rows and columns, which requires a lot of physical
memory because each operation performed depends on separate storage. The requirements of
physical memory may increase along with the increase of data.
4. Lack of Scalability:
While using the relational database over multiple servers, its structure changes and becomes
difficult to handle, especially when the quantity of the data is large. Due to this, the data is not
scalable on different physical storage servers. Ultimately, its performance is affected i.e. lack of
availability of data and load time etc. As the database becomes larger or more distributed with a
greater number of servers, this will have negative effects like latency and availability issues affecting
overall performance.
5. Complexity in Structure:
Relational databases can only store data in tabular form which makes it difficult to represent
complex relationships between objects. This is an issue because many applications require more than
one table to store all the necessary data required by their application logic.
6. Decrease in performance over time:
The relational database can become slower, not just because of its reliance on multiple tables.
When there is a large number of tables and data in the system, it causes an increase in complexity. It
can lead to slow response times over queries or even complete failure for them depending on how
many people are logged into the server at a given time.

Q-3 What is Structured Data? Marks-3

The data which is to the point, factual, and highly organized is referred to as structured data. It is quantitative in
nature, i.e., it is related to quantities that means it contains measurable numerical values like numbers, dates,
and times.

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 BHAGWAN MAHAVIR UNIVERSITY
BHAGWAN MAHAVIR POLYTECHNIC
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Advanced Database Management with MongoDB- Theory(2030106402)

It is easy to search and analyze structured data.

• Structured data exists in a predefined format.
• Relational database consisting of tables with rows and columns is one of the best examples of
structured data.
• Structured data generally exist in tables like excel files and Google Docs spreadsheets. The
programming language SQL (structured query language) is used for managing the structured data.
SQL is developed by IBM in the 1970s and majorly used to handle relational databases and
warehouses.
• Structured data is highly organized and understandable for machine language. Common applications
of relational databases with structured data include sales transactions, Airline reservation systems,
inventory control, and others.

Q-4 What is UnStructured Data? Marks-3

• All the unstructured files, log files, audio files, and image files are included in the unstructured
data. Some organizations have much data available, but they did not know how to derive data
value since the data is raw.

• Unstructured data is the data that lacks any predefined model or format.
• It requires a lot of storage space, and it is hard to maintain security in it.
• It cannot be presented in a data model or schema. That's why managing, analyzing, or searching for
unstructured data is hard.
• It resides in various different formats like text, images, audio and video files, etc. It is qualitative in
nature and sometimes stored in a non-relational database or NO-SQL.
• It is not stored in relational databases, so it is hard for computers and humans to interpret it. The
limitations of unstructured data include the requirement of data science experts and specialized tools
to manipulate the data.
• The amount of unstructured data is much more than the structured data. Examples of human -
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 BHAGWAN MAHAVIR UNIVERSITY
BHAGWAN MAHAVIR POLYTECHNIC
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Advanced Database Management with MongoDB- Theory(2030106402)

generated unstructured data are Text files, Email, social media, media, mobile data, business
applications, and others. The machine-generated unstructured data includes satellite images,
scientific data, sensor data, digital surveillance, and many more.

Q-5 Difference between Structured Data vs. Unstructured Data. Marks-5

On the Structured data Unstructured data

basis of

Technology It is based on a relational It is based on character and binary data.

database.

Flexibility Structured data is less flexible There is an absence of schema, so it is

and schema-dependent. more flexible.

Scalability It is hard to scale database It is more scalable.

schema.

Robustness It is very robust. It is less robust.

Performance Here, we can perform a While in unstructured data, textual

structured query that allows queries are possible, the performance is
complex joining, so the lower than semi- structured and
performance is higher. structured data.

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 BHAGWAN MAHAVIR UNIVERSITY
BHAGWAN MAHAVIR POLYTECHNIC
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Advanced Database Management with MongoDB- Theory(2030106402)

Nature Structured data is quantitative, It is qualitative, as it cannot be processed

i.e., it consists of hard numbers and analyzed usingconventional tools.
or things that can be counted.

Format It has a predefined format. It has a variety of formats, i.e., it comes

in a variety of shapes and sizes.

Analysis It is easy to search. Searching for unstructured data ismore

difficult.

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 BHAGWAN MAHAVIR UNIVERSITY
BHAGWAN MAHAVIR POLYTECHNIC
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Advanced Database Management with MongoDB- Theory(2030106402)

Q-6 What is NoSQL database? Marks-2

• NoSQL database stands for “Not Only SQL” or “Not SQL.

• NoSQL is a non-relational DBMS, that does not require a fixed schema, avoids joins, and
is easy to scale.
• The purpose of using a NoSQL database is for distributed data stores with humongous data
storage needs. NoSQL is used for big data and real-time webapps.
• For example: companies like Twitter, Facebook, Google collect terabytes of userdata every
single day .

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 BHAGWAN MAHAVIR UNIVERSITY
BHAGWAN MAHAVIR POLYTECHNIC
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Advanced Database Management with MongoDB- Theory(2030106402)

Q-7 What are the Advantages Of NoSQL? Marks-2

• Can be used as Primary or Analytic Data Source

• Big Data Capability
• No Single Point of Failure
• Easy Replication
• No Need for Separate Caching Layer
• It provides fast performance and horizontal scalability.
• Can handle structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data with equal effect
• Object-oriented programming which is easy to use and flexible
• NoSQL databases don’t need a dedicated high-performance server
• Support Key Developer Languages and Platforms
• Simple to implement than using RDBMS
• It can serve as the primary data source for online applications.
• Handles big data which manages data velocity, variety, volume, and complexity
• Excels at distributed database and multi-data center operations
• Eliminates the need for a specific caching layer to store data
• Offers a flexible schema design which can easily be altered without downtime or service disruption.

Q-8 What are the Disadvantages of NoSQL? Marks-2

• No standardization rules
• Limited query capabilities
• RDBMS databases and tools are comparatively mature
• It does not offer any traditional database capabilities, like consistency when multiple
transactions are performed simultaneously .
• When the volume of data increases it is difficult to maintain unique values as keys become
difficult.
• Doesn’t work as well with relational data
• The learning curve is stiff for new developers
• Open-source options so not so popular for enterprises.

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 BHAGWAN MAHAVIR UNIVERSITY
BHAGWAN MAHAVIR POLYTECHNIC
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Advanced Database Management with MongoDB- Theory(2030106402)

Q-9 Explain Types of NoSQL database. Marks-5

• NoSQL databases use a different approach. Based on a data model there are a few types
of databases in the NoSQL world.
• Here are the five main types of NoSQL databases:

1. Key-value stores
2. Column-oriented databases
3. Document databases
4. Graph databases
5. Multi-Model Databases

• Data is stored in key/value pairs. It is designed in such a way to handle lots of data and heavy load.
• Key-value pair storage databases store data as a hash table where each key is unique, and the
value can be a JSON, BLOB(Binary Large Objects), string, etc.
• For example, a key-value pair may contain a key like “Website” associated with a value
like “Guru99”.

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 BHAGWAN MAHAVIR UNIVERSITY
BHAGWAN MAHAVIR POLYTECHNIC
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Advanced Database Management with MongoDB- Theory(2030106402)

• It is one of the most basic NoSQL database examples. This kind of NoSQL database issued as a
collection, dictionaries, associative arrays, etc. Key value stores help the developer to store schema-
less data. They work best for shopping cart contents.
• Redis, Dynamo, Riak are some NoSQL examples of key-value store Databases. They are all
based on Amazon’s Dynamo paper.

2. Column-based:

• Column-oriented databases work on columns and are based on BigTable paper by Google.
Every column is treated separately. Values of single column databases arestored contiguously .
• It is one of the most basic NoSQL database examples. This kind of NoSQL database isused as a
collection, dictionaries, associative arrays, etc. Key value stores help the developer to store schema-
less data. They work best for shopping cart contents.
• Redis, Dynamo, Riak are some NoSQL examples of key-value store Databases. Theyare all based
on Amazon’s Dynamo paper.

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 BHAGWAN MAHAVIR UNIVERSITY
BHAGWAN MAHAVIR POLYTECHNIC
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Advanced Database Management with MongoDB- Theory(2030106402)

3. Document-Oriented:
• Document-Oriented NoSQL DB stores and retrieves data as a key value pair but the value part is
stored as a document. The document is stored in JSON or XML formats.The value is understood by
the DB and can be queried.

Relational Vs. Document

• In this diagram on your left, you can see we have rows and columns, and in the right,we have a
document database which has a similar structure to JSON. Now for the relational database, you
have to know what columns you have and so on. However, for a document database, you have data
store like JSON object. You do not require todefine which make it flexible.
• The document type is mostly used for CMS systems, blogging platforms, real-timeanalytics &
e-commerce applications. It should not use for complex transactions which require multiple
operations or queries against varying aggregate structures.
• Amazon SimpleDB, CouchDB, MongoDB, Riak, Lotus Notes, MongoDB, arepopular
Document originated DBMS systems.

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 BHAGWAN MAHAVIR UNIVERSITY
BHAGWAN MAHAVIR POLYTECHNIC
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Advanced Database Management with MongoDB- Theory(2030106402)

Graph-Based:
• A graph-type database stores entities as well the relations amongst those entities. The entity is
stored as a node with the relationship as edges. An edge gives a relationship between nodes. Every
node and edge has a unique identifier.

• Compared to a relational database where tables are loosely connected, a Graph database is a
multi-relational in nature. Traversing relationship is fast as they are already captured into
the DB, and there is no need to calculate them.
• Graph base database mostly used for social networks, logistics, spatial data.
• Neo4J, Infinite Graph, OrientDB, FlockDB are some popular graph-based databases.

4. Multi-Model Databases:

• Multi-model databases are designed to handle multiple data models against a

single integrated backend.
• They are a brand-new in the NoSQL world, and there will be much more buzz around this type
of database in the future.

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 BHAGWAN MAHAVIR UNIVERSITY
BHAGWAN MAHAVIR POLYTECHNIC
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Advanced Database Management with MongoDB- Theory(2030106402)

Q-10 Explain NoSQL Vs RDBMS. Marks-5

Relational Database NoSQL

It is used to handle data coming in low velocity. It is used to handle data coming in high
velocity.

It gives both read and write

It gives only read scalability. scalability.

It manages structured data. It manages all type of data.

Data arrives from one or few locations. Data arrives from many locations.

It supports complex transactions. It supports simple transactions.

It has single point of failure. No single point of failure.

It handles data in less volume. It handles data in high volume.

Transactions written in many

Transactions written in one location. locations.

support ACID properties compliance doesn’t support ACID properties

Its difficult to make changes in database once it is Enables easy and frequent changes
defined database

schema is mandatory to store the data schema design is not required

Deployed in vertical fashion. Deployed in Horizontal fashion

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