Class: EEE D2 Semester: VI

Course: Internet of Things for Electrical Engineering

Course Code: 20EE C03

UNIT-I (Part-2)
Introduction to IoT

Learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, the reader will be able to:

 Understand the Basic principles and terminology of

Computer Networking.

 Understand the Basic principles and terminology of

Network Security.

 Understand the Basic principles and terminology of

WSN, M2M and CPS.

 Understand the Basic principles and terminology of

Sensors and Actuators.

P. Hemeshwar Chary
EEE Dept. CBIT(A) Page 1 of 9
Class: EEE D2 Semester: VI
Course: Internet of Things for Electrical Engineering
Course Code: 20EE C03
Layered Network Models

The intercommunication between hosts in any computer

network, be it a large-scale or a small-scale one, is built upon the
premise of various task-specific layers.

Two of the most commonly accepted and used traditional layered

network models are the open systems interconnection developed
by the

1. International Organization of Standardization (ISO-OSI)

reference model and,

2. Internet Protocol Suite.

OSI Model

The ISO-OSI model is a conceptual framework that partitions any

networked communication device into seven layers of
abstraction, each performing distinct tasks based on the
underlying technology and internal structure of the hosts.

These seven layers, from bottom-up, are as follows:

1) Physical layer,
2) Data link layer,
3) Network layer,
4) Transport layer,
5) Session layer,
6) Presentation layer, and
7) Application layer.

P. Hemeshwar Chary
EEE Dept. CBIT(A) Page 2 of 9
Class: EEE D2 Semester: VI
Course: Internet of Things for Electrical Engineering
Course Code: 20EE C03

Networked communication between two hosts following the

OSI model

Physical Layer:

This is a media layer and is also referred to as layer 1 of the OSI

model.

The physical layer is responsible for taking care of the electrical

and mechanical operations of the host at the actual physical
level.

These operations include or deal with issues relating to signal

generation, signal transfer, voltages, the layout of cables,
physical port layout, line impedances, and signal loss.
This layer is responsible for the topological layout of the network
(star, mesh, bus, or ring), communication mode (simplex, duplex,
full duplex), and bit rate control operations.

The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as

a symbol. Data Link Layer: This is a media layer and layer 2 of
the OSI model.

P. Hemeshwar Chary
EEE Dept. CBIT(A) Page 3 of 9
Class: EEE D2 Semester: VI
Course: Internet of Things for Electrical Engineering
Course Code: 20EE C03

The data link layer is mainly concerned with the establishment

and termination of the connection between two hosts, and the
detection and correction of errors during communication between
two or more connected hosts.

IEEE 802 divides the OSI layer 2 further into two sub-layers [2]:

a) Medium access control (MAC) and,

b) logical link control (LLC)

MAC is responsible for access control and permissions for

connecting networked devices.

Whereas LLC is mainly tasked with error checking, flow control,

and frame synchronization.

The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as

a frame.

Network Layer:

This layer is a media layer and layer 3 of the OSI model.

It provides a means of routing data to various hosts connected to

different networks through logical paths called virtual circuits.

These logical paths may pass through other intermediate hosts

(nodes) before reaching the actual destination host.

The primary tasks of this layer include addressing, sequencing of

packets, congestion control, error handling, and Internetworking.

The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as

a packet.
Transport Layer:

This is layer 4 of the OSI model and is a host layer.

The transport layer is tasked with end-to-end error recovery and

flow control to achieve a transparent transfer of data between
hosts.

P. Hemeshwar Chary
EEE Dept. CBIT(A) Page 4 of 9
Class: EEE D2 Semester: VI
Course: Internet of Things for Electrical Engineering
Course Code: 20EE C03

This layer is responsible for keeping track of acknowledgments

during variable-length data transfer between hosts.

In case of loss of data, or when no acknowledgment is received,

the transport layer ensures that the particular erroneous data
segment is re-sent to the receiving host.

The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as

a segment or datagram.

Session Layer:

This is the OSI model’s layer 5 and is a host layer.

It is responsible for establishing, controlling, and terminating of

communication between networked hosts.

The session layer sees full utilization during operations such as

remote procedure calls and remote sessions.

The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as

data.

Presentation Layer:

This layer is a host layer and layer 6 of the OSI model.

It is mainly responsible for data format conversions and

encryption tasks such that the syntactic compatibility of the data
is maintained across the network, for which it is also referred to
as the syntax layer.

The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as

data.

Application Layer:

This is layer 6 of the OSI model and is a host layer.

It is directly accessible by an end-user through software APIs

(application program interfaces) and terminals.

P. Hemeshwar Chary
EEE Dept. CBIT(A) Page 5 of 9
 Class: EEE D2 Semester: VI
Course: Internet of Things for Electrical Engineering
Course Code: 20EE C03
Applications such as file transfers, FTP (file transfer protocol), e-
mails, and other such operations are initiated from this layer.

The application layer deals with user authentication,

identification of communication hosts, quality of service, and
privacy.

The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as

data.

A networked communication between two hosts following the OSI

model is shown in Figure 1.3. Table 1.2 summarizes the OSI
layers and their features, where PDU stands for protocol data
unit.

S.No Name Location PDU Function Example

Communication over Ethernet, FDDI, B8ZS,
1 Physical Media Symbol
physical medium V.35, V.24, RJ45
Reliability of IEEE 802.5/ 802.2, IEEE
2 Data Link Media Frame communication over 802.3/802.2, PPP HDLC,
physical medium Frame Relay, ATM, FDDI
Structuring of data and
3 Network Media Packet routing between multiple DDP, IP, AppleTalk, IPX
nodes
Reliability of
communication over
4 Transport Host Segment SPX, TCP, UDP
networks or between
hosts
Establishment,
management, and NetBios names, NFS,
5 Session Host Data
termination of remote RPC, SQL
sessions
Encryption, ASCII, MIDI,
Syntactic conversion of
6 Presentation Host Data PICT, JPEG, EBCDIC,
data and encryption
TIFF, GIF, MPEG
User identification, SNMP, Telnet, WWW
7 Application Host Data authentication, privacy, browsers, HTTP, NFS,
and quality of service FTP

Summary of the OSI layers and their features

P. Hemeshwar Chary
EEE Dept. CBIT(A) Page 6 of 9
Class: EEE D2 Semester: VI
Course: Internet of Things for Electrical Engineering
Course Code: 20EE C03
Internet Protocol Suite

The Internet protocol suite is yet another conceptual framework

that provides levels of abstraction for ease of understanding and
development of communication and networked systems on the
Internet.

However, the Internet protocol suite predates the OSI model and
provides only four levels of abstraction:

1) Link layer,
2) Internet layer,
3) Transport layer, and
4) Application layer.

Networked communication between two hosts following the

TCP/IP suit
This collection of protocols is commonly referred to as the TCP/IP
protocol suite as the foundation technologies of this suite are
transmission control protocol (TCP) and Internet protocol (IP).

The TCP/IP protocol suite comprises the following four layers:

P. Hemeshwar Chary
EEE Dept. CBIT(A) Page 7 of 9
Class: EEE D2 Semester: VI
Course: Internet of Things for Electrical Engineering
Course Code: 20EE C03
Link Layer:

The first and base layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite is also
known as the network interface layer.

This layer is synonymous with the collective physical and data

link layer of the OSI model.

It enables the transmission of TCP/IP packets over the physical

medium.

According to its design principles, the link layer is independent of

the medium in use, frame format, and network access, enabling
it to be used with a wide range of technologies such as the
Ethernet, wireless LAN, and the asynchronous transfer mode
(ATM).

Internet Layer:

Layer 2 of the TCP/IP protocol suite is somewhat synonymous to

the network layer of the OSI model.

It is responsible for addressing, address translation, data

packaging, data disassembly and assembly, routing, and packet
delivery tracking operations.

Some core protocols associated with this layer are address

resolution protocol (ARP), Internet protocol (IP), Internet control
message protocol (ICMP), and Internet group management
protocol (IGMP).

Traditionally, this layer was built upon IPv4, which is gradually

shifting to IPv6, enabling the accommodation of a much more
significant number of addresses and security measures.

(iii) Transport Layer:

Layer 3 of the TCP/IP protocol suite is functionally synonymous

with the transport layer of the OSI model.

This layer is tasked with the functions of error control, flow

control, congestion control, segmentation, and addressing in an

P. Hemeshwar Chary
EEE Dept. CBIT(A) Page 8 of 9
Class: EEE D2 Semester: VI
Course: Internet of Things for Electrical Engineering
Course Code: 20EE C03
end-to-end manner; it is also independent of the underlying
network.

Transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol

(UDP) are the core protocols upon which this layer is built, which
in turn enables it to have the choice of providing connection-
oriented or connectionless services between two or more hosts or
networked devices.

Application Layer:

The functionalities of the application layer, layer 4, of the TCP/IP

protocol suite are synonymous with the collective functionalities
of the OSI model’s session, presentation, and application layers.

This layer enables an end-user to access the services of the

underlying layers and defines the protocols for the transfer of
data.

Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), file transfer protocol (FTP),

simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), domain name system
(DNS), routing information protocol (RIP), and simple network
management protocol (SNMP) are some of the core protocols
associated with this layer.

A networked communication between two hosts following the

TCP/IP model is shown in Figure

P. Hemeshwar Chary
EEE Dept. CBIT(A) Page 9 of 9