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Impact of City Planning on Cultural Identity: A case study of Jaipur City

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 ISSN: 2456-5253
International Journal of
Volume 8, Issue 1, 2022

Town Planning and Management DOI (Journal): 10.37628/IJTPM

http://architecture.journalspub.info/index.php?journal=JTPM&page=index

Research IJTPM

Impact of City Planning on Cultural Identity: A case

study of Jaipur City
Megha Singh1*, Avitesh2

Abstract
The phenomenon of expressing as well as communicating cultural identity in architecture and design
is evident in numerous parts of the world: this paper examines and analyses in the context of Jaipur.
Jaipur has constantly redesigned and reinvented itself, absorbing a wide range of social and cultural
influences, can be clearly seen in its depository of crafts, traditions, and architectural expressions. This
is perhaps most instantly recognizable and clearly reflected in the way its architectural identity has
evolved over time. The cultural identity of Jaipur exits within the walled city. The paper defines the
cultural identity of walled city, Jaipur using the two theories of the book “Image of the city” by Kevin
Lynch and “Genius Loci” by Christian Norberg-Schulz. The clear difference and similarities between
the image and identity of the walled city has been showed in the paper using the maps of the walled city
and overall map of Jaipur. It also explains the identity of walled city using some aspects like social,
political, cultural, historical and geographical aspects which covers the tangible and intangible aspects
as well. The paper finishes up with proposal and for the recommendation highlighted issues and
disparities in impression also the perception of the general image and form of the city because of the
urban growth and development in the present context.

Keywords: Culture, Urban Form, City Identity, Architectural style, Evolution, Imageability, Urban
Growth, Heritage

INTRODUCTION
The royal city of Rajasthan is well-known for its architectural and cultural richness. Jaipur may be
the most famous city in the state of Rajasthan. It's a city overflowing with history, design and
architecture, flaunting monumental treasures, and home to numerous social, cultural and tradition
stories recorded through its buildings. A city's culture serves as a focal point or a hub for various aspects
of life in a city that people enjoy and value. A city's culture and way of life evolve through time as a
result of common experiences in the area. Culture could be anything that causes people to identify each
other to form a set of shared traditions [1][2].

It is defined by-
• The language used by people living over there living there from early times
• The culture of food production, selection and
*Author for Correspondence preparation
Megha Singh
E-mail: [email protected] • Fashion they follow like the clothing style,
• The norms that guide the behaviour
1
Student, Department of Architecture, Sushant University,
Gurugram, Haryana, India
• Symbols having the iconic visual scenes and
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Sushant other symbol of a city’s identity.
University, Gurugram, Haryana, India.
• Legend and myth
Received Date: February 15, 2022 • Local Knowledge such as how to barter with
Accepted Date: February 24, 2022 local people and vendors.
Published Date: March 15, 2022
• Architecture including the city’s traditional,
Citation: Megha Singh, Avitesh. Impact of Planning on modern and night culture
Cultural Identity in Jaipur. International Journal of Town
Planning and Management. 2021; 8(1): 55–66p. • Urban landscape, planning and design of a city.

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Impact of Planning on Cultural Identity in Jaipur Singh and Avitesh

• Market and trade work

• Public and recreational spaces for socializing
• Local events like community event and traditional festivals being followed from earlier times
with rituals.
• High culture that is recognised by institutions as being of the finest and highest quality of art.
Pastimes including the modes of enjoyment and recreation including the traditions and holidays.

By taking the example of city Jaipur to explain its culture. From the earlier times Marwari language
was used by the people of Jaipur from the start of the journey of the king of Jaipur was Maharaja Man
Singh from Kachhwahas background. He had his huge Amer fort situated on hills. There were
Kachhwahas, Brahmins, Banias etc. with some lower caste people. It is widely assumed that Rajput
warriors would split the dough mixture into pieces and leave it covered in thin layers of sand to heat or
bake in the sun. On their get back from the battle field, they uncover the entirely prepared baatis that
were then coated with ghee and overwhelmed by curd produced using goat or camel milk. It was later
accepted as the most famous dish when the traders of Gupta empire came and settled in Mewar made
the combination of dal baati famous. At that time women have to cover their whole-body including face
so, the women have to take odhani with their ghagra choli also gota-patti work was done on the ghagra
to add royal elegance, style, on borders and Jaipuri. The traditional dhoti-kurta with pagri was the outfit
for Rajasthani men [3][4].

The ruler of Jaipur was king maharaja Man Singh who was having his Amer Fort on terrain or hills.
later the power was shifted to Sawai Jai Singh II, the Raja of Amber, established the main arranged and
well-planned city of India with the help of well-known Bengali planner Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. The
ruler chose to move his capital from Amber to the new city of Jaipur because of a rising population and
water shortage [5]. The city developed with squares, distribution of the residences according to the
different castes including the royal residences, new streets, the gates well ornamented with the boundary
walls and military fortress over a few years. Side by side there was a fight for the power between the
rulers as the Mughals were ruling in Delhi whereas the Rajput were ruling in Rajasthan. This brought a
change in the architecture of Jaipur in terms of change in the architectural style with elements. As there
was a mixture of Rajput and Mughal architectural elements in the buildings as well as in the planning
[6][7].

After a century due to the improvement in the planning of the city their different mode of transport
generated, there was an increase in the mobility. The highways and the roads were constructed which
connected the Jaipur city from other states and cities. This brought up the mobility of people from
different cities and state. Also, there was an exchange of goods which increase of trade work. People
living in Jaipur started working of the art work with exploration of the different arts. The migratory
people coming from different cities brought and shared different culture, style and art work which led
to the change in the planning and architecture style of the city. The trade work led to the migration of
people from one place to another which led to tourism also. This created the image of the city, Jaipur
in the mind of the visitors [8][9].

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of the research is to define the cultural identity and spirit of walled city, Jaipur by using the
elements defined by Kevin Lynch for the image of the city and the principles of Genius loci with help
of using public buildings within walled city and outside it of different time period. These public
buildings will try to explain that how the and in which aspects the changes came up in the architecture
of Jaipur with respect to time. It will also explain how the city can lose its identity as moving away
from the walled city [10].

The target of this study is to create, develop an understanding towards how building structures fit
their specific situation or context- the historical, social, cultural, physical and formal setting of the spot

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Volume 8, Issue 1
ISSN: 2456-5253

or place. It investigates also explores the reading of the proper components, formal elements and
frameworks, system as constituent pieces and parts of a unique situation and context, makes noticeable,
visible the connections and relationships among themselves and in the setting all in all. It is the
impression of these connections which adds to the improvement and development of existing
conceptual Order and a singular nature of the setting. The study attempts to extract the essential the
basic components of structure, essential elements of the form and space in the regular, natural, planned
condition and design environment, and to find their standards, concept and principals for the design.
This paper will help the reader or designer to know the evolutionary study of the architectural style,
features, elements, culture, urban planning, and identity of Jaipur as shown in figure 1,2,3,4,5 [11][12].

Method of Data Collection

Secondary Data

Books Research papers Interview

Image of the city (Kevin Understanding the social, Professional architects and
Lynch) cultural and geographical aspects teachers worked in Jaipur.
also the history, planning,
architectural, features of
different time period.
Understanding the elements for
image of the city and explaining the Residents living in Jaipur and
image of the walled city, Jaipur by People who visited Jaipur
mental mapping.

Architecture student
Genius Lou (Norberg
Schulz

Understanding the principles to

explain the cultural identity of
walled city, Jaipur by covering
tangible and intangible aspects.

Building Jaipur (Vibhuti

Sachdev, cites Tillotson)

Understanding the history,

infrastructure, art, planning,
architectural elements, cultural,
social and geographical aspects of
different time period.
Analysis
Data Collection

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Impact of Planning on Cultural Identity in Jaipur Singh and Avitesh

Figure 1. Methodology for evolutionary study of the architectural style

Figure 2. This map shows the overall planning of the walled city and around it in 17th century. The
terrain and the flat land planning according to Maharaj Man Singh and Jai Singh II.

Figure 3. This map shows the detailed planning of the walled city. According to Maharah Jai Singh II
in 18th century.

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Volume 8, Issue 1
ISSN: 2456-5253

Figure 4. This map shows the detailed planning of the walled city and planning around it in 19 th and
20th century with the well detailed important landmarks of Jaipur.

Figure 5. This map shows the detailed planning of the walled city and around it with road and highway
networks.

This zone covers mainly Walled city area. Deep use of cultural and traditional elements. This whole
area, as a backbone of Jaipur.

IMAGE AND IDENTITY OF THE CITY

The mental or psychological image mediates in the interaction among people and the environment:
‘The environment suggests distinctions and relations and the observer, selects and organizes and
endows with meaning what its sees’ (Lynch, 1960, p. 6). Lynch examinations two characteristics of
built environment: clarity or legibility, 'the ease with which its parts can be perceived and can be
coordinated into a coherent pattern' and imageability, 'that quality in an item which gives it a high
likelihood of bringing out a solid picture in' the onlooker' (Lynch, 1960, p. 60). So, according to Kelvin
Lynch, the city is about the manner in which individuals see it or perceive it. He called it as imageability.
A few components in the city gives individuals more than only information. Lynch commits his work

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Impact of Planning on Cultural Identity in Jaipur Singh and Avitesh

to understand how individuals see, perceive and represent to a city, and from what external urban
artefacts the mental and psychological image of the city emerges or arises [13].

Identity covers many concepts like architectural, social, cultural, political, psychological, emotional,
etc. concepts in a comprehensive way [Littlefield, 2012]. The city identity moulds different variables
and elements that are unique to each city, and unique identities emerge as a result. The explanation or
reason of this is, the city isn't just a visual element made out of physical inputs yet it's also evaluated as
economical cultural, efficient and social dynamic. The concept of city identity includes social, cultural,
spatial and economical measurements, ought to be taken care of, it must be qualified as collective
outcome including the past of the city and each connection with interaction which gave the city to reach
today with its past. Architectural building and the works related to it, follows some special components
which plays an important function as well as role in the development of architectural identity of the
city. Some of those components are like geological area, physical structure, socio culture structure,
trade, economical condition, climate, topography, religious facts, history, culture, streets, roads and
architectural works contribute the development of exceptional and unique city identities [14] [15].

Any sort of urban components or segments like squares, roads, streets, monuments landmarks, and
so on in the city can be in these arrangements of action. Architectural works and building structures, as
part of these components, play an important role in the establishment of the city's architectural identity.
For this reason, the facts with highest potential of forming identity and placed in the human made
environment are the monument buildings in that city, building groups and the city fabric formed by
togetherness of these buildings [Birol, 2007]. The structures and building groups which saw or
witnessed the various different periods of the city are put in an advantaged area or privileged location
included to city life. ‘Human identity springs from the ‘Identity of Place’ (Loci,2012). The city plays
a spatial relationship between the city's past and present residents, providing unity and togetherness
with those who will live there after them. The city identity, which is developed at the ending of the
process, is a historical concept moulded by the development of a harmonic and meaningful whole with
numerous times. For example; The maharaja Man Singh the ruler of Jaipur having huge Amer fort on
the mountains. To expand the walled city, Maharaja Jai Singh II who had a thought of planning Jaipur
City by Hindu cosmology [16][17].

THE WALLED CITY PLANNING

The city of Jaipur is around the world perceived as a model of eighteenth century urban planning and
has been broadly read for its durable urban morphology, design and architectural identity.( Shuji Funo,
Naohiko Yamamoto and Mohan Pant,2002) For most, the walled city of Jaipur symbolizes the futuristic
vision of its founder, Sawai Jai Singh II, with a deliberately and carefully spread out lattice iron
arrangement composed into neighbourhoods or chowkdis by increasing order of roads (hierarchy) and
a uniform urban fabric. there was a deep study of Vaastu shastra square or block pattern, road
framework, street system, private structures, residential forms and neighbourhood structure was done
to before the planning of the city. To support association, all the gates marking the western and eastern
ends of this street are named as Chand Pol (moon gate) and Suraj Pol (sun gate) etc. (Vibhuti Sachdev,
Giles Tillotson,2004). These gates were connected with the boundary walls that signifies the boundary
of the walled city and the end of the planning done under Jai Singh II. These gates are highly oriented
with the Mughal and Rajput architectural style. Well ornamentation is done to depict the architecture
style of Jaipur. The city is known for the grid iron city as it follows the principles of space formation
through the grids. (Shuji Funo, Naohiko Yamamoto and Mohan Pant,2002). There was distribution of
the living areas according to the caste system, which plays like hierarchy of castes around the central
Palace within the wall city. (Vibhuti Sachdev, Giles Tillotson,2004). However, Jaipur has continually
re-designed itself, absorbing a scope of social and cultural influences, noticeable and visible in its
immense vault of artworks, customs and building articulations. This is maybe most plainly and
unmistakably reflected in the manner its design character and architectural identity has changed more
than three centuries [18][19].

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Changes that Came UP in and Around the Walled City

The last part of Sawai Smash Singh II's rule saw the broad modernization of Jaipur city (Byron,
1931). Modernization intensely affected by the advancements and also highly influenced by the
development in Britain, remembering a significant effect and impact on the artworks, crafts and
traditional arts of Jaipur and the development of the city past its dividers and the expansion of the city
beyond its boundary walls. The leading style in Jaipur city was the introduction of the Art Nouveau and
Art-Deco styles inside Jaipur, found in a portion of its now iconic urban regions. (Arora,2009). During
this time, a majority of additional residential colonies expanded up beyond the walls of the city, along
with Jaipur's newer landmarks along its principal axis. Simultaneously, the walled city went through
critical changes. The development in structural character and also the evolution in architectural identity
is likewise firmly connected with the way Jaipur's urban structure and the form has developed, both
outward and internally [20].

The railroad line was settled towards the western edge of the city and new ways streets, roads and
highways leading and connecting Jaipur to different cities with urban communities and were built by
the Public Works Department during the 1860s. (Byron,1931) The opening of the railroad line had
proclaimed and lead to another stage with new phase in Jaipur's development and it turned into a desired
objective and destination, not just for exchange, trade and commerce but also additionally for the travel
industry and tourism as shown in figure 6. This mission for modernisation was not restricted to urban
extension and the presentation of new institutions but soon became evident in the building’s
construction inside the walled city and somewhere else. By the turn of the century, his reputation as an
architect and his knowledge of Indo-Saracenic details was considered so formidable that he was invited
to act in advisory capacity to Lutyens for the design of the Imperial Capital of New Delhi (Byron, 1931).
The leading and most famous architect Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob came up during 19th century who
built extensively in the Jaipur. Working for over three decayed he gained the knowledge of Indo-
Saracenic details and to formulate that he was invited to Delhi. This has brought the changes beyond
the walled city Jaipur [21].

The city inside these boundaries shows its culture where as the surroundings with context to the city
wall shows the cloning in a flow with slow variations in the planning and architectural style.
(Arora,2009). At last, the position of new architectural styles in the 20th century inside the historic
texture, fabric is inspected and examined alongside with evaluating its significance in making, creating
the urban identity, personality of current modern Jaipur. The identity of city Jaipur, is a group which
covers the tangible, in tangible, geographical, economic, social and cultural aspects which are deeply
explained above in the paper. Genius loci explains how topography, interpretation of the city's historical
connection to its surroundings is a primary factor for city development, and how memories, as well as
the transformation of the city's-built environment in the inner - city areas, have highly and strongly
influenced residents' or occupants' sense of place and, by extension, their sense of self [22][23].

Study and Analysis of Public Buildings Within, Outside and Away From the Walled City
According to the Time Period
The development of urban space is coordinating and selective in nature changing starting with one
city then onto other. The conception of city space and change is dynamic in landscape and architecture,
changing with stage, phase, perspective, and observation. The growth of urban space has been done
through several factors, such as historical presence, geographical condition, locational benefits,
administrative and political setup in development plans. Jaipur city promises unique growth and
development, initially within the walled city and then on the walled city's edge and on its outskirts.

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Impact of Planning on Cultural Identity in Jaipur Singh and Avitesh

– – – Walled city boundary

1. Sawai Man Singh Town Hall
2. Rajasthan school art
3 Albert hall
4.Vidhan Sabha
5..Jawahar Kala Kendra
Figure:6. Showing the public buildings according to the time line marked in Jaipur map
(Source: The author,2020)

Town Hall Within the Walled City and Vidhan Sabha Away from the Walled City
Taking some example of public buildings to support the research question. Here the taking the
example of the great Sawai Man Singh II Town Hall was built in 1880–83 before independence in 18th
century befdore independence. Designed by Architect Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, it has been used for
a variety of purposes, the first of which was to hold the Jaipur Exhibition in 1883. Furthermore, this
8000 m2 area was used as an assembly hall in pre-independence India. The exhibition, held at the
Maharaja Sawai Man Singh Town Hall, followed Jacob's concept and design, with European neo-
classical style features on the ground level and Indian arches framing and outlining the windows above,
a suitable blend of Western and local aesthetics (Tillotson 2006:215).This is the place where legislative
assembly used to take place. The Amber Development and Management Authority (AD&MA), the
nodal institution of the Government of Rajasthan, selected Lord Cultural Resources as an expert to
transform this dominating and commanding structure into a world class museum dedicated to the city
of Jaipur as shown in figure 7. This planned museum is a first of its type in India, as a one-of-a-kind
immersive museum based on the AD&MA collection and the history of Jaipur. Lord Cultural Resources
provided project advice beginning with the visioning and idea phase and continuing through the
organising, planning, and design phases. The presentations tell the storey of Jaipur while emphasising
the regional and historical setting of Rajasthan.The new Museum includes a gallery [24][25].

During the British Colonial period, the city filled in as the capital of Jaipur State. Jaipur was declared
the capital of the newly shaped state of Rajasthan after independence in 1947, and the population grew
at the same time. But now the legislative assembly has shifted from the Sawai Man Singh Town Hall
to the Vidhan sabha (constructed in 1957) due to the political and geographical reasons as explained
here in figure 8 . The massive new Vidhan Sabha, which is located outside of the walled city and serves
as an assembly house for Rajasthan's regional government representatives, was planned and developed
by state Public Works Department architects. In some aspects, its design refers back to the Indo-
Saracenic movement's approach, with indigenizing elements used as a spectacular camouflage over the
structure. The idea is taken a step further by the full separation of the two layers: the three-story arcades
that sweep over the façades provide neither shade or circulation to the areas within, and they serve only
as identity carriers [26][27].

Albert Hall Just Ouside the Walled City

Then taking another example of the Albert Hall which was built in 18th century before independence,
built away from the walled city The Albert Hall was finished in 1887 by the modeler Samuel Swinton
Jacob, Director of Jaipur PWD. The building itself became an intrinsic element of the exposition, with
its Indo-Saracenic architecture and stone ornamentation serving as a model for several classical Indian

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architectural styles ranging from Mughal to Rajput [28]. The architect Jacob worked a lot on indo-
sarascenic style for which he was also invitede to delhi as shown in figure 9.initially the demarment of
PWD was against the drawing of the Jacob but aduring the construction it was observed that the hall
has the three galleries of double hight hall can be used for exhibition, with mix of style, with the
courtyard inside and some mughal style which were used before and also Jacob was well trained
architect. This made the building to be addopted.The building has as mix of styles earlier within the
walled city was all of the mix of Rajputana and mughal style. This has braught changes beyond the
walled city, Jaipur [29][30].

Rajasthan Art School Within the Walled City and Jawahar Kala Kendra Away from the Walled
City
Another example of the Rajasthan art school which is situated within the walled city in 18th century
before independence. The Rajasthan School of Art opened in 1866 by Ram Singh was a significant
take-off from the predominant and prevailing Rajput Mughal style of architecture similar to the Public
Library Building which came up close to the Jaipur City Palace as shown in figure 10. As in 18th
century it was established by Mahraja Ram Singh II. As the British government schools were running
in madras, Calcutta and Bombay which promote more local industry. They also obtained support from
a European surgeon, Dr. de Fabeck, who was a Rajasthani art devotee and volunteered to lead the
Maharaja School of Art in Jaipur. Due to the improvement in the planning of the city their different
mode of transport generated, there was an increase in the mobility [31]. The highways and the roads
were constructed which connected the Jaipur city from other states and cities. This brought up the
mobility of people from different cities and state. Also, there was an exchange of goods which increase
of trade work. People living in Jaipur started working of the art work with exploration of the different
arts. The migratory people coming from different cities brought and shared different culture, style and
art work which led to the change in the planning and architecture style of the city [32][33].
Jawahar Kala Kendra designed by the architect Charles Correa and was constructed in1991after
independence away from the walled city. Correa's plan for the Kala Kendra highlights the original
nine house mandalas or the Navagraha directly. Each square is spun to recall and evaluate the
original city layout, as well as to provide an entrance [34]. The squares in Kendra are distinguished by
an 8m high wall and are a representation of the fortress walls of the Jaipur ancient city, just as they are
in the Jaipur city plan, which is based on the nine square Yantra, in which one square is displaced and
two central squares are linked as depicted in figure 11. The museum experience begins to redefine the
act of cultural presentation itself. As the design suggests, heritage includes unplanned chance
encounters and discoveries - a cycle that is dependent on a person's instincts and inclinations as they
walk through space, between the stage set of walls, previous replicated and recreated experiences, and
art and craft rituals. The outward, uncertain in its material joining – like the old city's bulk remains
unaltered. Like Jaipur, encased by high sandstone dividers and drew closer through outlining entries,
the Jawahar Kala Kendra remembers a more contemporary authentic predetermination [35][36]. The
table 1 shows the timeline and the location of the buildings as in architectural style map

Table 1. The table shows the timeline and location of the buildings chosen and marked in the map
above.
Pre-independence Post-independence
Within walled city Just outside walled city Away from walled city
Before 1947 1947–1977 1977–1997
Town Hall Albert Hall Jawahar Kala Kendra
Vidhan Sabha
Rajasthan Art School

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Impact of Planning on Cultural Identity in Jaipur Singh and Avitesh

Figure 7. The town hall.

(Source: The author).

Figure 8. Vidhan Sabha.

(Source: The author).

Figure 9. The albert hall.

(Source: The author).

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ISSN: 2456-5253

Figure 10. Rajasthan school of art.

(Source: The author).

Figure 11. Jawahar kala Kendra.

(Source: The author).

CONCLUSION
The clear difference and similarities between the image and identity of the walled city has been
explained by the study of the theories and elements of the “Image of a city and Genius loci”. It also
explains the identity of walled city using some aspects like social, political, cultural, historical and
geographical aspects which covers the tangible and intangible aspects as well. The concept of identity,
which has been studied by both urban morphologists and urban conservators, has grown in relevance
throughout time. From tangible and intangible referred the two theories named above, the idea of the
personality has accomplished a generally full grown definition which incorporates which includes
feelings, meanings and memory. The development in structural character and also the evolution in
architectural identity is likewise firmly connected with the way Jaipur's urban structure and the form
has developed, both outward and internally. Despite the fact that the city has undergone significant
changes in lifestyle, culture, socioeconomic status, technology, and politics throughout the centuries, it
remains one of India's most accessible, viable, and functional mediaeval cities. Jaipur city pledges
outward special development, initially within the walled city and afterwards on the edge and outside of
the Walled City. Moving away from the walled city shows the acrhitectural changes which create a
concern of loosing the identity of the city. With the change of the time the city aquires changes and
accept the new, modern and contemporary. But there should be a balance between the new and the old
so that the city should not loose it’s identity. As the according to the surveys and the study, it is observed
that Jaipur is a tpurist place where every next person wants to visit because of its architecture and
culture, which makes the city Jaipur more attaractive.

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Impact of Planning on Cultural Identity in Jaipur Singh and Avitesh

In addition, taking into account the analysis and identification of local identities within the historic
urban context and the meaning of their characteristics, elements in a normal way form the essential
components of the methodology proposed in this paper, which can be used in the preparation of urban
conservation projects. The whole study will help the reader or designer or architects to understand the
evolutionary study of the architectural style, features, elements, culture, urban planning, and identity of
Jaipur before planning and construction on a site within Jaipur. This dissertation deals with the
considerations of the 18th and 19th centuries mostly. As it describes the evolution of change in the city's
cultural identity. So, there is scope for further research into the 20th century and also the contemporary
architecture in Jaipur. This will further help the architects and designers to plan and design according
to the time and context of the site within Jaipur.

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