PCAR PART 7: INSTRUMENT AND EQUIPMENT  Airspeed indicating system with a means of

preventing malfunctioning due to either

FLIGHT AND NAVIGATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
condensation or icing
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS  Sensitive pressure altimeter
 A means of indicating whether the supply of
 All aircraft shall be equipped with flight and
power to the gyroscope instruments is adequate
navigational instruments
o Control the flight path of the aircraft No person may operate an aircraft under IFR, or under
o Carry out any required procedural VFR over routes that cannot be navigated by reference
maneuvers to visual landmarks, unless the aircraft is equipped with
o Observe the operating limitations of the navigation equipment in accordance with the
aircraft in the expected operating requirements of air traffic services in the area(s) of
conditions operation, but not less than:
o In the event of the failure of one item of
 One VOR receiving system, one ADF system, one
equipment at any stage of the flight DME and one Marker Beacon receiving system
operate the aircraft with the remaining
 One ILS or MLS (is required for approach
navigation equipment in accordance
navigation purposes)
with its operational flight plan and the
 Additional VOR receiving system
requirements of ATS.
 Additional ADF system
 Those instruments that are used by any one
flight crew member shall be so arranged as to All aircraft intended to land in IMC or at night shall be
permit the flight crew member to see the provided with radio navigation equipment
indications readily from his station, with the
NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT FOR OPERATING IN RVSM
minimum practicable deviation from the
AIRSPACE
position and line of vision which he normally
assumes when looking forward along the flight a reduced vertical separation minimum (RVSM) of 300
path m (1,000 ft) is applied between FL 290 and FL 410
MINIMUM FLIGHT AND NAVIGATIONAL INSTRUMENTS  Indicating to the flight crew the flight level being
flown
 Airspeed indicator
 Automatically maintaining a selected flight level
 Sensitive pressure altimeter, adjustable for any
 Providing an alert to the flight crew when a
barometric pressure
deviation occurs
 Vertical speed indicator
 Automatically reporting pressure – altitude
 Turn and slip indicator or turn coordinator
incorporating a slip indicator Prior to granting an RVSM approval:
 Accurate timepiece indicating the time in hours,
minutes and seconds  vertical navigation performance capability of the
aircraft satisfies the requirements
Whenever an aircraft is operating at night (each pilot’s  The operator has instituted appropriate
station shall have separate instrument: procedures in respect of continued
airworthiness (maintenance and repair)
 Attitude indicator (artificial horizon)
practices and programs
 Stabilized direction indicator (directional
 The operator has instituted appropriate flight
gyroscope)
crew procedures for operations in RVSM
IFR ISTRUMENTS airspace

All aircraft when operated in IFR or at night or when the An operator with RVSM approval shall ensure that a
aircraft cannot be maintained in a desired attitude minimum of two airplanes of each aircraft type grouping
without reference shall equipped: of the operator have their height-keeping performance
monitored, at least once every two years or within
intervals of 1 000 flight hours per airplane, whichever COMMUNICATION AND SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT
period is longer (RADIO EQUIPMENT)

NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT – GENERAL All aircraft operated in VFR as a controlled flight or in IFR
shall be provided with radio communication equipment
No person may operate an aircraft unless it is equipped
capable of conducting two-way communication with
with navigation equipment that will enable it to proceed
those aeronautical stations and on those frequencies
in accordance with:
prescribed by the Authority, including the aeronautic
 Operational flight plan emergency frequency 121.5 MHz
 Requirements of air traffic services
 Two independent radio communication systems
An Operator shall, for operations where a navigation necessary under normal operating conditions
specification for PBN has been prescribed, ensure that  Secondary Surveillance Radar transponder
the operator has established and documented: equipment

 normal and abnormal procedures including When more than one communications equipment unit
contingency procedures is required, each shall be independent of the other or
 flight crew qualification and proficiency others to the extent that a failure in any one will not
requirements result in failure of any other
 a training programme for relevant personnel No person may conduct single pilot IFR or night
consistent with the intended operations operations unless the aircraft is equipped with:
 appropriate maintenance procedures to ensure
continued airworthiness  A serviceable autopilot
 A headset with boom microphone
ELECTRONIC FLIGHT BAG (EFB)
 A transmit button on the control wheel
 an electronic information management device  A means to display charts to be readable in all
that helps flight crews perform flight ambient light conditions
management tasks more easily and efficiently
TRANSPONDER
with less paper providing the reference material
often found in the pilot's carry-on flight bag,  is a receiver/transmitter which will generate a
including the flight-crew operating manual, reply signal upon proper interrogation; the
navigational charts, etc interrogation and reply being on different
frequencies
AIRPLANES EQUIPPED WITH AUTOMATIC LANDING
SYSTEMS, A HEAD-UP DISPLAYS (HUD) OR EQUIVALENT special codes are used in emergencies, as follows:
DISPLAYS, ENHANCED VISION SYSTEMS (EVS),
 hi-jack (7500);
SYNTHETIC VISION SYSTEMS (SVS) AND/OR COMBINED
 loss of communication (7600); and,
VISION SYSTEMS (CVS)
 general emergency (7700).
shall be approved by the Authority
Mode A equipment transmits an identifying code only
 the equipment meets the airworthiness Mode C equipment enables the ATCO to see the aircraft
certification requirements altitude or flight level automatically.
 the operator has carried out a safety risk
assessment of the operation Mode S equipment has altitude capability and also
permits data exchange
 the operator has established and documented
the procedures for the use of, and training CREW MEMBER INTERPHONE SYSTEM

No AOC holder may operate an aircraft on which a flight

crew of more than one is required unless it is equipped
with a flight crew interphone system, including headsets
and microphones, not of a handheld type, for use by all  Lights to conform to the international
members of the flight crew regulations for preventing collisions at sea if the
aircraft is a seaplane or an amphibian aircraft
 Operates independently of the public address
o shall carry an anchor light or lights as
system
prescribed in sections (f) and (g), and in
 Provides a means of two-way communication
addition may carry two red lights in a
 Has an alerting system incorporating aural or
vertical line, at least 3 feet apart, so
visual signals for use by flight crew members
placed as to be visible all round the
 Has a means for the recipient of a call to
horizon
determine whether it is a normal call or an
 Illumination for all flight instruments and
emergency call
equipment that are essential for the safe
 Provides on the ground a means of two-way
operation of the aircraft
communication between ground personnel and
o are four major types of aircraft panel
at least two flight crew members
lighting: instrument face lighting, post
ALTITUDE REPORTING TRANSPONDER lighting, flood lighting, and back/edge
lighting
 No person may operate an aircraft at altitudes o Instrument face lighting is the most
above FL 290 unless it is equipped with a system effective and most attractive form of
that is automatically reporting pressure lighting for traditional round “steam
altitudes gauge” instruments
AIRCRAFT LIGHTS AND INSTRUMENT ILLUMINATION  Lights in all passenger compartments
 An independent portable light for each crew
 Landing lights member station
o high intensity lights used to illuminate  Heated pitot tube
the runway surface for takeoff and
landing and also to facilitate the aircraft Two landing lights or a single light having two separately
being seen by other pilots energized filaments
o mounted on the wing, nose, or beneath ENGINE INSTRUMENTS
the fuselage of an aircraft
 An anti-collision light system  A means for indicating fuel quantity in each fuel
o also known as Beacon lights or Strobe tank to be used
lights o indicate the amount of fuel measured
o a set of lights required on every aircraft by a sensing unit in each fuel tank and
to improve visibility to others displayed in gallons
o collision avoidance measures by  An oil pressure indicator
warning other pilots o provides a direct indication of the oil
 Navigation/position lights circulation through the system is
o consist of three lights - one on each sufficient and it reach to all required
wing and the other on the tail cone parts
o The port or the left-wing light should be o measures the pressure in pounds per
red square inch (psi) of the oil supplied to
o the starboard or the right-wing light the engine
should be green  Oil temperature indicator
o the one on the rear (astern) or the tail o measures the temperature of oil and
cone must be white indicates whether the oil is transferring
o help an observer to identify which sufficiently the heat generated by the
direction the aircraft is heading friction of parts and fuel combustion
process inside engine combustion
cylinders
  A manifold pressure indicator for each o subsonic – mach < 1.0
controllable pitch propellers o transonic – mach = 1.0
o measures the pressure of the fuel/air o supersonic – mach > 1.0
mixture within the intake manifold of o hypersonic – mach > 5.0
the engine
o An intake manifold is a small tube that - Cabin/differential pressure indicator
distributes the fuel/air mixture into the o Works like an altimeter but has two
engine's cylinders during the intake references, outside air pressure and
stroke cabin pressure
 A tachometer - Cabin Rate of Climb Indicator
o generator is an electromechanical o Indicates the rate of change in cabin
device used to electronically measure pressure
the aircraft's engine or rotor speed  A device for each reversible propeller
no AOC operator may operate any powered aircraft WARNING INSTRUMENT AND SYSTEMS
without the following engine instruments:
MACH NUMBER INDICATOR
 Carburetor air temperature indicator for each
piston engine  All aircraft with speed limitations expressed in
o senses carburetor air temperature and, terms of Mach number shall be equipped with a
Mach number indicator.
by displaying it in degrees Centigrade
relative to a yellow caution range (+5C LOSS OF PRESSURIZATION INDICATOR
to -15C) informs rather than warns you
of what your carburetor air temperature  All pressurized aircraft intended to be operated
is at altitudes at or above 25,000’ above sea level
 Cylinder head temperature indicator (air – shall be equipped with a device to provide
cooled piston engine) positive warning to the flight crew of any
o Commonly used on air-cooled engines, dangerous loss of pressurization
the head temperature gauge displays LANDING GEAR: AURAL WARNING DEVICE
the work that the engine is performing
more quickly than an oil or water  ach airplane with retractable landing gear shall
temperature gauge have a landing gear aural warning device that
 Fuel pressure indicator functions continuously
o lets you see if the pressure is sufficient o may not have a manual shutoff
to deliver the right amount of fuel to o shall be in addition to the throttle –
your engine actuated device
 Fuel flow meter or fuel mixture indicator o may utilize any part of the throttle –
 Oil quantity indicator actuated system
o used to measure the quantity of fluid ALTITUDE ALERTING SYSTEM
that has been moved during the
transfer process  Alerting the flight crew upon approaching pre-
 Independent fuel pressure warning device selected altitude in either ascent or descent
- Mach number indicator (machmeter) - an  indicating to the flight crew the flight level being
instrument which provides an indication of the flown
Mach Number  automatically maintaining a selected flight level
o the ratio between the aircraft true air  Providing an alert to the flight crew when a
speed (TAS) and the local speed of deviation occurs
sound (LSS  automatically reporting pressure-altitude
o very important in aircraft operating at  Shall be authorized by the State of the Operator
high speed
GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM emergency loads; (3) There is an aural or visual means

 Excessive descent rate They meet the prescribed crashworthiness and fire
 Excessive terrain closure rate protection specifications
 Excessive altitude loss after take-off or go-
OPERATION
around
 Unsafe terrain clearance  flight recorders shall be deactivated upon
 Excessive descent below the instrument glide completion of flight time
path
CONTINUED SERVICEABILITY AND INSPECTION OF
FLIGHT RECORDERS FLIGHT RECORDER SYSTEMS

 Black boxan outdated name which has become  The operator shall conduct operational checks
a misnomer—they are now required to be and evaluations of recordings from the flight
painted bright orange recorder systems to ensure the continued
 an electronic recording device placed in serviceability of the recorders
an aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the
COMBINATION RECORDERS
investigation of aviation accidents and incidents
 two types of flight recording devices:  No person may operate an airplane of a
o flight data recorder - preserves the maximum certificated take-off mass over 5 700
recent history of the flight through the kg required to be equipped with an FDR and a
recording of dozens of parameters CVR
collected several times per second  No person may operate an airplane of a
o cockpit voice recorder - preserves the maximum certificated take-off mass of over 15
recent history of the sounds in the 000 kg which is required to be equipped with
cockpit, including the conversation of both a CVR and an FDR and type certificated
the pilots covery after accidents o The airplane is equipped with two
combination recorders (FDR/CVR)
CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION
o one recorder is located as close to the
Non – deployable flight recorder cockpit

 be painted a distinctive orange or yellow color FLIGHT DATA RECORDERS (FDR) AND AIRCRAFT DATA
 carry reflective material to facilitate their RECORDING SYSTEMS (ADRS)
location
TYPES AND PARAMETERS
 have securely attached an automatically
activated underwater locating device operating Airplane
at a frequency of 37.5 kHz (shall operate for a
 Types I and IA FDR – shall record the
minimum of 90 days)
parameters required to determine accurately
Automatic deployable flight recorder the airplane flight path, speed, attitude, engine
power, configuration and operation
 be painted a distinctive orange color, however
 Types II and IIA FDRs – shall record the
the surface visible from outside the aircraft may
parameters required to determine accurately
be of another color
the airplane flight path, speed, attitude, engine
 carry reflective material to facilitate their
power and configuration of lift and drag devices
location
 have an integrated automatically activated ELT Helicopter

They receive electrical power from a bus that provides  Type IV FDRs – shall record the parameters
the maximum reliability for operation of the flight required to determine accurately the helicopter
recorder systems flight path, speed, attitude, engine power and
operation.
  Type IVA FDRs – shall record the parameters DURATION
required to determine accurately the helicopter
 A CVR shall be capable of retaining the
flight path, speed, attitude, engine power,
information recorded during at least the last 2
operations and configuration
hours of its operations
 Type V FDRs – shall record the parameters
required to determine accurately the helicopter AIRBORNE IMAGE RECORDER (AIR) AND AIRBORNE
flight path, speed, attitude and engine power IMAGE RECORDING SYSTEM (AIRS)
DISCONTINUATION Classifications:
 Engraving metal foil  Class A – captures the general cockpit area
 Photographic film  Class B – captures data link message displays
 Analogue data using frequency modulation (FM)  Class C – captures instruments and control
 Magnetic tape panels
DURATION EMERGENCY, RESCUE, AND SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT

 Type I and II – 25 hours of operation  Readily accessible to the crew and, with regard
 Type IIA – 30 minutes of operation to equipment located in the passenger
 Type IV, IVA and V – 10 hours of operation compartment, to passengers
 Clearly identified and clearly marked
SIGNALS TO BE RECORDED – CVR AND CARS
 Marked as to date of last inspection
CVR shall record on four separate channels:  Marked as to contents when carried in
compartment or container
 Voice communication transmitted from or
received in the aircraft by radio EMERGENCY EXIT EQUIPMENT
 Aural environment on the flight deck
 Each passenger emergency exit, its means of
 Voice communication of flight crew members
access, and its means of opening shall be
(aircraft’s interphone system)
conspicuously marked by a sign visible to
 Digital communications with ATS, unless
occupants approaching along the main
recorded by the FDR
passenger aisle
CARS shall record on two separate channels:  Illuminates each passenger exit marking
 Includes floor proximity emergency escape path
 voice communication transmitted from or marking
received in the airplane by radio
 Shall have instructions for opening that exit
 Aural environment on the flight deck
 Each passenger emergency exit shall have a 2-
 Voice communication of flight crewmembers inch colored band
Channels: VISUAL SIGNALLING DEVICES
 Channel 1 – co-pilot headphones  Visual signals for use by intercepting and
 Channel 2 – pilot headphones intercepted aircraft
 Channel 3 – area microphone  At least one pyrotechnic signaling device for
 Channel 4 – time reference each life raft
DISCONTINUATION SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT
 VS media not acceptable for use in aircraft no person shall operate an aircraft over land unless
registered in the Philippines, or operated in there is carried on board survival equipment
commercial air transport operations in
Philippines, are— Magnetic tape and wire  starting a fire
 providing shelter
 providing or purifying water
  visually signaling distress OXYGEN STORAGE AND DISPENSING APPARATUS

EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT)  No person may operate an aircraft at altitudes

above 10,000 feet unless it is equipped with
shall be equipped with a 406 MHz ELT of a type
oxygen masks
All aircraft should carry an ELT however an aircraft may  No person may operate a pressurized aircraft at
be operated without an ELT on board where the aircraft altitudes above 25,000 feet unless:
is: o Flight crew member masks are of a
quick donning type
 a glider, balloon, airship, ultra-light airplane,
gyroplane, restricted or non-Type Certificated PROTECTIVE BREATHING EQUIPMENT
aircraft
 It has sufficient portable PBE to protect the
Batteries used in ELTs shall be replaced (or recharged if eyes, nose and mouth of all required cabin crew
the battery is rechargeable) when— members and to provide breathing gas for a
period of not less than 15 minutes.
 The transmitter has been in use for more than
 The PBE while in use shall not prevent required
one cumulative hour
communication
 50 percent of their useful life has expired
MEGAPHONES
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
 On airplanes with a seating capacity of more
 Pilot’s compartment than 60 and less than 100 passengers, one
 Each passenger compartments megaphone shall be located at the most
 At least one portable fire extinguisher shall be rearward location in the passenger cabin
conveniently located on the flight deck for use  On airplanes with a seating capacity of more
by the flight crew than 99 passengers, two megaphones in the
LAVATORY SMOKE DETECTOR passenger cabin on each airplane one installed
at the forward end and the other at the most
 A warning light in the cockpit rearward location
 Warning light or audio warning in the passenger
cabin INDIVIDUAL FLOTATION DEVICES

CRASH AXE  For offshore operations the life jacket shall be

worn unless the occupant is wearing an
 stored in a place not visible to passengers on integrated survival suit
the airplane.
LIFE RAFT
MARKING OF BREAK – IN POINTS
 An aircraft shall have lifesaving rafts with a
 The application of these markings is not sufficient capacity to carry all persons on board
mandator in the event of the loss of one raft of the largest
FIRST AID KITS capacity
o Electric survivor locator light
o Survival kit
o Pyrotechnical signaling device

AIRCRAFT UNDERWATER LOCATOR BEACON

 This automatically activated underwater

locating device shall operate for a minimum of
30 days and shall not be installed in wings or
empennage
MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT o can be grouped into five basic areas:
foam rubber cushions, upholsteries, fire
SEATS, SAFETY BELTS, AND SHOULDER HARNESS
blocking layer, plastic moldings, and
 A seat with safety belt structure
 A safety harness for flight crewmember
MATERIALS FOR CARGO AND BAGGAGE
 cabin crew member’s seats shall be located near
COMPARTMENTS
floor level and other emergency exits for
emergency evacuation  glass fiber reinforced resin
 materials which meet the test requirements for
PASSENGER AND PILOT COMPARTMENT DOORS
flame resistance
 door shall be capable of being locked
PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT FUSES
 passenger seating capacity greater than 60 shall
be equipped with an approved flight crew  No person may operate an aircraft in which
compartment door that is designed to resist protective fuses are installed unless there are
penetration by small arms fire and grenade spare fuses available for use in flight equal to at
shrapnel, and to resist forcible intrusions by least 10% of the number of fuses of each rating
unauthorized persons. This door shall be or three of each rating whichever is the greater
capable of being locked and unlocked from
ICING PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
either pilot’s station
 prevention or removal of ice on windshields,
fight crew compartment:
wings, empennage, propellers, and other parts
 shall be closed and locked  given appropriate de-icing/anti-icing treatment
 a means shall be provided for monitoring from  means to illuminate or detect the formation of
either pilot’s station the entire door area ice
outside the flight crew compartment
Anti – icing Equipment
PASSENGER INFORMATION SIGNS
 turned on before entering icing conditions and
 At least one passenger information sign (using is designed to prevent ice from forming
either letters or symbols) notifying when
De – icing Equipment
smoking is prohibited and one sign (using either
letters or symbols) notifying when safety belts  designed to remove ice after it begins to
should be fastened accumulate on the airframe
 "Fasten Seat Belt While Seated"
 floatation devices or life vests will be placarded, PITOT HEAT INDICATION SYSTEMS
with instructions on where they are located  shall incorporate an amber light that is in clear
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM view of a flight crew member
 alert the flight crew if either the pitot heating
 No AOC holder may operate a passenger system is switched "off," or the pitot heating
carrying airplane with a maximum approved system is switched "on" and any pitot tube
passenger seating configuration of more than 19 heating element is inoperative
unless: audible and intelligible
WINDSHIELD WIPERS
MATERIALS FOR CABIN INTERIORS
 maximum certified take-off mass of more than
 Seat cushions shall meet requirements 5,700 kg
pertaining to fire protection  maintain a clear portion of the windshield
o made from a wide variety of during precipitation
nonmetallic materials
MARITIME SOUND SIGNALING DEVICE

 All seaplanes for all flights shall be equipped

with equipment for making the sound signals
prescribed in the International Regulations for
Preventing Collisions at Sea, where applicable

ANCHORS

 All seaplanes for all flights shall be equipped

with one anchor, and one sea anchor (drogue),
when necessary to assist in maneuvering
(approval for the anchors not required)