Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This section presents the materials such as thesis, dissertations, books, journals,

magazines, novels, poetry and etc. that contain facts, laws, theories and other

documented observations in which the researcher found to be related to the study

undertaken. These materials were served carefully by the researcher to ensure their

relevance to the study and presented them chronologically and also classified them

either as foreign or local.

Literature

Foreign

The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has

already infected 257 million population and of them, 5.1 million already died. Both

therapeutic and non-therapeutic measures were taken to fatten the numbers of COVID-

19 confirmed cases and reduce the deaths. However, the non-pharmaceutical

interventions taken worldwide to tackle the pandemic have become tranquil with time.

Therefore, it becomes essential to achieve herd immunity or implement effective

vaccination. Achieving herd immunity for COVID-19 by natural means or allowing a

large number of people to become infected will cause an unprecedented strain on

healthcare resources and will also result in up to 30 million deaths worldwide [3]. Tus,

mass vaccination has become the only way to manage COVID-19 transmission.

Vaccines other than COVID-19 are one of the most effective and reliable public

health interventions ever implemented that prevent millions of deaths from viral

infections every year . Although anti-vaccination attitudes and associated

misconceptions are prevalent worldwide, vaccination programs have been developed

and progressed significantly in the global health era. Currently, the vaccine from the

Pfzer/BioNTech, the SII/Covishield and AstraZeneca/AZD1222 developed by

AstraZeneca/Oxford, the Janssen/Ad26.COV 2.S developed by Johnson & Johnson, the

Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA 1273), the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine from

China National Biotec Group, and the SinovacCoronaVac are listed for WHO

Emergency Use Listing (EUL). All the vaccines have some sort of mild to moderate side

effects, but all of them are safe and effective (60–95%). COVID-19 vaccines save from

not only infection but also severe illness and death. Tough mass vaccination programs

have already been started globally, the effectiveness of vaccination programs has been

affected by a hesitancy to receive the vaccines in populations, where vaccine hesitancy

is defined as the delay in acceptance or refusal of available vaccines.

The hesitancy regarding COVID-19 vaccines is prominently evident worldwide

[13–15]. Studies have identified several factors associated with the COVID-19 vaccine

hesitancy in different domains. The identified factors included various socioeconomic

and demographic characteristics (e.g., age, sex, residence, income, occupation, and

marital status) constructs of the health belief model, constructs of theory of planned

behavior and the 5c psychological antecedents, vaccines-related knowledge, , attitude

towards COVID-19 vaccination, conspiracy beliefs , trust and confidence, COVID-19

preventive behavioral practices [28–30], and the perceived safety and side effects of the

vaccines. Despite vaccine hesitancy, the demand for vaccines increases over time, and

disparities in vaccine access within and across the countries are remarkable. Even

though the primary drivers of vaccine hesitancy are often context-specific, there are
some agreements that confidence and trust in the COVID-19 vaccine play a critical role

in increasing vaccine acceptance.

“Vaccine” , suspension of weakened, killed, or fragmented microorganisms

or toxins or other biological preparation, such as those consisting

of antibodies, lymphocytes, or messenger RNA (mRNA), that is administered primarily

to prevent disease. A vaccine can confer active immunity against a specific harmful

agent by stimulating the immune system to attack the agent. Once stimulated by a

vaccine, the antibody-producing cells, called B cells (or B lymphocytes), remain

sensitized and ready to respond to the agent should it ever gain entry to the body. A

vaccine may also confer passive immunity by providing antibodies or lymphocytes

already made by an animal or human donor. Vaccines are usually administered by

injection (parenteral administration), but some are given orally or even nasally (in the

case of flu vaccine). Vaccines applied to mucosal surfaces, such as those lining

the gut or nasal passages, seem to stimulate a greater antibody response and may be

the most effective route of administration.

COVID-19 cases have been increasing in Southeast Asian countries, and the

COVID-19 pandemic impacted the lives of everyone, including health care workers, in

many ways, including mental health . As of November 21, 2021, around 4.25, 2.82,

2.58, 2.06, 1.09, and 0.52 million confirmed cases have already been in Indonesia,

Philippine, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, respectively. The government of all

the countries has been trying to mitigate the infection with several measures, including

mass vaccination. Understanding vaccination related behavior is critical in expanding

the vaccine coverage to fatten the infection curve. Unfortunately, studies related to the
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy are limited in the context of these nations. As of November

21, 2021, the proportion of the general population fully vaccinated was 32.2% in

Indonesia, 79.9% in Malaysia, 17.9% in Myanmar, 38.3% in Philippines, 54.73% in

Thailand, and 39.6% in Vietnam [37]. Tough started with AstraZeneca in the first phase,

Pfzer, Sinovac, and Covovax vaccines are available in east Asian countries. The

hesitancy to receive the COVID-19 vaccine may pose critical challenges in the fight

against the pandemic and the global shortage of vaccines. To address this gap, we

conducted a multi-country study to assess the perception of the COVID-19 vaccine

effective ness, acceptance, and hesitancy in the context of Southeast Asian countries.

We also explored factors associated with the hesitation in the vaccine uptake.

Equitable access to safe and effective vaccines is critical to ending the COVID-

19 pandemic, so it is hugely encouraging to see so many vaccines proving and going

into development. WHO is working tirelessly with partners to develop, manufacture and

deploy safe and effective vaccines? Safe and effective vaccines are a game-changing

tool: but for the foreseeable future we must continue wearing masks, cleaning our

hands, ensuring good ventilation indoors, physically distancing and avoiding crowds.

Being vaccinated does not mean that we can throw caution to the wind and put

ourselves and others at risk, particularly because research is still ongoing into how

much vaccines protect not only against disease but also against infection and

transmission. See WHO’s landscape of COVID-19 vaccine candidates for the latest

information on vaccines in clinical and pre-clinical development, generally updated twice

a week. WHO’s COVID-19 dashboard, updated daily, also features the number of
vaccine doses administered globally, with more detail provided on the dedicated

COVID-19 vaccination dashboard. At a regional level, there is an AFRO COVID-19

vaccines dashboard and a PAHO COVID-19 vaccines deliveries dashboard. But it’s not

vaccines that will stop the pandemic, it’s vaccination. We must ensure fair and equitable

access to vaccines, and ensure every country receives them and can roll them out to

protect their people, starting with the most vulnerable.

The world is in the midst of a COVID-19 pandemic. As WHO and partners work

together on the response -- tracking the pandemic, advising on critical interventions,

distributing vital medical supplies to those in need--- they are racing to develop and

deploy safe and effective vaccines.

Vaccines save millions of lives each year. Vaccines work by training and

preparing the body’s natural defences – the immune system – to recognize and fight off

the viruses and bacteria they target. After vaccination, if the body is later exposed to

those disease-causing germs, the body is immediately ready to destroy them,

preventing illness.

There are several safe and effective vaccines that prevent people from getting

seriously ill or dying from COVID-19. This is one part of managing COVID-19, in

addition to the main preventive measures of keeping a safe distance from others and

avoiding crowds, wearing a well-fitting mask covering your mouth and nose, keeping

indoor spaces well ventilated, cleaning hands regularly and covering coughs and

sneezes.
 Emerging psychiatric conditions and mental well-being were identified as the

tenth most frequent research topic during the COVID-19 pandemic. A recent systematic

review found that relatively high rates of symptoms of anxiety, depression, post-

traumatic stress disorder and stress were reported in the general population and health

care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic globally [. Asia has a number of

middle income countries (MICs) that face tremendous economic challenges and limited

medical resources to maintain physical and mental well-being during the pandemic [4].

This extended to North America as well, with the sudden change in economic security

during COVID-19 projected to increase suicide rates [5]. During the pandemic, the Asia

Pacific Disaster Mental Health Network recommended to establish a mental health

agenda for Asia [6]. It is therefore important to conduct research to assess psychiatric

status of Asians living in MICs to develop capacity of various health systems to respond

to COVID-19. Previous studies mainly focused on mental health of individual Asian

countries during the pandemic without cross comparison .With no prior comparative

study found on physical and mental health of Asians living in MICs during the COVID-19

pandemic, this study aimed to investigate the impact of the pandemic on physical and

mental health in 7 Asian MICs (China, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand

and Vietnam), identify differences among countries, understand their concerns and

precautions toward COVID-19, as well as to identify protective and risk factors

associated with mental health outcomes.

Local

On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a Public Health Emergency of International

Concern (PHEIC). On the same date, the Philippines, an archipelagic country in

Southeast Asia with a population of 109,581,078 (based on the 2020 Philippine

Statistics Authority census), had its first laboratory-confirmed case of COVID-19.

COVID-19 is a disease caused by a novel coronavirus first reported from Wuhan, China

last 31 December 2019, and was later named as the Severe Acute Respiratory

Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). On 7 March 2020, the Department of Health

(DOH) announced the country’s first reported local transmission when a 60-year-old

male, without any travel history outside the Philippines was confirmed to be positive for

SARS-CoV-2. On 11 March 2020, the WHO characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic.

Since then, the Philippines has been responding to mitigate the impact of COVID-19

pandemic and has been implementing numerous interventions with varying levels and

degrees of success. These interventions are anchored on the National Action Plan

Against COVID-19 (NAP), the national strategic plan for COVID-19 pandemic response,

and utilized the Prevent-Detect Isolate/Quarantine-Treat-Reintegrate (PDITR) strategy.

For NAP Phase I (March-June 2020), the National Government focused on preventing

and containing the COVID-19 pandemic while mitigating its socioeconomic impact. For

NAP Phase II (July-September 2020), the National Government focused on

socioeconomic recovery. Lastly, for NAP Phase III (October 2020-March 2021), the

National Government focused on managing the health risk while gradually transitioning

to full socioeconomic recovery, and inclusion of vaccines as part of the COVID-19

interventions.

Vaccines have saved millions of lives in the past. Countries around the world

have implemented numerous immunization programs against more than 20 life-

threatening diseases, such as measles, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, influenza, and many

others. These vaccination efforts prevented almost 2- 3 million deaths every year and

allowed people to live longer and healthier lives. Also, through vaccination, eradication

and near elimination of diseases have been made possible, such as in the case of

smallpox and poliomyelitis.

The Philippine National Deployment and Vaccination Plan for COVID-19

Vaccines was drafted for the purpose of providing operational guidance in the

implementation of the COVID-19 vaccine deployment and vaccination program. The

drafting of the plan involved the participation of various government agencies to ensure

alignment of policies and plans among agencies and integration of the said plans into

national governance mechanisms. In addition, the deployment of COVID-19 vaccines

and the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccine program necessitates the participation

of all members of the society. Thus, a whole-of society approach is being implemented

where all members of the society and government are encouraged to participate and

take action to achieve collective goals and objectives. In this regard, while the

government leads in the deployment of vaccines and implementation of a vaccination

program, the private sector and other organizations are engaged to collaborate and

work closely with the government to ensure a unified and coordinated vaccination

campaign is conducted.

Guiding Principles The development of the Philippine National Deployment and

Vaccination Plan for COVID-19 vaccines is guided by the following principles: A.

National Ownership The Philippine Government recognizes the huge national endeavor

that the country needs to undertake to ensure equal access to vaccines and to
implement quality vaccination services; the complexity of the vaccine deployment and

vaccination activities; and the necessity to protect national interests while ensuring that

rigorous scientific review has been undertaken prior to deployment and considering

population safety. Thus, the national government shall be the primary responsible entity

to ensure good governance in the implementation of vaccination services and provision

of quality and effective immunization services for all.

B. Shared Responsibility The COVID-19 vaccine deployment and vaccination

program is an endeavor necessitating the participation of all members of the society

where each member has a vital responsibility to uphold and role to play. The Filipino

Citizen, the communities, the national government and the private sector have

intertwined responsibilities in which when rightfully upholded can positively dictate the

success of the COVID-19 vaccination efforts of the country. A whole-of-society

approach shall be applied where all members of the society and government are

encouraged to participate and take action to achieve collective goals and objectives. In

this regard, while the government leads in the deployment of vaccines and

implementation of a vaccination program, the private sector and other organizations are

encouraged to collaborate and work closely with the government to ensure a unified and

coordinated vaccination campaign is conducted.

C. Integration With the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination against COVID-19 is

provided to Filipino citizens as an intervention and as an integral part of the national

government’s pandemic response. However, the COVID-19 vaccination services shall

be fully integrated into the country’s health systems and eventually to the regular

immunization services.
 D. Innovation There has been a tremendous abundance of innovations and

breakthroughs in the development of COVID-19 vaccines. Developers and regulatory

experts have collaborated early on to help speed up vaccine development by ensuring

that standards of safety and efficacy are integrated in the process of development. In

this regard, the Philippine government recognizes the vitality of adapting newer

knowledge and scientific evidence gathered through research and innovation on

COVID-19 vaccine and immunization to ensure effective implementation of COVID-19

immunization services.

The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) urged all local

government units (LGUs) to prepare a local vaccination plan as provided in the DOH

guidelines on the National Vaccination Program and coordinate closely with their

respective DOH-Centers for Health Development in preparing this plan. DILG

Undersecretary and Spokesperson Jonathan Malaya said that the DILG has issued

Memorandum No. 2021-007 where LGUs are directed to come up with a vaccination

plan that contains the preparation of risk communication plans and conduct of early

Vaccine Communication Campaign to disseminate critical information on COVID-19

vaccination. The said plan must also include a master list of priority eligible vaccinee

population; identification of possible vaccine centers, available cold chain storages, and

other logistical requirements; and a master list of existing human resources and

personnel needed in the vaccination program. Malaya said that the reorganization of

existing Emergency Operation Centers in LGUs to include a dedicated arm for vaccine

concerns; mobilization of barangay personnel and other volunteers to assist in the

preparation and actual vaccination; and, the participation of concerned offices and
personnel such as LGU health offices, Public Information Offices and Sanitation Offices,

among others, must also be part of the said plan. "This COVID-19 vaccination will be

the biggest of such program sa ating kasaysayan kaya ating hinihikayat ang mga LGU

na ihanda na ang kanilang mga vaccination plan for we need this to be as smooth as

possible sapagkat buhay ng ating mga mamamayan ang nakasalalay dito," he said. The

DILG Spokesperson also said that LGU must comply with the guidelines issued by the

DOH and the National Task Force Against COVID-19 on matters regarding the

vaccination and that they must be in close coordination with the Philippine National

Police and the Bureau of Fire Protection for assistance for any assistance required.

Following the tripartite approach in LGU procurement of COVID-19 vaccines, the DILG

also urges close coordination among local government units (LGUs) and between the

LGUs and National Task Force COVID-19 Vaccine Cluster led by Sec. Carlito Galvez.

Malaya said that in the recent meeting between the League of Provinces of the

Philippines (LPP), DILG, Department of Health (DOH), and Vaccine Czar Secretary

Carlito Galvez, Jr., all component cities and municipalities with available funds for

vaccine procurement are encouraged to coordinate with their provincial governments.

LGUs seeking authorization for emergency use for the purchase of the COVID-19

vaccine must also coordinate with their provincial governments. This is to ensure that

there is enough vaccine supply for everyone, he said. In a recent advisory released by

the DILG, the provincial governments are directed to consolidate all purchase requests

of their component LGUs and submit these to their respective Regional Task Forces for

submission to DOH and the NTF Vaccine Cluster. "Katulad po ng amin nang nabanggit,

napakahalaga po na makiisa ang mga LGU sa tripartite approach sa pagbili nila ng mga
bakuna," Malaya said. DILG Secretary Eduardo M. Año, in an earlier statement,

thanked LGUs for their "bold effort to earmark funds from their local budget for COVID-

19 vaccines" but the proper procedure must be followed to avoid duplication of efforts

and ensure standardized pricing. "We will follow the tripartite approach to ensure that all

involved parties are on the same page. So all LGUs who are planning vaccine

procurement must coordinate with DOH and Vaccine Czar Charlie Galvez,” Año said.

Meanwhile, highly-urbanized cities (HUCs) and independent component cities (ICCs)

intending to procure COVID-19 vaccines are encouraged to coordinate directly with the

DOH and NTF Vaccine Cluster. LGUs are also advised to procure not more than 50

percent of their vaccine requirement due to the current limited supply of vaccines

worldwide.

TARLAC CITY, Tarlac –This province has breached the 1 million mark in total

coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) vaccine doses administered with 1,001,802 shots

already given since the start of its vaccination rollout last year. Of the total doses

administered, 101,886 were first doses and 899,916 for the second shot, according to

Tarlac’s Covid-19 case bulletin released on Tuesday. Meanwhile, Governor Susan Yap

reminded her constituents to strictly follow the rules and regulations being imposed

under the more stringent Alert Level 3. The province of Tarlac is one of the areas in

Central Luzon still under Alert Level 3 from February 1 to 15. “Ang buong probinsya ay

nanatili sa ilalim ng Alert Level 3 hanggang February 15. Kaya sundin natin ang mga

Covid-19 health and safety protocols. Mag-ingat tayong lahat (The whole province is still

under Alert Level 3 until February 15. Let us follow the Covid-19 health protocols. Let us

all take extra caution),” Yap said in social media post. She also urged unvaccinated
residents to get their Covid-19 jabs for their protection as well as their families.“Tandaan

rin po nating ang mga bakuna ay makatutulong na maibsan ang Covid-19 (Let us

remember that vaccines could help relieve the effect of Covid-19),” the governor said.

As of Tuesday, the total number of confirmed Covid-19 cases in the province is 22,647,

with 871 active infections. The total number of recoveries, on the other hand, is 20,927

while the total number of deaths is at 849 (Teczon, Z. 2022).

Related Studies

Foreign

In the study of Ishimaru, Tomohiro et. al. (2021). Gender differences in the

determinants of willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine among the working-age

population in Japan. The main strengths of this study are the large sample size and the

use of a sample from throughout Japan. A limitation of this study is that we recruited

study participants from an Internet research company’s list of panelists. A previous

study on the anti-vaccine movement reported that anti-vaccine messages were more

prevalent on the Internet than in other sources.37 Therefore, the participants in the

current study may have been particularly likely to access anti-vaccine websites, and this

should be taken into account when interpreting the results of our study. Additionally, we

conducted the current study before the administration of the COVID-19 vaccination

program in Japan; therefore, we could not provide participants with detailed information,

such as the vaccination schedule, which may have affected their willingness to get the

vaccine. In conclusion, the current study revealed a gender gap in the associations of

age and education level with willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine. In particular,

women aged 30–49 years and those with a higher level of education were less willing to
get the vaccine. These findings may imply the need for intervention for this population

regarding COVID-19 vaccination. Providing education about COVID-19 and influenza

vaccination in the workplace may be an effective strategy to increase COVID-19

vaccine uptake.

According to the study of Ogilvie, Gina S. et. al (2021. Intention to receive a

COVID-19 vaccine: results from a population-based survey in Canada. To support

COVID-19 vaccine implementation, this study investigated intention to receive the

COVID-19 vaccine and determine predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake of adults

living in BC. The majority (79.8%) of adults surveyed intend to receive a COVID-19

vaccine if available to the public and recommended for them. In multivariable modeling,

older individuals (> 60 years) were more likely to intend to receive the COVID-19

vaccine. However, other key populations including essential non-health care workers,

those who identified as non-white or Indigenous, as well as those with less than high

school education indicated that they are less likely to intend to receive a COVID-19

vaccine. From the WHO and TPB scales, we found that those who report higher lack of

confidence in vaccines and higher perceived risk of vaccines were less likely to indicate

an intention to vaccinate. As well, overall attitudes to vaccines and social norms were

significant predictors of intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. When we adjusted the

multivariable models for sex, only negligible changes were observed in the results (data

not shown). Understanding population-level intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine

is critical to success of COVID-19 vaccination programs and ultimately COVID-19

pandemic control.
 The study of Guidry, Jeanine et. al. (2021). Willingness to get Covid-19 vaccine

with and without emergency use authorization. Significant predictors of COVID-19

vaccine uptake intentions were education, having insurance, scoring high on subjective

norms, a positive attitude toward the vaccine, as well as high perceived susceptibility to

COVID-19, high perceived benefits of the vaccine, scoring low on barriers to the

vaccine, and scoring high on self-efficacy. Predictors of willingness to take a COVID-19

vaccine under EUA were age, race/ethnicity, positive subjective norms, high perceived

behavioral control, positive attitudes toward the vaccine, as well as high perceived

susceptibility to COVID-19, high perceived benefits of the vaccine, low barriers to the

vaccine, and scoring high on self-efficacy for getting the vaccine. Concerns about

rushed vaccine development appear to reduce vaccine uptake intent, as well as

willingness to get the vaccine under EUA.

COVID-19 vaccine-related messages should both address concerns about the

vaccine and its development and reinforce benefits of the vaccine (both factors

significant in both models). Vaccine efforts may need to go beyond just communications

campaigns correcting misinformation about a COVID-19 vaccine to also focus on re-

establishing public trust in government agencies.

In the study of Harapan, H. et. al. (2020). Willingness to pay for a Covid-19

vaccine and its associated determines in Indonesia. It is not clear what the price of the

COVID-19 vaccine will be, when it becomes available, but since COVID-19 is a

pandemic that is impacting all countries, the vaccine is likely to receive public subsidies.

Countries with limited resources will have to develop a payment scheme that balances

costs and benefits. This optimal price will depend on the dynamics of what proportion of
the community will accept the vaccine and how much they are willing to pay for the

vaccine. The study demonstrated that a vast majority of Indonesian adults responding to

our survey were willing to obtain and pay for a COVID-19 vaccine and only a small

fraction of 6.6% (91/1,359) were not willing to be vaccinated. However, among those

who were willing to be vaccinated, 16.1% (203/1260) expressed that they were not even

willing to pay US$ 15.47. This suggests that if the vaccine price will be higher than US$

15.47 (IDR 250,000), one-fifth of the population, at least, in studied provinces may not

become vaccinated. This could lead to problems attaining herd immunity. Currently, it is

estimated that perhaps 60% of individuals need to be immune to attain herd

immunity, but with an imperfectly effective vaccine, that would mean an even larger

proportion of the population would need to be vaccinated. With our study results, it is

doubtful that herd immunity through vaccination could be obtained without financial

subsidies to vaccination.

According to the study conducted by Bekalu, M. and Dhawan, D. (2021).

Individual and Social Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. The widespread

global devastation of COVID-19 that has impacted virtually every aspect of life as we

know it has engendered various public health and social policies that have received

mixed reception. The world has been eager to develop effective treatments and

prevention measures such as a vaccine. Several billions of dollars have been

committed by governments and foundations to develop the vaccine and the speed with

which the development has accelerated is impressive. Now that we have several

effective vaccines, the next urgent step is to get people vaccinated to reach herd

immunity. A lot of attention and discussion is currently revolving around how to

encourage people to get vaccinated especially given the controversies associated with

COVID-19 in particular as well as challenges with confidence in vaccines in general.

The small but persistent finding that certain proportion of people across the globe are

continuing to hesitate to get vaccinated provides a compelling and urgent rationale to

examine the factors that drive intentions to vaccinate and vaccination itself. We

examined the association between willingness to get a COVID-19 vaccine and those

key factors that are known to be associated with health behaviors and vaccination,

drawing from a representative national survey of American adults.

Local

In the study of Caple, A. (2021). Interrogating COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in

the Philippines with a Nationwide Open-Access Online Survey. In this study, it sought to

interrogate the extent of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the Philippines and to

determine whether the Health Belief Model (HBM) could be used to explain this

hesitancy among Filipinos. Researcher deployed our nationwide open-access online

survey for a two week period (January 15-29, 2021), a month before the first COVID-19

vaccines were administered in the archipelago on March 1, 2021. Researchers received

nearly 7,200 completed surveys from around the country. The majority of responses

(5,348; 74%) were from the three geographical and administrative regions, National

Capital Region (NCR), Region III, and Region IVA that encompass and surround the

capital city of Manila. Together, these three regions, which have 38% of the population,

have weathered the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines with about 60%

of the total nationwide reported cases (ncovtracker.doh.gov.ph).

 A majority of our respondents (62.5%) indicated that they were willing to be

vaccinated by responding either ‘probably yes’ or ‘definitely yes’ to COVID-19 vaccine

intent. As a point of comparison, a survey conducted by Pulse Asia from February 22,

2021, to March 3, 2021, which was a month after our survey period, reported that only

16% of the 2,400 Filipinos they interviewed face-to-face indicated that they would have

themselves vaccinated, while 23% said that they “cannot say” if they would have

themselves vaccinated (Pulse Asia, 2021).

In the study of Tee, M. et. al. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on

Physical and Mental Health in Lower and Upper Middle-Income Asian Countries: A

Comparison Between the Philippines and China. The study population included 849

participants from 71 cities in the Philippines and 861 participants from 159 cities in

China. Filipino (LMIC) respondents reported significantly higher levels of depression,

anxiety, and stress than Chinese (UMIC) during the COVID-19 (p < 0.01) while only

Chinese respondents' IES-R scores were above the cut-off for PTSD symptoms. Filipino

respondents were more likely to report physical symptoms resembling COVID-19

infection (p < 0.05), recent use of but with lower confidence on medical services (p <

0.01), recent direct and indirect contact with COVID (p < 0.01), concerns about family

members contracting COVID-19 (p < 0.001), dissatisfaction with health information (p <

0.001). In contrast, Chinese respondents requested more health information about

COVID-19. For the Philippines, student status, low confidence in doctors, dissatisfaction

with health information, long daily duration spent on health information, worries about

family members contracting COVID-19, ostracization, and unnecessary worries about

COVID-19 were associated with adverse mental health. Physical symptoms and poor
self-rated health were associated with adverse mental health in both countries (p <

0.05). The findings of this study suggest the need for widely available COVID-19 testing

in MIC to alleviate the adverse mental health in people who present with symptoms. A

health education and literacy campaign is required in the Philippines to enhance the

satisfaction of health information.

According to the study of Cababan, Mc Arthur L. and Catane, Gretchen V

(2021).Covid-19 Vaccines in the Philippines: a Meta-analysis. A year after since the

identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its genome, an exceptional effort by the

scientific community has led to the development of over 300 vaccine projects. Over 40

are now undergoing clinical evaluation, ten of these are in Phase III clinical trials, and

seven of them have ended Phase III with positive results and were granted Emergency

Used Authorization (EUA) in the Philippines. Existing data suggest that new vaccine

candidates may be instrumental in protecting individuals and reducing the spread of

pandemic. The conceptual and technological platforms exploited are diverse, and it is

likely that different vaccines will show to be better suited to distinct groups of the human

population. Moreover, it remains to be elucidated whether and to what extent the

capacity of vaccines under evaluation and of unrelated vaccines such as BCG can

increase immunological fitness by training innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and

pathogen- agnostic protection. Due to the short development time and the novelty of the

technologies adopted, these vaccines will be deployed with several unresolved issues

that only the passage of time will permit to clarify. A meta-analysis model is used to

study vaccine allocation that aims to minimize deaths while satisfying group

prioritization for immediate vaccination. It is our tenet that in the long run more than one
vaccine will be needed to ensure equitable global access, protection of diverse subjects

and immunity against viral variants.

In the study of Amit, Arianna Maever L. et. al. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine brand

hesitancy and other challenges to vaccination in the Philippines. Our analysis showed

that individual perceptions play a major role on the decision to vaccinate. Such

perceptions are shaped by exposure to (mis)information amplified by the media, the

community, and the health system. Social networks may either positively or negatively

impact vaccination uptake, depending on their views on vaccines. Political issues

contribute to vaccine brand hesitancy, resulting to vaccination delays and refusals.

Perceived inefficiencies and inflexibility of the system also create additional barriers to

the vaccine rollout in the country, especially among vulnerable and marginalized

groups. Challenges to COVID-19 vaccination may be individual, interpersonal, and

structural, which work individually and collectively. Among these barriers, our results

suggest that many concerns regarding vaccination operate at the individual level.

Vaccine brand hesitancy and misinformation are growing public health challenges in the

country that need to be addressed. Recognizing and addressing concerns at all levels

are critical to solutions aimed at improving COVID-19 vaccination uptake and reach.

Study of Guevarra, JL et. al. (2021). Scared, powerless, insulted and

embarrassed: hesitancy towards vaccines among caregivers in Cavite Province, the

Philippines. Among the reasons for delay or refusal of childhood vaccinations, a fear of

side effects emerged as the most salient concern, exacerbated by previous negative

experiences (including trauma) from a dengue vaccine controversy in 2017.

Respondents cited the dengue vaccine controversy as they expressed reluctance

(regarding any new vaccines) and suspicion (towards school-based vaccination, the

distribution channel used for the dengue vaccine). Heads of households opposing

vaccines, perceptions that vaccines are non-essential and influences from the social

and traditional media or neighbors contributed to further refusal and delay. Upon

probing, VHCs recounted health system concerns particularly with regards to healthcare

workers who are sometimes unable to answer their questions and can be dismissive or

disrespectful regarding caregivers’ concerns. Understanding VH from the lens of VHCs

highlights pathways for interventions to regain trust and bolster confidence towards

vaccines. Our findings may serve as linchpins in the development of VH interventions

aiming at changing behavior on a population scale.

Conceptual Framework

In an increasingly technological world and in times of Covid-19 pandemic, people

have always been the central concern of the public as well as those in health care

profession, marginal sector, health advocates or planners, policy makers and

researchers. Continuous efforts on how to deliver quality health care for everyone and

to have a promising safety environment.

Front liner, Health care warrior, ordinary Filipino citizen are constantly interacting

with other people in the community. They are actively involved with different kind of

people. The heart of people’s involvement is the especially in this trying times is

chartered by dynamism and relevance. Other people need to be continuously assessing

whether this vaccines are effective in fighting Covid-19 Pandemic in order to respond to
the demands and call of the New Normal Set-up. They have to determine the positive

and negative effect brought about this different vaccines that may be use for the safety

of everyone’s health.

In this research, it aims to identify the Determinants of Intentions to Receive

CoVid-19 Vaccines among selected Community in Municipality of Capas, Tarlac. The

findings of this quantitative descriptive correlational study were the basis for proposed

strategic community plan to enhance the delivery of CoVid-19 vaccines to the

community. The paradigm of the study is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Paradigm of the Study

Demographic Profile of the Level of Perceived in

respondents: determinants of intention to
receive CoVid-19 Vaccines:
Age
Gender
Civil status Perceived susceptibility
Occupation Perceived of severity
Monthly income Perceived of benefits
Health conditions Perceived barriers
Covid-19 experience

Problems encountered to Determinants of

intentions to received CoVid-19 Vaccines

Proposed Strategic Community

Plan
 Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

The paradigm presents the demographic profile as to their age, gender, civil status,

occupation, monthly income, health conditions, and Covid-19 experience. Furthermore,

it also include the level of perceived benefits of the respondent’s in terms of perceived

susceptibility, perceived of severity, perceived of benefits, and perceived barriers. As

the result of the assessment were used to identify the determinants of intentions to

received Covid-19 vaccines. As an output of the study, basis for proposed strategic

community plan to address the problem encountered and to enhance the delivery of

CoVid-19 vaccines to the community.