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Week4 Chapter 5 Packing of Atoms in Solids

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39 views

Week4 Chapter 5 Packing of Atoms in Solids

Uploaded by

배현준
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

Packing of atoms in solids


 2 things that influence the modulus:
▪ Interatomic bonds
The forces which holds atoms.
▪ Atom packing
The way atoms packed together.
 Last week was about interatomic bonding. Now
let’s study how atoms are arranged in some typical
engineering solids.
 Many engineering materials (almost all metals and
ceramics) are made up entirely of small crystals or
grains.
 In these crystals or grains, atoms are packed in
regular, repeating, 3D patterns.
 The grains are stuck together, meeting at grain
boundaries, which will be discussed more in detail
later.
 We focus on the individual crystals.
 We will discuss how the atoms can be arranged in a
crystal structure. Atom
 Crystal structure can best be understood by
thinking of the atoms as hard spheres. (very simple
assumption!)
 To build up a 3D packing pattern, we can begin by
▪ Packing atoms in 2D in atomic planes
▪ Stacking these planes on top of one another to give
crystals.
(Cubic close-packed or Face-centered cubic) (Hexagonal close-packed)
 FCC structures – Al, Cu, Ni
 HCP structures – Mg, Zn, Ti
 Why materials have different structures?
➔ Materials choose crystal structure that gives minimum
energy.
 The difference in energy between alternative
structures is slight.
 Crystal structure which gives the minimum energy at one
temperature may not do so at another temperature ➔
“phase change”
 Tin(Sn, 주석) changes its crystal structure if it is cooled;
and becomes brittle. (tin pest) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUoVEmHuykM

▪ Tin alloy coat buttons of Napoleon’s army during the harsh


Russian winter
▪ Scott’s South Pole expedition (button, leak of soldered can)
 Cobalt (HCP<=>FCC) , pure iron (BCC<=>FCC)
(Ductile)

Pure iron phase diagram

(Brittle)

Tin pest
Cobalt phase diagram
 Unit cell: The basic structural unit of a crystal structure.
 Metallic crystal structures
 Face-centered cubic (FCC)
 Hexagonal close-packed (HCP)
 Body-centered cubic (BCC)
 Ceramic crystal structures
 AX
 AmXp
 AmBnXp
Lattice structure
FCC structure

Unit cell

Different number of bonds attaching


them per unit area causes different
properties (shear modulus)
▪ Metallic crystal structures
▪ FCC (Face-centered cubic)
Coordination number: 12
atomic packing factor: 0.74 (the maximum value)

a
R

The array Unit cell


▪ APF(Atomic Packing Factor)
APF = volume of atoms in a unit cell / total unit cell
volume

▪ Ex) for FCC

▪ APF = Vs / Vc

▪ Vs =

▪ Vc =
▪ Metallic crystal structures
- HCP (Hexagonal close-packed)
Coordination number: 12
atomic packing factor: 0.74 (the maximum value)

The array Reduced-sphere unit cell


▪ Metallic crystal structures
- BCC (Body-centered cubic)
tungsten(W), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), steels
Coordination number: 8
atomic packing factor: 0.68

The array Unit cell


▪ Ceramic crystal structures

AX

Rock salt CsCl ZnS


▪ Ceramic crystal structures

AmXp AmBnXp

Flourite (CaF2) perovskite crystal


▪ Ceramic crystal structures
- AX
- AmXp
- AmBnXp
 For each unit cell, we can describe any plane by a
set of numbers: Miller index, (hkl)
Collective description
{1 0 0}

{1 1 0}
 Crystallograpic planes
▪ Atomic arrangements
- depends on crystal structure
- “family” of planes

(110) plane of FCC (110) plane of BCC


 Properties like Young’s modulus may vary with
direction in the unit cell
 We need a description of crystal directions.
▪ A vector or line between 2 points
▪ 3 directional indices, by:
 Anisotropy
-directionality of properties.
- examples:
(different plane/orientation, different property)
 Polymers are huge chain-like molecules.
 The atoms forming the backbone of the chain are
linked by covalent bonds.
 Macromolecules
 Consist of many monomer to form long chain
 Chemistry of polymers:
▪ Addition reaction
example: ethylene to become polyethylene (PE)

(initiator/catalyst)

ethylene

then,
Low density
polymer
High density
polymer
 Molecular shape and structure
- Bonding scenario:
+ + +

- Polymer chains may be bend, coil, and kink.


- Structures:

linear branched cross-linked network (3D)


 Thermoplastic and thermoset
- Thermoplastic polymers soften when heated (and eventually liquefy) and
harden when cooled. Reversible and repeatable.
At molecular level, as the temperature is raised, secondary bonding force
diminished (by increased molecular motion), increasing relative movement of
adjacent chains, thus, making the polymer softens.

- Thermoset polymers permanently harden when heat is applied and do not


soften upon subsequent heating.
At molecular level, during initial heat treatment, covalent crosslinks are
formed.
 Crystalline and Amorphous
 Glass transition temperature (Tg)
• Below Tg: hard and relatively brittle
• Above Tg: viscous or rubbery state
• Tg is differerent from the melting temperature (Tm)
• Hard plastics (polystyrene) are used well below Tg ; their Tg
is well above room termperautre around 100ºC
• Rubber elastomers are used above their Tg, where they are
soft and flexible
 Density reflects the mass and diameter of the
atoms that make them up and the efficiency with
which they are packed to fill space
 For metals

 For ceramics

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