+ &!

 
$ 3.1  *
zbMly|1`)8f"!-/bMK}?k H7[
6
8 K 7 20 8,LT k u k I 7
4  bMK } `)Æ7?  [
6
1({  aF# bM#' M 6 [6C1)℄

81 UM#KEdG  Xf6 CaF 
. :
w℄wkX$  6
m 8C16 U [6#'#1 I <v( B
6
L+v7kvXf7 g[6#'#1I<v(B6
!k<
^Y)R6
N~o# F#℄[#v786  *|7wW1
l&
!kM 6I#)R6

℄   9 ~l
v = v0 eθ . (1)

? RD R g9C v #1 I <v( B 6
! kbM 

0

1 m2 v02 p2
Ek = mv02 = = (2)
2 2m 2m

lY  [
m C#1)R6

,v7 6  P |g9C#<v( B
! kg [
=FI#1)R6
XJ/C1Xf6 q>)R[6#JYY7C
1aF bM  mv7 6  af  
mOUbM|v7UT m *|511l&w>.W1 mg L
d  &1 T
! k8M
m C iU g6  a  < ~l
mv̇x = T sin θ, mv̇y = T cos θ − mg. (3)

n8 bM|C518 E`  v L v
bM ~|x y

mvx v̇x = T sin θ vx = T sin θ · v cos θ,

mvy v̇y = T cos θ vy − mg vy = T cos θ(−v sin θ) − mgvy . (4)

1
qtT bM(
!
dvx dvx md  2  md 2 dy
m vx + vx = vx + vy2 = v = −mgvy = −mg . (5)
dt dt 2 dt 2 dt dt

! kk  
d 1 2
mv + mgy = 0 (6)
dt 2
_/
#6
X 1. 1 2
2
mv + mgy =
(7)

u tD T  [ u; ^ Y"[
BLL ^ Y v7 fd[


PP ~ D.:bM #1 I <v( B )R6

', 7 T  [S#( B+ < ~l
1 2 1
mv (y1 ) + mgy1 = mv 2 (y2 ) + mgy2 , (8)
2 2

a#
1 2 1
mv (y1 ) − mv 2 (y2 ) = mg(y2 − y1 ). (9)
2 2
\Z6 TW1"[  ( B "h7g [  ( B

8PP { U bM F K(AS M 1C)I 1  %t
m [6 
 S
M1TD#|d[℄B_ 7[ (81 U<^YZ[)
8ku$k[6)
R B#' < (~l
E + E + Z[ = IB 6. K P (10)

$ 3.2 
zT1,1Tl&T [| < ( B
bM(
  !
dEk d 1 2 dv dv
= mv = mv · =v· m = v · f. (11)
dt dt 2 dt dt

; ~τ YdG6 Cf  ppv
bMK } v = v~τ
! kbM(

dEk ds
= v · f = vf cos θ = f cos θ. (12)
dt dt

2
C,  θ #T1 f L ~τ Lv  r

| k eT bM(
Z Z
s2 1 1 s2
dEk = Ek (s2 ) − Ek (s1 ) = mv 2 (s2 ) − mv 2 (s2 ) = f cos θds. (13)
2 2
bM ^ e
s1 s1

Z s2
A= f cos θds (14)

Y1 f m s h| s h,T m >k7

s1

 3.1: z&1|1T6Y m dGm s hPQ s h

1 2

&1v /d
G  6 Cf  ppvqL  Z ;k7Y
1 2

Z s2
A= f cos 0 ds = f (s2 − s1 ) = f D. (15)

Cfpv  1  PJ ℄ 1  k7;Y

s1

Z Z
s2 π s2
A= N cos ds = 0 ds = 0. (16)
2
|T1k7,vx {bMo ~ gk7  7C P
 D T1 f 8 v [
s1 s1

vZ,dG>kL7
47C   bM(

dA f · ds
P = = = f · v. (17)
dt dt
l7 v [Y (J) 7C v [&SD (W)

8 1d  + f 7C# 
! kz  L j [ 9 I  d 
P1 r
L ;y

$ 3.3: 
8" 7l7  )℄LT bMW 'Akd[)R +  F

u1T m 8W1  l&k _  "vyp6
bM'm;
kW1  l7

Z s2 Z s2 Z s2 Z h2
A= f · ds = mg · ds = − mg cos θ ds = − mg dh = mg(h1 − h2 ). (18)

bM\ |CD/T m >gE  > > (,T e L |

s1 s1 s1 h1

qT-
\Z6W1,1T>lL7(,TeL
|qT[S
C1bM^gY;)1

3
 ,1; )1 bM" "[  )℄
Y kbMz"vU  1= 
Q F ;"[8' h NY U(Q) = U
n7z"vU  :T P
; ; )1 f 8
P h N'k
0

Z Z Q P
U(P ) = U(Q) + f · ds = U(Q) − f · ds (19)

3f
',, ; )1 eN ( ,1 f mhe P |T Q l7) #I

P Q

(,e> ! k U(P )  1N# 

z P L Q Lv*Y vybM|(~Y
U(P ) − U(Q) = dU = −f · ds = − (fx dx + fy dy + fz dz) , (20)

a#
∂U ∂U ∂U
= −fx , = −fy , = −fz . (21)
∂x ∂y ∂z
M XX &15Y n #J~ f C 18
∂U ∂U ∂U
i +j +k ≡ ∇U = − (fx i + fy j + fz k) = −f. (22)
∂x ∂y ∂z

8ntd+  U "[# > 15Y = )℄
m "[  )℄#/Q

51dG3i8h 3 f 70dLv  qWl&
. W1"[#.,'dG
Lw>i _ Gi 
bMzP   Q Y1F q; U(Q) = 0 ;dG
W1"[~l mgh
L8wq,q31dG. 0Z
iLv qWl& bMz Q Y v3  F ; U(Q) = 0
k'd
Gq,w  "[~l
U(r) = −
 .
GM m
(23)
r

W1FI#X ; )1
:T1 r s-K  .d# y 1
! y ℄,

1T  l7~l
Z x2 Z x2 Z x2
A = f · ds = f dx = [−k(x − x0 )]dx
x1 x1 x1
!
2 x2
(x − x0 ) kh i
= −k =− (x2 − x0 )2 − (x1 − x0 )2 . (24)
2 x1
2

4
m C#1 I (,T> E  >  6
! ky 1#1 ; )1
bM
; U(x ) = 0 ; y "[ l
0

Z " #
x k k
U(x) = U(x0 ) − f dx = 0 − − (x − x0 )2 = (x − x0 )2 . (25)
x0 2 2

PbMCF7 ; )1l7  u$
 ; )1l7#/G>(> < 

"[  )℄
. S M 1# ; )1
>l  7f#% 
\Z6 z Gi
Z p 8S M 1 iM  fd[#<v< r xy F ℄ B_ YiM  [ (a
Z[)
M 5 CVE a^ YI E aF |S M 1 ^ YI 1
D E N ~ o 
#  S M 1#I 1 x # ; )1 FI  #I 1

, *1dG>i _ iM gUdG ?k Lv  qWl&1Y ; )1L
;)1
m ; )Z1  l7 { R7iM  f"[  x m  ~ iM  f [
<t
  ; )Z1  l7~ { R7iM  d[/g[6 ( [iY
[) Lv℄\
D1iMU ;)1  l7Y9 ;bM ^ 'iMY1; )i

-&C{)℄ bMn8|d[)R B5Y` D /Y 1 ; )i 
fd[  <t ,T1,>lL7

8p#&U  bM|"[G1[S  (>i&Hypa#yP D f
' XX  ~ bM,dG  6 (1M?  Ow

1ZiMY.
m >i
dU(x)
f =− (26)
dx

fbMK}"[G1 U(x) 8 x hpp|C%No#T>*L1
!k

8"[G1  L1gN hT>* | 1 #9
P(8gy hT N
[h,`  dQ_A
#6 k  T8C{& kWyE
q 
"[ypM1g r  #T6 I ` 
 w Tb*71 I `  d
Q`3*|
! k"[G1yp  gN   J w3 f 7(>iM 
`   g

. U1dLv  qWl&1 _ Yd1 # ; )1 &"[G1'Q
/
j X y  d1"[G1  yp kO> ^ Y Lennard-Jones "
(1[
5
,gyN
51qÆO  1d|8C1* _ d
z 1d  [ Ir  
M|C1dQ[S& kWyE
 z M  q [ r  1d|*' 
_v1d_AiG
Y7~M[;7N_dbM M|- [
$f'
.  bM| H9S Hs1diG G 2eU s1d` < f&
8H9D P m x7s1d  [
#6 s1d| [℄37 H9
C
#bMy|H9 `!^ < B~6 
=7 [T  s1d` ?k  jT
_sd
 H9 ,sd  f&1#Py 
! ksd|P#R* H9  _
iG
C# o Yl  6l1+

 3.2: 'x0ZiR*w"1W>9

 bMz v3hw"1"[Y9;w"1"[G1~l
Z   ∞
∞ GMm ′ GM GMm
U(r) = U(∞) + − dr = =− . (27)
r r ′2 r′ r r

! k8"vU[S r h0Z i d[Y

1 GMm
E = mv 2 (r) − . (28)
2 r

C#1)R6
#6  i 8w D P h f[6

1 GMm
E = mv02 − (29)
2 R

#' ,8 v3 h f[6
1 1
E = mv 2 (∞) + U(∞) = mv 2 (∞). (30)
2 2

', v < li,,[;R*w"1 W >  9 bM( v(∞) = 0

! k a (29) QYY
0

1 GMm
0 = mv02 − . (31)
2 R

 k  abM ~| v
u
u 2GM
v0 = u ≈ 11.2km/s. (32)

t
R

6
C9 8_oU <^ Y0Z9

 3.3(" 82 ( 1): 8 O> XEGiUd A 'BY1
F & 3dvk596
g9CY v
'x F  7C P

2A bM(
A

P = F · vA = F vA cos φ. (33)

', √
l2 − h2
cos φ = , (34)

bMPx f F j

l

', F ,dU  &1 T <bM(

F = T = mg + mam . (35)

C,  a YdG m  t9
m
 ,
d2 l
am = . (36)
dt2
Y7x~ 1N bM-&XEU
lY1  gm C i
8Cm C iU 
d A t9 a L a #'Y9
C#', 2 AF3  A 8"vU#5
A A

96 
D E # bM(
r θ

d2 l
aA
r = − lθ̇2 = 0. (37)

! kbM ~|
dt2

d2 l 2 (lθ̇)2
= lθ̇ = . (38)
dt2 l
+',
h
lθ̇ = vθA = vA sin φ = vA , (39)

! k bM ~|
l

d2 l vA2 h2
= am = . (40)

| t DqTbM~|
dt2 l3
F
mvA2 h2
F = mg + mam = mg + . (41)
l3

7
! k&1 F  7CY
! √
mvA2 h2 l2 − h2
P = F vA cos φ = mg + vA . (42)
l3 l

 3.4(" 93 ( 6): UAiUT6Y m L M T A L B e

q l Fq A YÆO B ( AB 4
p9 v
Y7
x B *| A 
"1 8 B t71/ v Lv B 1 F(t)  ~ B k59Mp6

0 0

(1) 'x A L B v q| j r * l

0

(2) m; m  | A L B q| j r * B 1 F(t) >k  f7 W

max

', B k59Mp6 #1Ai
bMz B YÆOPAi S

lY P i
8 kP AiU [6)R Dq ~l
B

1 2 GMm 1 GMm
mvA (l) − = mv02 − . (43)
2 l 2 l0

C, v A (l) YT A 8/T B *Y l 9
z* l q|jrN l 

) = 0
! kbM(
max

vA (lmax

GMm 1 GMm
− = mv02 − . (44)
lmax 2 l0

' kbM ~
2l0 GM
lmax = . (45)
(2GM − l0 v02 )
', l max  #1H1 <Hz
2GM ≥ l0 v02 (46)

#' _ /

Y7x ~B 1 F(t) 8G1E a U  l7 bM_ | % P Ai
',T1l 
f7  ,Tifd[  ( BbM(
   
1 GMm 1 GMm
W = (m + M)v02 − − Mv02 − = mv02 . (47)
2 lmax 2 l0

 3.5(" 95 ( 8): O> Y Y 2l r+5 451T6q

L  yw A L B
CiM8gdQ_A& kWyE
'xgE Xf T

8
 8 O Y1mCiU A mCY (0, y )  B mCY (x , 0)
A B

;bM(
xB = 2l sin θ, yA = −2l cos θ. (48)

! k8 t Gi [Y
1   1
EK = m ẋ2B + ẏA2 = m(2l)2 θ̇2 = 2ml2 θ̇2 . (49)
2 2

g"[Y
V = mgyA = −2lmg cos θ. (50)

! kGi  fd[Y
E = EK + V = 2ml2 θ̇2 − 2lmg cos θ = X 1. (51)

| k 5 A ,v t x { 1T bM ~|
!
dE 2 d2 θ
= 2l 2θ̇ 2 + 2mgl sin θθ̇ = 0. (52)
dt dt

G+T bM(
d2 θ g
2
+ sin θ = 0. (53)
dt 2l
8dQ_A θ 0 =0 & G1 sin θ ∼ θ
!kbM| KwYY
d2 θ g
+ θ = 0. (54)
dt2 2l

| k 8/w}E C`a
d2 ξ
+ ω2ξ = 0 (55)
dt2

 > T bM ~| r
2π g
ω≡ = . (56)
T 2l
' kbM ~ s
2l
T = 2π . (57)
g

9
  3.6(" 97 ( 10): :Y R 3d32QaE2X A q
jM,O9P℄Yl5
9C ℄
8 B h1yw/Q BX g
L
yw8 AC B U/QBX gx8 BC A U;/Q (S M
 yw(
pv9 v
yw E BC A : 2T  8Y9  q9 KE A  q+E
1 2

7L 2X |q C  9 +kH~Y9

0 2

(1) 'x2 Q ℄
9 ω Lyw/ BC A : 2 Q  L v  S M i1 µ

2

(2) _yw |q C T["J<8' h
I [ yw| Z vM6 

2

(1) z2QÆO mCilYPAi
bM\|8K(SM 1u$k

2

^ a ~l ′
dv
m = N − 2m~ω × v′ + mω 2 r′ . (58)

 a 5 A L ` v T bM(
dt
′

dv′ 1 dv ′2
mv′ · = m = v′ · N − 2mv′ · (~ω × v′ ) + mω 2 v′ · r′
dt 2 dt
dr ′ 1 dr ′2
= mω 2 v′ · r′ = mω 2 vr′ ′ r ′ = mω 2 r ′ = mω 2 . (59)
dt 2 dt
uTbM ~|  
d 1 ′2 1
mv − mω 2 r ′2 = 0. (60)

! kbM|%JU  6$lyw8CAi  fd[
jbM(

dt 2 2

1 1
E = mv ′2 − mω 2 r ′2 . (61)
2 2
gU uYyw  [ u;Yyw  *
"[

zyw8e[S B bM(
1 1
E(B) = mv02 − mω 2 (2R)2 . (62)
2 2
 z  |q A  gf[6 B Y
E(A) = 0. (63)

m BLUo#SM18 BC A :2>lL7
!kbM( 2

1 1
(µmg)πR = mv02 − mω 2 (2R)2 . (64)
2 2

10
L+ KEeF3   K E abM ~| :T1 a
 √   
3 1 1 1
(µmg) πR = mv02 − mω 2 (2R)2 − − mω 2 ( 2R)2 . (65)
2 2 2 2
|C51 a 3/xT bM ~|
v0 v02
ω= √ , µ= . (66)
2 2R 4πRg

(2) yw8 C 2 h*
1Y

√
F
*
= mω 2 · 2Rer . (67)

82  pvv  6Y

√
*

Fτ = mω 2 · 2R sin 45◦ = mω 2 R. (68)

' h S M 1 r yY
√

SM
v02 v02 m (2 2Rω)2 m 8R2 ω 2 m 2
f = µmg = mg = = = = mω 2 R. (69)
4πRg 4πR 4πR 4πR π

m y, F*

! kyw ` k' `v*TQ q ℄

τ


.',%
$ 3.4

8^1  #&U Ta^aF  >aPW  [
Y7m;a^ 

E a LTD M XXO &>\T
P Ai'wYaF

(l bM'" T
 )℄
uGiZ( N 1T
bMl{/1%
mCi
gUT6Y m  i 1T8 t [Sv6nl r (t)
XJbM
i i

v6 PN
i=1 mi ri (t)
rC (t) ≡ PN (70)
i=1 mi

YT
8 t   [Sv6
' kbMm;T
8 t   9 v6

PN PN PN
i=1 mi ṙi (t) i=1 mi vi (t) i=1 pi (t) P
VC = ṙc = PN = PN = = . (71)
i=1 mi i=1 mi M M

\Z6 bM(
MVC = P. (72)

11
#6T
 < lG1Ti tD  8UiM  } L T6 M L 6 P
hU | 7T


n8bM" 1 P Ai S
1[,Gi  T

m q, ′

% P i  S i1 O  9 Lt9  E Y V L V̇
C P i <^ Y

′ ′

T
Pi
o[#1Ai [#1AiM z,g1  t9

C C

V̇ #"Y9

q,C P i T m  9 ~l
C

vi′ = vi − VC . (73)

! kq,T
P i Ti  f 6Y

N
X N
X N
X P
P′ = mi vi′ = mi vi − mi VC = P − M = P − P = 0. (74)
i=1 i=1 i=1 M

jTiq,T
P i  f 6RY9
8TLv  a^aF C!

X`<&|

zl&8>(TNT1
N
X
fi = F (75)
i=1

 T
Hh6  a
dVC
F=M = Mac . (76)
dt
C a^ YT
6  a
D E # z NT1 F = 0  T
iYAi

König n8 bM'kTiq,% S iLT
P i S ′

[ Dq Lv  3i

N
X XN
1 1 2
EK = mi vi2 = mi (vi′ + VC )
i=1 2 i=1 2
N
X XN N
1 1X
= mi vi′2 + mi vi′ · VC + mi VC2
i=1 2 i=1 2 i=1
N
X 1 1
= mi vi′2 + P′ · VC + MVC2 . (77)
i=1 2 2

12
', P = 0 bMjT ~|
′

′ 1
EK = EK + MVC2 . (78)

C>i <^ Y König +

2

n8 
bM'A König +  1D. jiMUP(51T  u$
k

 bM(
m1 v1 + m2 v2 P
P = m1 v1 + m2 v2 , VC = = . (79)

! k,T
m C i bM(
m1 + m2 M

(m1 + m2 )v1 − m1 v1 − m2 v2 m2 (v1 − v2 )

v1′ = v1 − VC = = , (80)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
i
m1 (v2 − v1 )
v2′ = v2 − VC = . (81)

bM; u = v − v Y51T8%m C iU  q9 ;8T
m C iUb

m1 + m2

M( u = v − v
(, u bM| v L v W (~l

1 2
′ ′ ′ ′
1 2 1 2

m2 u m1 u
v1′ = , v2′ = − , (82)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
8T
P AiU  Ti  [~l
′ 1 1 1 m1 m2 2 1 2
EK = m1 v1′2 + m2 v2′2 = u = µu . (83)
2 2 2 m1 + m2 2
8_oU  µ = <^Y510d4YT6

m1 m2

7-& König + n8bMM~ f 8% P AiU  Ti [ D

m1 +m2

q 1 1
EK = MVC2 + µu2. (84)

8nt-[d+U Y7W?0d  : M XX |{ s 0dt9

2 2

|P-[67
M|a^h,ÆO_A40d T?Ta^Vd
8C
1EaUDH(&  [6#6 0diÆO0d9L: _ T
iU  0dLv  q
 [ E = µu
T
[ MV lYa^mT  1 IB 6 FIP /C
1 2 1 2

a^Ea
!k E <^Ya^Ea b&[
Pm Y75(z  M

kr 2 2 C

#' [E-b&[8f [U>>  !
Y kM" 7>\^d  m

kr

13
 8^dUM
50qL s 0dq  v < t9
8t9 | P-  [
6T7|M" | ha^
k  51$Pq^  0d8%m C iU 
6Y
P = mv + m(−v) = 0. (85)

8CVu$k 2 A  %io#T
i
F qT
 [

1 2
Ekc = P = 0. (86)
2M
#6 510dGi  } L [ #b&[

Æ. /$#
$ 3.5

kP
bM'5Y jk51T  a^
81di1dKd+  

U0dLv  qWl&# g qWl&
80dqW  ',2Lv p 8
b1af"1~M8gm2eb*71'6 v
CVEa<^Y
E a
8k? h
6)R + bM[`5Ys CFCE a

q8S?a^E a U TLv  qWl&# g  
M g   qWl
&o8x qW g v+gYÆ9
! k8a^  vv0Z bMVV
VDT1 d 6z# YC15GiM  f 6#)R 
#6 bM(
P = m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 v
e 1 + m2 v e
e 2 = P. (87)

C,  (v , v ) L (ve , ve )  E YT m i m 8a^mT  9
CD{R7

8a^E a U Ti  T
9 # IB
jbM(
1 2 1 2 1 2

P e
P
VC = = f .
=V (88)
C
M M
! kGi  T
[
1
EkC = MVC2 (89)

8G1a^E a U#1 IB 6 [( B #b&[ E = µu

2
1 2

C,(5V[

kr 2

(1) E 8G1a^E a U IB
#6 a^ FIs ' [  =
k  b

M ^ a^#U} y  

kr

14
 (2)8a^E a U ( L a} L b&[ B Y[I 
k  bM ^ a^#
 y a^aU} y a^

^" 7kP  ^$i1 e ' D FGa^E a U  CV U
v s
u
uEe ue2 |v
e1 − v
e 2|
t kr
e= = = . (90)
Ekr u2 |v1 − v2 |

m 2A  bM( 0 ≤ e ≤ 1
z e = 1 a^YU} y  z e = 0 a

^YU} y  
 z 0 < e < 1  a^Y y   a^

 3.7: 5GHa^
51wa^mT  9 #w
3p ;a^ <^ YHa^
4 6)R
+ bM(
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 v
e 1 + m2 v
e2. (91)

g l8Ha^  u$k y i1   < (~l

e1 − v
v e 2 = (−e)(v1 − v2 ). (92)

 k  a i bM ~|
(m1 − em2 )v1 + (1 + e)m2 v2 (1 + e)m1 v1 + (m2 − em1 )v2
e1 =
v , e2 =
v . (93)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2

e=1q m = m bM( v = v , v = v
j51w

e1 e2 \79
 z e = 0
 bM ~|
1 2 2 1

m v +m v 1 1 2 2
e1 =
v = VC = v
e 2. (94)
m1 + m2
#68U} y a^T 51w “=L” |7h9LT
 9 6

 3.8: R6dyfB9Cdb7
Y7R6dyf B9C bMv1 Hd  Vrn
uC1Vr&
4Y Y L d "
z d y 3d VrT `ÆjJOk'
8CÆ  
vv0ZbMD|W1Ld  1,Gi d 6 I m
obMuGi 
68CU} y a^E a U#)R 
! kbM(
mv0 = (m + M)v. (95)

15
 8a^E a U Gi  d[# I )R x 8a^LT  T 6 U d
[#1)R6
a^4vVr  - YW1"[m;  9
z r8nbT-
|- Y h [SÆObM([6)RDq
1
(m + M)v 2 = (m + M)gh. (96)
2

:P bM+(kM>i
h = L(1 − cos θ). (97)

KECk13/ abM ~|
m+Mq
v0 = 2gL(1 − cos θ). (98)
m

! kKE R 6 d b 7 jT[S 
θ bMj d yf B9C

 3.9: ( w/1qLT6 ÆOwy a^
D|T1 %t
IRBa^T  9 Wq j M

-8K(T1%tu$kC1iMf 6#)R
!kbM(
mv = mv
e 1 + mv
e2. (99)

+',# y a^ ! k K(d[  =
8D|W1  %tT bM+(

1 2 1 2 1 2
mv = mve1 + mve2 , (100)
2 2 2

a#
v 2 = ve12 + ve22 . (101)

|8 (99)  5 A dT bM ~|

v2 = v 2 = (v e 2 )2 = v
e1 + v e12 + v
e22 + 2v
e1 · v
e2. (102)

7 m Ux|8 (101) T bM(

2v
e1 · v
e 2 = 0. (103)

16
kDRa^T5w9 v L v J(1Y9JB?kjM

e1 e2

 3.10(" 101 ( 12): 0Zi80Z\1=U6
u

i#59C v \a\1=v6 
T7℄EN'L59C5a\1
=v6
xk  d  l"1Y1'  7L
| i &l5 YdP 
2[G
u0Z \1 0d/ i a^#U} y  
'x0Z \1 =  9C u

zi\a\1=v\10q,i9 Y
u′ = u − (−v) = u + v. (104)

8/ i a^T gq, i 9 B_ −(v + u)(8C, bMu i T6q

, \1 Y v r)
! k8vv0 ∆t Z \1 =>* |  i . d 6Y
∆P = −m [2(u + v)] = − [ρ(u + v)S∆t] [2(u + v)] = −2ρS(u + v)2 ∆t. (105)

C, ρ Y\1= T6O
 S Yi P  Pe
! k4^ B 

i>*|\1=3.T1Y
∆P dP
F1 = − lim =− = 2ρS(u + v)2 . (106)
∆t→0 ∆t dt
zi#5a0d=v6(5Vu$EtA

(i) v > u
k   i m < ^
a^m \1 =q, i 9 Y u = u − v < ′

0 a^T; B Y −(u − v)
! k8a^  vv0 ∆t Z  i >*  1Y

∆P dP
F2 = lim = = −2ρS(u − v)2 . (107)
∆t→0 ∆t dt

kiT <^
a^m/a^T\1=q,i9
(ii) v < u 
 E Y u − v L −(u − v)
! k i >*  1Y
∆P dP
F2 = − lim =− = 2ρS(u − v)2 . (108)
∆t→0 ∆t dt
g1N/Vu$  D# 

n8 4FWU  u bM ~|
 2
1 |F2 |v |F2 |v 2ρS(v − u)2 v−u
= = = 2
= , (109)
4 |F1 |v |F1 |v 2ρS(v + u) v+u

17
a#
v−u 1
=± . (110)
v+u 2
' kbM ~| 51[   u = v a u = 3v

1

 3.11(" 102 ( 14): uP at
Y φ = 60 BX|9m-

3
◦

Y H   e 9XG | 3dPT K(vIh
KP u / 9 S M

i1Y µ = 0.7
a u d|J,M h H = 2N, φ = 45 , µ = 0.5 u d+|J,M ◦

h
a4vP u9CY v = √2gH
g6Y 0

~vk = v0 cos φi, ~v⊥ = −v0 sin φj. (111)

',8 j Mv  a^YU} y  ! k bM(

N ∆t = 0 − (−mv0 sin φ) = mv0 sin φ. (112)

C, N YPdJ ℄ 1 (1;}bM#'AW1 mg d6
C, bM

u N ≫ mg)
 f~ = −µN i ;YP u aT vv0 ∆t Z P,P u
dSM1
~P u3d 6BY
bM(
~ = −µN ∆ti = m~v ′ − m~vk .
f∆t (113)
k

! kbM ~|
mvk′ = mvk − µN∆t = mv0 cos φ − µmv0 sin φ, (114)

a#
vk′ = v0 cos φ − µv0 sin φ = v0 (cos φ − µ sin φ). (115)

, φ = 60 , µ = 0.7 bM(
◦

√
◦ 1 ◦ 3
cos 60 − 0.7 sin 60 = − 0.7 × < 0. (116)
2 2

!k v ′
k <0 jP ua?T|QT
C#I[
!kP uJ8a?

18
 z φ = 45 bM(
◦

√
◦ ◦ 2
cos 45 − 0.5 sin 45 = 0.5 × > 0. (117)
2

! k v′
k >0
<P u8a?T7vmX* s
g1NY
vk′2 v 2 (cos φ − µ sin φ)2 2gH(cos φ − µ sin φ)2
s = = 0 =
2µg 2µg 2µg
H
= (cos φ − µ sin φ)2 = 0.5 .
µ
N (118)

0), 104 Q 110  3-4  3-7  3-8  3-9  3-10  3-12  3-17 
3-18  3-20  3-22  3-24  3-26  3-29  3-33  3-34 F

19