MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES A THE AUSTRIAN ARMY 1740-80: 3 SPECIALIST TROOPS a a +S PHILIP HAYTHORNTHWAITE BILL YOUNGHUSBAND “aAUSTRIAN ARMY SPECIALIST TROOPS CE ltd ‘The composition of the Habsburg Empire and its military forces is summarized in the first part of this study, The trmy 1740-1780 (1): Cavalry (MAA 271). ‘This part concerns the army’s ‘Special- ists’: technical services and light troops tustrian THE ARTILLERY Until at least the latter years of Maria ‘Theresa's reign, the Austria artillery was acknowledged to be second to none in Europe; and it must have been no coincidence that Jean Baptis de Gribeauval, who Went on and so radically reformed the French artil lery after he became inspector of artillery in 1776, had spent the Seven Years’ War on attachment to the Austrian army from the French. (This remarkable k of Feldinarschall-Liewtenant n army and was decorated with the Aus gunner rose to the ra in the Austr Order of Maria ‘Theresa for his service under trian colours.) ‘The excellence of the Austrian artillery dated from the appointment as Director-General of Artil lery of Prince Joseph Wenzel Liechtenstein in 174 Despite other responsibilities, he expended great energy and some of his considerable fortune in com- pletely reforming all aspects of gunnery science, from the manufacture and construction of ordnance toa reorganization of the gunnery corps and a review of its employment Composition For most of Maria ‘Th service was an organization quite separate from the rest of the army, a relic of an earlier age when gunners were more technical specialists than soldiers 3's reign, the artillery proper. Not only did the artillery possess its own distinct organization, but it also had its own scheme of promotion and hierarchy of rank, in which the qualified gunners were regarded as to the enlisted men in the other arms of service. ‘There were originally three corps of artillery, styled reatly superior German, Netherlandish and Lombardie, according to the regions of the empire. Liechtenstein reorgan- Artillery officer: lower- ranking or company officer whose uniform does not have the lace on the waistcoat and waist-helt which distinguished field ranks. (Print afier R. von Ouenteld)ized the Deuisches-Feldartilleric into three brigades of eight companies each (ten companies from 1738); the Nicderlindisches National-Antillerie renvained a sepa- ight-company brigade which, despite its title, was not restricted to service in the Netherlands but contributed units to the main field armies. \ measure of the unique status of artillerymen was the use of the term Biichsenmeister or ‘master unner’ for the ordinary private artilleryman; these men were fully-trained technicians, and the heavy 1 0 manu A involved in handling ordnance was the responsibility of largely untrained men attached to, each gun-team on campaign infantrymen for such duties was not a satisfactory system, however, and in 175 regiment of | The use of untrained Liechtenstein created illery fusiliers to provide the ‘muscle Supporting the field units were other artillery rtments: the Maus-Arilferie, which maintained garrison ordnance, the -Artilleriestab or stalt resp sible for command and administration, and wo d dlep partments mobilized fully only in time of war ~ the Feldzeugant, which maintained the ordnance of the field armies, and the Rossparter, which provided the horse-teams and transport. Each bi dle maintained an NCO school, and there existed an officers’ school at the artillery headquarters at Budweis in Bohemia, ‘This region provided the majority of the gunners, and because of the sensitive nature of the craft, the artillery was the one branch of the Austrian army into Ithough this, restriction did not always apply to officers), Perhaps the most famous of Austria's ‘foreign’ gunners was ‘Theodor von Rouvroy, who was born in Luyem- bourg in 1728, and whose father had been an artillery officer in the Sayon army into which Theodor pro- nt at the age of 18. He re and, thro which no foreigners were enlisted gressed as a Hicute from ened h Liechten- stein’s influence, joined the Austrians, with the im- mediate rank of artillery captain, He rose to the rank of general officer in 1763, obtained the new 2nd Saxon service in 175 Artillery personnel posed before park of fcldpicces da stone-faced, earth~ topped fortification. At lett isa Bichsenmeister of the ‘Netherlands’ artillers, with the red lapels not worn by the ‘German’ gunners; and at right artillery fusilier, wearing gaiters in place of the lone isoors commonly used by the gunners. (Print after Revon Ottentfeld) ———Agun-crew of field ©. 1762; the gun in sights along the barrel, as another gunner repositions the trail hy means of a handspike. The ‘man with the combined rammer and sponge wears a gunners haversack over the shoulder. (Print after R.von Ottenteld) Artillery Regiment in 1772, became Feliimarschall- Liewtenant in 1773, and commanded the the War of the Bavarian Secession ‘The artillery suffered no shortage of recruits; its personnel received favoured treatment and higher rates of pay than the other services, and thus only Superior grade of recruit (literacy was essential) was accepted. Exceptions I usually © rtillery in ¢ Rouvroy apart, promotion me from within the cor status was exemplified by the for most ranks. sand its unique use of distinctive titles Artillery companies were administra fe rather than tactical formations; artillerymen often served in small detachments. Each company was commanded by a Stickhauptmann or artillery captain (a term used instead of the usual rank of Haupomann), and usually comprised a Stickjanker (Ist lieutenant), wo Mi-Feuermerkers Qnd Tigutenants), four Jung Fauerverkers (Feldwabels or senior NCOs), six or more Curpurals and about 70 gunners. A group of four companies might be commanded by an Oherstiickhauptmann (major). ‘Phe Artillerie-~Fusilies~ Regiment comprised three battalions of eight com- panies, each of 116 men. The artillery also included, ‘one company of miners, increased to two in 1748 and to four in 1763 ‘ollowing his death in 1772, succeeded as E iechtenstein was eneral of Artillery by Franz Ulrich, Prince Kinsky, whose appointment is further evidence of individuals brought in from outside the corps. Kinsky had served in the infantry, command- ing Regt. Botta (No. 12 in the 1769 system of numbering) with great distinction at Kolin, defend~ ing his position with the bayonet after running out of ammunition, and where he was severely wounded; and in 1761 he became Inuber of Regt. Tillier (No. 36), which then adopted his name. Kinsky remained as Director-General until 1778, and from the start of his appointment instituted a thorough reorganization of the artillery service. ‘This involved the creation of three numbered artillery regiments, formed from the 30 companies of the German brigades and the 12 companies of the Netherlands brigade. Each of the new regiments comprised four battalions of four companies each and was organized more on infant lines than before, having an Obrist-Inhaber (colonel in-chief) and regimental staff including administra- tive officers (an Auditor and a Rechuungsfiihrer), a regimental surgeon (Reginents-Chirurg), eight battal- ion-surgeons (Bataillons-Chirurgen) and eight medi cal assistants (Uuterféldscheren), a provost and assi tants, a drum major (Regimentstambour) and eight musicians. The old rank-titles were replaced by those used in the infantry, with Kanonier replacing Biichsenmeister as the rank of the ordinary gunners ‘Thus each company was commanded by a Haupt ‘mann or Capitin-Liewtenant (the latter actually com- manding the company; it was nominally led by the Juhaber), and comprised one Ober-Liewtenant, two Unter-Liewtenants, three Bombardieren (a rank replac- ing Jung-Fenermerker), a Peldmabel, a Fourier (quarter- master-corporal) for administrative duties; six Kanonier-Corporalen, two Unterkanonier-Corporalen (junior NCOs), a fifer, a drummer, 96 Kananieren 5and 16 Unterkanonieren. (‘Kanonier’ was in effect a Ist-class gunner, and an Unterkanonier 2nd-class.) The rank of Oherstiickhaupimann was replaced by Major. Kinsky transformed the Haus-Artillerie into a Garnisons-Artillerie (*garsison-artillery’), organized in 12, later 13, territorial divisions; reorganized the arsenal administration (Feldzeugam); transferred the Rosspartei to the transport service; and abolished the artillery fusiliers, so that their non-technical duties again fell to parties of infantrymen detached for that purpose. ‘The ordnance was reformed following the War of the Austrian Succession, in which the existing guns had not been especially distinguished. Although maintaining the same basic ‘natures’ (i. the classification of guns according to the weight of the roundshot they fired), Liechtenstein and his head of the field artillery, the appropriately-named Anton Feuerstein (‘Mlint’ or ‘fire-stone’), introduced a pro- cess of reduction of weight and inerease of mobility, by redesigning barrels and carriages, without causing a deterioration in the striking-power of the guns. The commonest field-pieces remained the 3-, 6- and 12- pdr. cannon; less manageable were the heavier 12- pdr. and the 18- and 24+pdrs. which were more commonly used for bombardment. The ordnance capable of indirect fire with shells (ie, over the heads of friendly troops or over obstacles and features of terrain) were the 7- and 10-pdr. howitzers for the field artillery, 10-, 30-, 60-and 100-pdr, mortars and the perriers (mortars which fired stones like grape- shot). The principal artillery employed in the field from the mid-1750s were the 3-, 6~and light 12-pdrs. and 7-pdr. howitzers; other types of artillery were 6 Artillery uniforms, 1762: schematic representa of the difference bet ‘German’ artillery (left), ‘Netherlands’ artillery (centre) and arciller fusiliers (right). The uniform is fawn with red culls (and red lapels for the Netherlands personnel), but turnbacks are all in the uniform- colour, whereas they are usually shown as red for the ‘Netherlands’ artillery less successfull and were used only briefly. ‘These included light 1- and 2-pdr. guns and lighter howit- vers used by the Gren corps, and a small number of unwieldy Russian howitzers on loan briefly in 1759. 60. The guns were brass-barrelled, with wooden carriages painted dark yellow and black metal fit- tings. For field service, the lighter pieces (generally 3- pars.) were deployed as “battalion guns’, a system by which four or six guns and their artillery crews were attached to each infantry regiment to provide imme diate fire-support. Although by the end of the 18th century experience had proved the value of concen- tration of fire over this method of dispersal, ‘battalion guns’ were maintained by a number of armies until the turn of the century. In consequence, artille ymen often served in small detachments rather than in larger batteries. The gunners attached to an infantry unit would be commanded by a Suickjunker. Ale though most battalions had two guns attached, some of those intended to form the first line had two 7-pdr. howitzers instead. ‘The remaining lighter guns, 3-and 6-pdrs., might be deployed in four-gun batteries at intervals between the infantry battalions, but it was found more practical to deploy the light 12-pdrs, in batteries (sometimes termed Fliigelbatterien) on the flanks of the line of battle, where they might oppose the enemy’s flanking cavalry or enfilade positions along the enemy’s front line. With regard to their tactical employment, a British commentator made the somewhat unusual criticism that at times the Austrians placed too much emphasis upon the preservation of their guns: “Their artillery is excellent: but instead of being an accessary [sic], it is sometimes made a principal;instead of aidin; the troops, the troops are obliged to guard and defend it, and render themselves subservi ent to the difficulties of its movements. ‘Their care to guard their cannon, and the dar honour in_preservin erous point of what ought to be considered only as tools or instruments of war, has, on more than one vccasion, caused the defeat of the Austrian infan- ty; this might have been avoided, had they either had no cannon, or consented to lose it,” (In general, it was only later that the concept of artillery ay an offensive arm in its own right sup Planted the traditional view that its proper role was only an ecessory” to the infantry in the provision of close fire-support.) Despite the enhanced mobility achieved by mak ans and carrias se was introduced only s lighter, horse artillery per 1760, when twelve 3-palrs were provided with four-horse teams and mounted gunners. Further pre ress Was slow: it was not until 8 that a proper horse artillery service was created This comprised 24 6-pars, and eight 7-pdr. howit vers, with erews partly mounted and partly riding upon the padded seat of the gun-carriage, known {because of its sausage shape) as a Hirst; ammunition Was carried on ack-horses, The horse artillery was increased to comprise $4 guns and howitzers by the following year Some ammunition was carried in a chest on the A s-pdr. fieldpieee, showing the method of elevation by means of a Scren-operated quoin, sith rammer and tundspike carried on the Side of the trail. The metal ‘sachets positioned at each Side of the muzzle permitted the attachment of advance rods’ bars at Tight-angles to the trail by Athich the gun could be ihandled forwards, [Print afier R. von Ouenteld) gun-trail or limber, but most was transported in ammunition wagons, allocated on a seale of one two- wheel cart per 3-pdr. or 7-pdr. howitzer, and three carts per two 6- or 12-pdrs.; from 1759 the heavier guns and the howivers had four-wheeled wagons instead. In addition to these battery vehicles there ts, and a ‘eams and drivers were part of the Resspartei or *horse-party’, which existed as only a very small cadre in peacetime; was a reserve to replenish the guns’ reserve of person cl to replace casualties. in wartime it was expanded into companies of 50 men (Stiickknechten), two smiths, two harness-makers and 100 horses, under command of an Unteriagenmeister ‘This system was not satisfactory, but not until 1776. Was a permanent transport service established to ran. not only artillery ansport but commissariat_and regimental transport as well. The strength of the field artillery during Maria 80 that by 1777 it comprised the three field regiments, each of 1,995 gunners and 248 technicians of the Feldseugums, a total of 6,729 men, with 7,767 horses, 1,595 wagons and 645 fi increased progressively ‘Theresa's r dlpicces; with 1,036 men of the garrison artillery Artillery uniform In style, the uniforms of the artillery and technical services resembled those of the infantry, with the major changes in uniform applying equally to them(for example the introduction of the single-breasted jacket in 1767); but throughout the period, the my’s specialist units were distinguished by singular colouring. In no ease was this more marked than for tillery, whose uniforms chat the a ed from a shade carlier in the century to a greyish-brown, y' (Wolfigran) or ‘wolf-brown’ (olfibraut), and which appears. in contemporary pictures as ranging from a warm, slightly brownish-grey to a fawn. Unlike as in some reconstructions, it was not at this period the very dark, tobacco-brown which ultimately became the distinctive uniform-colour of the Austrian artillery, and in fact some contemporary illustrations of a comparatively late date indicate a shade distinctly more grey than brown, ‘The artillery f variously described as ‘wolf-gi colour was red, but this was borne universally only upon the cuffs, as ‘German’ artillery had no lapels. Skirt-lining is usually recorded as being of the uniform-colour, although some sources show red turnbacks. ‘The Netherlands artillery had red lapels and turnbacks, and a further distinction between the two is recorded in the position of buttons on the cuff, the ‘German’ gunners being shown with three buttons down the rear seam and one upon the upper edge, and the Netherlands gunners with three buttons along the upper edge, in infantry style, Waistcoat and breeches were in the coat-colour; gunners wore high boots, and tricorns with yellow lace. ‘The artillery used a style of hair-dressing termed a Canone, resembling a short ‘club inst ead of a long queue. At the front of the body, on a waist belt, gunners carried a black leather pouch bearing a brass plate (which for the ‘German’ gunners bore the artillery’s crossed-can non motif); artillery tools (Besteck: a_vent-pricker) were carried upon a shoulder cord of mixed black and yellow. The artillery fusiliers wore a similar uniform, with black knee-gaiters and a white frontal pouch. (For artillery weaponry, see the text to Plate CL.) Subsequent uniform-styles followed those of the infantry, but retained the previous colour-scheme. Officers wore uniforms of the same colouring, with a red waistcoat and white breeches. They were armed with an épée suspended from a white leather waist belt, the plate of which bore the cypher ‘MT until 1770, and thereafter an imperial eagle. Field officers had gold-laced waistcoats and gold-edged belts. Variations on the above uniforms appear in contemporary pictures, includ z for example a red shoulder strap on the coat, white smallelothes, and even a small grenade-bads place of the button which secured the hat-loop. borne upon the hat in second from right, with the slung knapsack, is an NCO, licated by the cant spended from :t cos button; two of the mei demolishing the wall have removed their coats, and are working in sleeve waistcoats, (Print after R. von Ottenfeld)ENGINEERS As in a number of European a mies, the engincer services were divided into several corps, of which the one styled ‘engineers’ (Ungenienr-Carps) was com: Posed evclusively of officers; the rank-and-file who performed the manual work were distributed among other corps. ‘The engineer corps was responsible not only for field engineering, but also for the mainten- ance of fortresses. At the beginning of Maria ‘Theresa's reign, the commissioned engineers were few in number, and only in the Netherlands was there any kind of ef ganization in two “brigades” of seven offi- cers each, at Brussels and Mecheln, established in The unsatisfactory nature of the engineer ser- led in 1747 to the appointment of Colonel Paul Ferdinand von Bohn as Pradirector of the engineer corps, with Prince Charles of Lorraine as his superior as Director-General of Engineers (Generul-Genie- Engineer officer (left) and Sappeur. The engineer Wears blue coat with dark red cuts and waistcoat, white breeches, old lace and gilt buttons; the Feldbinde (wutist-sash) ‘shown here is not depicted ‘ina number of ‘contemporary pictures. TheSappeur wears the With crimson facings, and holds his Casquet with its plume of red on the outer faceand white on the “inner. (Print after R. von Otrenfeld) was issued (Regulament Ingenieurs-Corpa) (si fiir dus kais.-kiinigl. and the corps was + ized into four brigades, one each to cover Germany (Austria, Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia), Hungary, the Netherlands, and Italy, Each brigade comprised one Obrist and Obrist-Licutenant, wo Majors, four Haupteleute (captains), fixe Ober and Unter-Lienten ants, and G xan juducturen (ordinary engineers). Together with a small administrative staff, this totalled 98 engineers. For tr ining, the engineer academy was reorganized; but despite the improvements, the Aus- trians still found it necessary to rely upon the skill of French engineers on campaign and for the construc tion of fortresses. ‘The engineers originally wore white coats; a contemporary picture copied by Knétel shows a coat with red cuffs and lining, no lapels, but gilt buttons on both sides of the breast, red breeches and a double-breasted waistcoat, By 1761 a lightish blue coat was wor waisteoat; . with darkish red or crimson cuffs and ather or white cloth breeches were worn on service, and red for full dress, when a goldaiguillette way worn on the right shoulder, Some sources indicate a coat of a darker shade of blue, and other variations include an unlaced waistcoat or one with a double row of buttons instead of the 12 sometimes described, and gold lace (as for field officers), a row of buttons on the left breast of the coat, and a red folding collar. ‘The tricorn hat had zing and a black cockade with a gold loop, sh), which is not recorded in a number of contemporary Ottenteld shows the use of a Fel fhinde (waist sources, The en ineer academy wore grey unifo with green facings and white buttons Sappers and mini s Apart from the small platoon of pioneers maintained by each infantry regiment, there were originally no specially -trained engineer rank-and-file, To remedy the serious deficiency of having to use untrained infantrymen, at the suggestion of Gribeauval, the Suppeur-Corps was established in April 1760, This comprised three companies, each of one Haupiman, one Oher-Lieutenant, one Unter-Liewtenant, three Suppeurmeisteren, six Brigadiers, 12 Ober-Sappeurs, 36 Unter-Suppeurs, 24 privates and one drummer, the corps’ commandant was an Ohristmachimeister, the very first being Johann von Bechard, Officers were provided by the engineer corps; the rank of Suppeurmeister that of NCO. Each Suppeur company formed six *brigades’ of 12 men each (led by a Brigadier, a junior NCO), tw whieh four infantry volunteers could be added for field service was senior The Suppews wore a pike-grey uniform with crimson cuffs, folding collar and turnbacks, and yellow buttons, smallelothes were pike-grey, and black canvas knee-gaiters were worn until 170, when the cloth infantry type was adopted, ‘The head- dregs was a black felt Cusquet with a conjoin “MT? on the false front «d cypher ied a at the lefi side was ea green and white bow-shaped cockade, and above it a plume red on the outer face and white on the inner. (For equipment, sce the text to plate D1.) ‘The miners were o ly part of the artillery, ‘one company strong, increased to two in 1748 and to four in 1763, forming a miner ‘brigade’. ‘The corps staff comprised an Obrist-Liewlenaut in command, one Obristrachimeister, one cljutant, one surgeon and three assistants (Ober and Unter-Chirugen), and a drum major (Corps-Tambour); each company was composed of one Hauptmann (or Capitén-Lieutenant for the Stabs-Compagnie nominally commanded by the corps’ commandant), one Oher-Liewtenant, two Unter-Liewtenants, Feldwabels, Mineur- meister, one Faurier, eight 12 Ober two one Minenfiihrer, peur uniform: Casquet cockade, white (internal) and red (external) plume: smaticlothes with dark red or erimson folding collar, id turnbacks, and yellow buttons, Sappeur equipment, including Casquet with its distinctive green and *kade and vertically- divided red and white plume; musket, knapsack, pick and shovel, waist-belt with a combined frog for the sabre- and bayonet scabbards, and the 1769 sabre with guardless hilt and a serrated rear edge to the blade. (Print after R. von Ontenteld)Pioneer (lett) and NCO of pontooncers, wearing pike~ grey uniform with green facings, and coral blue with red feines respectively; note the distinctive cufF-fap worn by the pomooncer. Inthe background isa wooden after 0) Ali-Mineure, 08 Jung-Mincure (all these tespectively NCO ranks or grades of miners), one vant and two musi ofall ranks In 1772 the sappers were united with the miners, hen the later unit was transferred {rom the artillery 0 the engincer service. ‘The miners had worn light ue with crimson facings and a Casyuet, later a mnséhut (Corsica a flat-brimmed hat up- turned at one side) with black over yellow plume; this iniform, in the 1767 infantry style with single- easted jacket and white breeches, was adopted by the combined corps. jams ~ giv Pioneers ‘supplement the existing engineer services, Franz oritz Lacy suggested that a corps of pioneers be blished to perform the duties of the infantry rents’ own pioneer plitoons ~ clearing roads and recting wooden bridges. Field-Marshal Daun sane- joned the formation of only a battal- j accordingly, in January 1758 it was established ler Major Carl, Freiherr von Schmidburg, com- sing four companies each of one Haupimarn, one Lieutenant, one Unter-Liewtenant, one Feld- ibel, four corporals, 23 carpenters (Zimmerlente: is way the title of those in the infa ntry pioneer a corps total of platoons), 75 ordi sand three musicians ‘They were equipped with bridging-material and wagons, cach company having two or three mobile bridges (Laufbriicken), In 1759 the corps was a mented by one major, one adjutant, Procianimeister, ome battali tant-surgeon, Fouriers, 16 Zimmerlente and 50 men, giving each company a strength of 261. The Jiger corps was attached to the pioneers, one corporal and 50 men per company, The Pionniercarps was disbanded for reasons of economy in 1762, and only reconstituted in time of war. (For pioneer uniform, sce the text to Phate D2.) ‘The duties of the engineer corps were not re~ stricted to constructional tasks, but included front- Jine service in circumstances in which their particular skills were of value, Mor example, for Laudon’s attack on Schweidnity in 1761, four columns were deployed for the assault. Fach column comprised five battal- ions, one cavalry squadron, six 6-pdrs, and four howitzers; at the head of each column were 140) me carrying ladders and planks, 100 men with spades and pick-ayes, 40. carpenters, 16 pioneers and. six miners. The infantry led each column, with scaling- ladders borne upon wagons; then came the cavalry, and finally the artillery. ‘The columns were con- ducted by engineers who had previously cale ¥ pione, one surgeon and one assis- two corporals, 100 tedPioneer uniform: a representation of the pike- grey coat with grass-green folding collar, cuffs and turnbacks; white breeches; and a green waistcoat, as indicated by Ottentfeld, Pontooncer uniform: representation of the cornflower blue coat, waistcoat and breeches: red lapels, cuffs (and flap) and turnbacks; white buttons; and hat with white lace and cockade- Joop. their routes of approach, and when actually making the assault the pioneers and Indder-carriers followed immediately behind the first line of infantry, which included 100 grenad ers equipped with grenades. Pontooneers ‘The engineers’ bridging-trains were reorganized in 1749, after difficulties encountered in the northern theatre of war, far from the navigable waters of the Danube; two organizations were established ~ the Obrist-Schiffiamt (concerned with bridges), and the Pontoniers, two companies responsible for the mobile pontoons, with their own transport-wagons. Each company comprised one Briiekhaupimann or “bridge- captain’, one Briicklieutenant, one Feldmibel, one Fourier, one drummer, two corporals, two carpen- ters, 15 pontooneers and ten watermen. In all, the army maintained 200 pontoons (120 wooden and 80 metal); each company managed 100. With the dis: banding of the pioneers, the pontooneers took over a the administration of the light bridges (Laufbriicken) as well, and on 10 June 1767 the Kriegsbriickenmesen service was reorganized to include a pontooneer battalion of four field companies and a Haus- compagnie which comprised the personnel of the Obrist-Schiffiamt, all commanded by the Obrist- Schiffiamt-Obristlieutenant or Briieken-Oberhaupt- ‘manu (ligutenant-colonel), the battalion was com- manded by an Obristrachtmeister and included a small staff. The Hauscompagnie was composed of one Hauptmann, one Ober-Lieutenant, one Unter-Lieuten- ant, 18 NCOs or technicians, 24 4lt-Pionniere and +4 privates; each of the four field companies (Feld- cumpagnien) comprised one Hauptmann, one Ober Liewenant, one Unter-Lieutenant, one Ober-Feld- briickenmeister, two Unter-Feldbriickenmeister (senior NCOs), five corporals, 15 Ali-Pionniere, 40 privates and one drummer. (For the Pontonier uniform, see the text t0 Plate D3.) ‘There also existed the Csaikisten (or Tsaikisten), a corps formed from Danubian boatmen and com- prising part of the Grens (frontier) troops, formed into a regiment in 1763. Their title was derived from the (sail, a long galley or boat which could be used either as an armed gunboat for river-navigation or as 4 pontoon; contrary to some early accounts, the name was not derived from the Csardaken, the barracks used as guard-posts along the frontier with the Otto- man Empire. ‘The establishment of the engineer services in 1777, just before the War of the Bavarian Succession, comprised two battalions of sappers and miners, each of four companies and 496 men; one pioneer battal- ion, of six companies and 1,002 men, and one pontooneer battalion, of four companies and 474 THE GRENZ CORPS ‘The Habsburg Empire possessed a unique resource in the form of the most proficient light infantry of the period. They were recruited from the inhabitants of the so-called ‘military borders’, the frontier between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires, which had been settled by military colonists in the 16th century. In jons, virtually the entire male popu-given leave to reside there feturn for a feudal style of military service. In frontier regions, there was virtually no com- ree or manufacture; the inhabitants were allocated esteads 10 cultivate ay best they could, and the llings were often wretched and isolated. ‘Their ncipal occupation, apart from subsistence agricul- e, was to protect the frontier against “Turkish sions, and to serve elsewhere when required Service on the borders was arduous, even in icetime, but throughout the period of the ‘military ders’ it was performed steadfastly. later British A student of the engineer academy, €. 1780: grey uniform with green facings, (Print after R. von Ouenteld) jed-edged sabres of ‘technical’ services the 1764 pattern for pontooncers and Craikisten (left), and the sappeur pattern, (Print after Rovon Ouenfeld) observer went so far hardships th sto remark that, “In spite of the are called upon to endure, they con tend cheerfully against them, and manfully, too: nay, Thave not met with a lighter-hearted set of fellows in all my peregrinations the months, in these elevated regions [Transylvania] is hard service enough; but you can form no conception of its severity in the winter season. Neither the one nor the other call forth a * (United Service Journal 1840, Vol. M1). ‘Their spartan lifestyle pro- duced men inured to hardship, and they were more adept at light infantry tactics than any other in Europe as a result of the irregular nature of warfare against the Turks doing duty, even du ing summ single murmur; quite the reverse fronti e styled Grenzer gh they were frequently styled ‘Croats’ or Pandours’, the former from the national- ity and the latter from Serbo-Croat pamndis, which became synonymous with a Balkan irregular soldier or marauder ‘The ‘military border’ troops we or ‘borderers’, altho The term ‘Croat’, however, did not accurately reflect their national origin, as the Grens corps included others, notably Serbs. The ‘military border’ exter wed east from the Adriatic, and com prised (from west to east) the frontier regions of Carlstadt, Warasdin and Banal; Slavonia; the Banat aof Temesvar; and Transylvania. The ‘generalcies’ (regions) of Carlstdt and Warasdin were united into a single authority in May 1763. (Carlstide is now Karlovac, south-west of Zagreb; Warasdin is Varazdin, north-east of Zagreb), Composition In the early part of Maria ‘Theresa’s reign, the Gren corps were virtually ‘tribal’ in their structure, with little uniformity of appearance or equipment, al- though their wild demeanour made a considerable impression upon their enemies. A new administra- tion from 1744, presided over by Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen, reorganized the ‘Croats’ into regiments with proper establishments, equipment and training. Four Carlstadt regiments were formed, each named after its area: Liccaner (now named Lika), Ottocaner (Otocac), Oguliner (Ogulin) and Szluiner (Slunj); two Warasdin regiments: Creutzer (Krizevei) and St. Georger (Durdevac); and three Slavonian regiments: Brooder or Broder (Brod), Gradiscaner (Gradiska), and Peterwardeiner (Petro- varadin, north-west of Belgrade). Regiments usually comprised four battalions, each of four companies of about 240 men, although the Liccaner Regt. had six battalions, and actual regimental strength might be as high as 5,000. ‘Regiments’ were as much administra- tive regions as military units; the battalion was the principal tactical formation. ‘The Banal region was reorganized and two re ments formed in 1750; four were formed in ‘Transylvania from 1762; and two in the Binat of ‘Temesvar in 1765-6, Normally no more than one- third of a regiment's strength would be mobilized for war at any one time (and then for a fixed term, after which they would return home), but in exceptional circumstances an additional levy could be called During periods of mobilization for service away from their own lands, those who remained behind contin- ued to protect the frontiers; during the War of the Austrian Succession, for example, as many as 20,000 were employed on this duty. Officers originally in- cluded a large number of foreigners (service with the ‘Croats’ was regarded as somewhat inferior to that with line regiments), but the number of ‘native’ officers increased as time went on. Units were usually known by their title, though sometimes may be found referred to by the name of i the Inhaber — for example Guicciardi (Liccaner) or Dillis (Oguliner). In the system of numbering of infantry regiments adopted in 1769, the Grenz infan- try regiments ranked after the 59 line regiments, and. were numbered as follows: Carlstidt regiments: No. 60 Liccaner (from 1742); No. 61 Ottocaner, No. 62 Oguliner, No. 63 Szluiner (these three were formed in 1746) Warasdin regiments: No. 64 Creutzer, No. 65 St. Georger (both formed in 1745). ‘The Carlstidt and Warasdin regiments were largely Croat in nationality and Roman Catholic in religion; they were described as ‘tall and straight as the pine-trees in their native mountains’. Slavonian regiments: No. 66 Brooder or Broder, No. 67 Gradiscaner, No. 68 Peterwardeiner (all formed in 1747). In origin they were divided equally between Ruitzen (Slavonians of Serbian origin, and of Greek Orthodox religion), and Schokatzen (Roman Catholic Slavonians). The Czaikisten battal- ion was also formed from this area. Banal regiments: No. 69, Ist Banal, No. 70, 2nd Banal (both formed in 1750). The Banal region was situated geographically between those of Carlstidt and Warasdin, and the name of the regiment derived from the Banus of Croatia, the Inhaber. They were regarded as belonging to the Carlstidt/Warasdin region of the frontier, and their composition was like that of the others from that region Banat regiments: the corps in the Banat of ‘Temesvar were No. 71 Temesvérer Ansiedlungs-Regi- ment (Temesvir Colony or Settlement Regiment), formed in 1765 from German colonists (hence its alternative name ‘Deutsch-Bandt Regiment’), and No. 72. The latter was formed in 1766 as the Ifyrisches- Bandter, amalgamated in 1773 with the Walachisch- Bandter to form the Walachische-Ilyrisches Gren: Regiment. As the name implied, the Walachisch- Béndter was formed of Wallachians, the remainder being a mixture of Wallachians and Raizen ‘Transylvanian regiments: Nos. 73 and 74, Ist and 2nd Transylvanian Székler Regiments (Siebe biirgisches Székler), formed in 1762, Nos. 75 and 76, Ist and 2nd Transylvanian Wallachian Regiments (Siebenbiirgisches-Walachen). The Székler regiments were composed of Hungarians, the others of Greek Orthodox Wallachians, There were in addition Grenz cavalry units,Hussars and dragoons (covered in The Ausirtan Avuny 1740-1780: I Cavalry, MAA 271). Tactically, the Grenzer were the most efficient Hight infantry in Europe, and duly respected by their enemies. Ibis interesting to consider the comments of Frederick the Great, whose troops suffered at the hands of the ‘Croats’ and ‘Pandours’; although, as the Following was written for his generals, it is likely that he deliberately under-rated them in the knowledge hem on thar the Prussians had no means of opposins “The hussars and pandours are dreadful only to these who do not know them. ‘They are never brave Bur when animated by the hope of plunder, or when they can annoy others without exposing themselves. Pandours: a painting by David Morier, © 1 showing uniforms which have heen identified as. ‘Bannalise’ (efi), and a member of Trenek’s Vrei- Carps (right). The former wears a bluegreen delman with scarlet cufls, black braid, white buttons; green pantaloons with scarlet gussets at the front flap, searletand black barrelled sash: brown eap with red bag, opanken worn avert scarlet lining; white shoulder-helt with black pouch; and red cloak. The musket and pistal thrust behind the sash appear to be decorated with metal hands and studs, and the studded, Nat-ended butt of asccond pistol is visible below the left armpit, The member of Trench’ Frei Corps has a mirliton cap with blue bag: a green dolman with scarlet cuffs and yellow braid, worn aver red waistenat with yellow braid: yellow buttons: red pantalouns with yellow darts: yellow and areen barrelled sash, and butl-Jeather equipment. Note the large pistol-hulster which alse Appears to accommodate a laweer. (The Royal Callection © Her Majesty the Queen)‘The first species of their bravery they exercise ‘inst convoys and bi : sage, and the other against troops who are obliged to retire, whom they endeav- our to teaze [sic] in their retreat. Our troops have nothing serious to dread from them, but as a march is often retarded by their manner of skirmishing, and as some men will unavoidably be lost, I shall explain the best method that [am acquainted with [for] getting rid of these gentry, When we retreat through plains, the hussars are to be driven away by a few discharges, fof cannon, and the pandours by means of the dra goons and hussars, of whom they are in a very dread reat “Phe pandours fire as they lie down, and by that means keep themselves concealed; and when the marching of the army makes it necessary for the rear guard and the small parties that were detached to quit the heights and follow the main body, they then possess themselves of those situations, and being under cover, pick off those who are retreating. Nei~ ther musketry nor nnon loaded with cartridge can do them much mischief, as they are scattered and concealed behind the heights and trees... Our plan in forcing a post which is occupied by the enemy’s light troops is to attack it hastily, for as they disperse in their mode of fighting, they cannot stand against the attack of our regular troops... We have only to detach a few troops to cover the flanks of the party which marches against them, and then attack them, le Pandours: this print illustrates the frequently ragged appearance of these troops, and shows the hooded cloak in use. (Prine after R. von Ottenfeld) Pandours: the wild appearance (and sometimes behaviour) of these irregulars is exemplified in this engraving after Adolph Menzel. With spirit, to insure their running away. Our dra- goons and hussars attack them closely formed and sword in hand, and as this isa sort of rencontre which, they cannot endure, it has always happened that we have beaten them, without paying any regard to the superiority of their numbers.” Equally significant as their harassment of the enemy’ was the ability of the Grenser to screen the Austrian army and prohibit enemy reconnaissance. Frederick remarked that one of the problems in facing such an enemy was the difficulty of obtaining intelligence from turncoats, ‘not that the Austrians are less alive to bribery than other people, but be cause their army is surrounded by such a cloud ofiment. This print showsthe pandour of i's corps in a dark jacket with red id, white or grey loons, a fur-edged bip witha red bag, a red ind an array of non= diun-blue uniform imes shown as 2 rinctly light shade), a redwaistcoat, a blue and ellow sash and the quitous red cloak. The k is the distinctive imental version with a ght troops, who suffer no creature to pass without 1g Well searched’ ‘The imposition of discipline enabled the Grenzer operate as ordinary infantry as well as in their ditional skirmish role, so that they became some of ‘most useful units in the army. However, towards end of the period under review there began a $s which ultimately led to a decline in their ional skills, an attempt to turn them too greatly line troops. According to a British observer, the It was that ‘they ceased being excellent light bops, without becoming regular ones’. Reorganiza- ns in the period following the Seven Years’ War eluded the replacement of a regiment’s two grena- dier companies by two companies of sharpshooters (Scharfichiitzen), totalling 256 men ~ a distinctive feature of Grens corps. . Although during the War of the Bavarian Sue- sion the Banat and Transylvanian regions were unable to field any troops ~ organization in these areas was slow to become efficient — in theory, at least, the Grenzer remained a powerful resource, In 1776 they were calculated as consisting of some 61,700 men, composed of 14,400 each from Carlstadt and Transylvania, 10,800 Slavonians, 7,200 each of Warasdiners and Banalisten, 6,700 Bandters and 1,000 Czaikisten. Just prior to the War of the Bavar- ian Succession, in 1777 the strength of the G) cesinfantry was computed officially as comprising 17 regiments — each with three field battalions of six companies, three Scharfichiitzen and two artillery companies, producing a wartime strength of 4,185 men each — as well as four companies of Czuikisten ( Tochaikisten-Grenz-Bataillon’) comprised of 1,108 men each. Grenzer uniforms Prior to the formation of the ‘regular’ Grenz infantry regiments, the clothing and equipment of the “Croats? was their everyday dress, devoid of uniform- ity (for details, see the text to Plate E). More conventional uniforms began to be issued after the formation of the Grens-Infamterie regi- ments; they incorporated some aspects of Hungarian dress, but with distinctive features. ‘The peakless, tubular cap or Allhuk, which had been a feature of the earlier costume, remained in use, and was worn with a dolman-like waistcoat braided in hussar style, with a tail-less jacket over the top, also sometimes bearing hussar-style braid. A barrelled waist-sash was worn over the waistcoat, and legwear consisted of tight breeches or pantaloons, with either Hungarian-style ankle-boots or the characteristic local footwear, opanken, open shoes or sandals with cross-gartered lacing extending to the ankle-bone or onto the lower leg. ‘The most characteristic item of uniform was probably the traditional, hooded cloak, often red, which was carried in uniform either slung diagonally on the back, over one shoulder or horizontally below a knapsack or blanket-bundle carried on the back. An infantry-style cartridge-box was carried upon a white leather shoulder belt; ordinary infantry muskets re~ placed the earlier, unregulated type. They continued to carry swords, often shown to be of the semi- unregulated Hungarian type rather than of the infa try pattern. “The following are brief details of the units which existed during the Seven Years’ War, although a number of variations are recorded: Carlstiidt corps Liccaner: see text to Plate G3; Ottocaner: as Liccaner, but with light blue cuffs and waistcoat, red and blue An early print of: Grenzer, which seems to exemplify the common belief that these troops were most proficient at foraging or looting: The red cloak in this case seems to have been made up into a blanket-bundle carried on the back; and note the use of a Feldzeichen int the us sign’ of a sprig of Teaves. ¢klobuk, 4 Pandour sabre. As with the Hungarian regiments in the earlier part of this, period, Pandours depicted using a variety of old-fashioned Hungarian sabres, notably the type with the knuckle bow formed from an elongated, upturned extension to the quillon, not attached to the pommel.Grenz infantry, e, 1762; 4 representation of the Uniforms of Regt. Creutzer Ulett) showing white cout With ercen cuffs, lace and tumbacks, green waistcoat With white braid, yellow buttons, white breeches, and seliow and white sash, and Regt. Ottocaner (right) Showing red with light blue cuffs and waistevat, $ellow braid and buttons, ared and sellow sash, and white breeches, reer (left) showing sleeved waistenut ith white cuffs and braid, shite breeches, and a ite and yellow sash — is the uniform shown Kndtel and Ottenfeld, otherwise 2 white coat and Regt. aner (right) showing. coat and breeches, cuffs and waistcoat, low buttons, and a red green sash, sh. Knotel shows light blue breeches and a yellow h with red barrels, Ottenfeld indicates the same hhbut white breeches. On the klobub, a red cockade blue centre ~ Ottenfeld indicates yellow, and tel omits it entirely; Oguliner: see text to Plate b Saluiner: see text to Plate rasdin corps eunits were dressed in a style which resembled uniform of Hungarian infantry, including a short itecoat worn over the braided waistcoat, Creutzer Hext to Plate G2; $1. Genrger: see text to Plate Hi temporary pictures show a white or grey knap= or blanket-bundle with red stripes (or straps), jad on the back, with the rolled, red cloak e: Gvontally beneath it Slavonian corps At least two of these wore a plain, unbraided jacket in dark brown, sometimes depicted as almost black Broder: see text to Plate 3; Peterwardeiner: as tor Broder, and with red facings and braid, red sash with yellow barrels, no cockade; Gradiscaner: unlike the other Slavonian corps, this unit is recorded as having ared or blue jacket with blue collar, pointed cuffs and Waistcoat, red breeches, yellow braid, and yellow or red sash with blue barrels, An alternative indicates the same style of uniform as the other Slavonian regiments, but with white facings and bi iad Banal corps Ist Banal: similar style to the carlstidt regiments — blue jacket with red pointed cuffs, red waistcoat and 19breeches, yellow braid, blue sash with red barrels, white cockade with black centre, and Hungarian boots; 2nd Banal: similar to the Ist Banal, but with very different lace on the breast of the jacket, each side having six horizontal, claborately-formed loops in red and yellow, with a tassel at the outer edge, set one over two over three, and no cockade Following the style of the line infantry, the Grenzer adopted the 1767 uniform, including the single-breasted jacket and Casquet with regiments distinguished by the colour of their facings and buttons; prior to the adoption of this uniform, the most recently-formed corps had worn their everyday dress. Facing-colours for the 1767 uniform wi re as, 2 Arms and equipment of Grenz sharpshooters, luding the 1769 Doppelstutz. (double barrelled rifle), showing the locks on exch side of the stock; and the *hook" musket-rest. (Print after R. von Ottenfeld) iarpshooter of Grenz infantry in the 1767- style uniform, with single- breasted white jacket, white pantaloons, and a Casquet. The man is armed with the 1769 double-barrelled rif the pike which doubled as a musket-rest, Note the ramrod suspended from a strap or thong hanging from the belt. ( r R. von Ottenfeld)follows, using the 1769 system of numbering: Nos 60,61 violet; 62, 63 orange-yellow; 64, 65 red: 66, 67 ‘Pale red’ (a distinctly mauve shade according to Some contemporary illustrations); 68, 72 pike-grey (which appears asa medium blue shade in some contemporary illustrations); 69, 70 carmine or dark red; 71 dark brown; 73, 74 rose-pink (which appears as distinctly mauve in some contemporary illustra- Hons); and 75, 76 parrot green (which has a very yellow tinge in some contemporary illustrations) Buttons were white, or yellow for Nos. 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 69 and 75, JAGERS In common with some other armies, the Austrians had a useful resource in the presence of foresters and huntsmen skilled in rifle-shooting and woodcrafe, and thus ideally suited for use as skirmishers. Lacy was responsible for the formation of companies of these Jaigers in 1758, but they were comparatively few in number and at first were attached to the pioneer corps. By 1760 the initial two companies were in- creased to ten, and in 1761 they became independent as the Deutsches Feld-Jiiger Corps. Despite their good service during the war, the corps was disbanded in 1763, but another was formed for the duration of the War of the Bavarian Succession. The Jiger uniform was based upon that of the pioneers, and comprised a pike-grey coat without lapels, with green folding collar, cuffs, turnbacks and shoulder strap piping, yellow buttons, pike-grey smallclothes, high-topped boots, and a leather Casquet with green (or white) edging to the false front, and a black plume at the left. ‘Their rifle was a derivation of an ordinary civilian hunting weapon, with an overall length of 112 cm and a calibre of 14.8 mm. The re-formed Jiiger corps of 1778 wore the same colouring but in the infantry style of 1767, with a single-breasted jacket worn closed, Hungarian breeches and footwear, and ‘Cor- sican hat’ with white over green feather. Leather- work and belts for the Jiigers were black. ADMINISTRATION ‘The army was nominally headed by the emperor (or empress in the case of Maria Theresa), and it was indeed fortunate that she was both keenly concerned with the well-being of the army and capable of conducting the business of the empire, for some of the bodies which should have assisted her were hardly models of efficiency. Chief among them was the Hofkriegsrath or ‘court council of war’, which had been established in the 16th century and which by Jager, 1778, showing the “Corsican hat’ with upturned brim, single- breasted jacket of 1767 infantry style in pike-grey with green facings, Hungarian-style breeches or pantaloons, and black leather equipment. (Print after R. von Ottenteld) athe mid-I8th century formed the core of the army's administration (although from the later 1740s several departments, most notably the commissariat, were independent). Weighed down by superannuated, chiefs (the council's president was its head) and an inefficient bureaucracy, the Hofkricgsrath was not responsible for military policy, and was not even the conduit for correspondence between the government and generals in the field, for the latter reported directly to the emperor and empress. In turn, Maria ‘Theresa allowed considerable latitude to her field commanders to pursue the general aims of her policy in the way which they re; ded as strategically or tactically preferable. Not until the installation of Field-Marshal Leopold Daun as president of the Hofkriegsrath in 1762, and of his successor, Franz, Moritz Lacy (1766-74), were improvements made in the running of the couneil; it was Lacy who returned to a system of unified control of the various depart ments, including the commissariat which was incorporated ‘The Kriegs-Commissariat or commissariat de- partment, whether under the aegis of the Hofkriegs- rath or during its period of independence, was not noted for its efficiency or for the ability of its em- ployees. Nevertheless, with the aid of local fo x (especially necessary to feed the army’s horses), the system worked well enough, despite the absence of a regular transport service. Until after the Seven 2 ‘The difficulties of transporting supplies and casualties in carts originally designed for civilian use are exemplified in this engraving after Adolph Menzel, depicting the tribulations of the Austrian commissariat Years’ War, transportation of the army's supplies was based upon civilian wagons, teams and carters, hired when necessary, and not until 1760 was an, attempt made to organize these into regular supply columns or wagon trains. At the conclusion of hos- tilities the whole operation was disbanded, but the foundation of a regular transport service was laid in 1771, and in 1776 a permani (Fuhrmesen) was established. transport. corps his ran not only the supply service, but also artillery transport and that maintained by each regiment — generally between, nine and 12 vehicles per in ntry regiment, and three or four per cavalry regiment. By the end of 1777, before the even greater expansion during the War of the Bavarian Succession, the Fulirmesen comprised 16 companies of commissariat transport (Ierpfleg Fubswesen) with a war strength of 3,584 men and 10,423 horses; 15 companies of artillery transport (Antillerie-Fuhrmesen), with 6,342 men and 9,892 horses; and regimental transport (Regiments Proviant-Fuhrmesen). In all, the Fudirmesen managed 3,434 wagons. GENERAL STAFF ‘The command of troops in the field was vested in the ‘commanding generals’, who headed a field a my or, in peacetime, who administered one of the empire'sprovinces (for evample the Netherlands, Hungary or Transylvania). The authority of these officers was extensive, and not until 1765 were inspector-generals appointed, one each for cavalry, infantry and the ‘military borders’, to oversee their resp branches and to form a channel of communication ctive between the central government and the provincial military commanders ‘The rank-structure of general officers ran from General-Feldwachtmeister (General de Bataille or ma~ jor-general) to Feldmarschall-Liewtenant (lieutenant general) to Feldzeugmeister (general), and then to the highest rank, Feldmarschull (field marshal). ‘This Structure was the same for the various branches of the army, except that the cavalry equivalent of Feldzeugmeister was titled General der Cuvallerie, Al- though commands varied according to circumstance, in general a General-Feldmachimeister would com mand a brigade, a Feddmarschall-Licutenant a division {or several brigades), and a Feldseugmeister or Gen~ evalder Cavallerie the infantry or cavalry respectively ofthe wing of an army, whose head would usually be a Feldmarschall, In addition to command responsi The head of the army with her general staft: Maria Theresa in a martial pose, ‘mounted and rev her troops. It is interesting fo note that in her right hand she appears to carry abaton of office. (Engraving after Adolph Menzel) bilities, some emphasis was placed upon the example set by general officers to those under their command A typical anecdote, recounted more than three dec ades later as an example of the fortitude to be emulated, concerned Feldmarschall Leopold Daun, who was wounded in the foot at the battle of Torgau One of his companions, General Monlazet, noticing that blood was flowing out of the field-marshal’s boot and evidently thinking that Daun had not realized that he had been shot, told him that he had been wounded. “I have known it these two hours, replied Daun, and continued to remain at his post. Uniform Until 1751, gen: form, but wore that of their own regiment (or even quasi-civilian costume; the adherence to regulation dress was sometimes quite loose). In 1751, however, ral officers had no distinctive uni- 4 uniform for general officers was introduced, with rank being distinguished by the amount of lace which decorated it. The white coat was of ordinary cut and without turnbacks, with deep cuffs and sometimes lapels of a red or slightly brownish-red facing colour; 2breeches and waistcoat were of the same colour, with gold lace and gilt buttons on both coat and waistcoat. Although the rank-marki was regulated, contem- porary portraits show a wide variety of interpreta tions of these instructions, including the use of smallelothes of different colours, and aw jaced waist- coats, The coats of field-marshals had no lapels, and, only a single row of buttons on the right breast, and, single-breasted coats minus lapels are often shown in the portraits of general officers of lower rank, For the rank of General-Feldiwachimeister, a single row of gold lace was carried around the upper edge of the cuff, around the pocket and down the front edges of the coat (ineluding around the lapels) For Feldmarschall-Liewtenant, a double row of lace way carried around the cuff and pocket, with a wide band of lice down the front edge; for Feldzeugmeister, three rows of lace around the cuff and pocket, and "4 one wide outside one narrow row down the front edge. For Feldmarschall, there was a wide band of lace down the front edges of the coat, usually also running around the neck, and around the upper ed of the cull; and over the whole cuff, around the pockets, and down each side of the br undulating design of whorls of lace, the actual place ment of which is shown with some variations in was an contemporary portraits. ‘The gold Ince used by the yeneral staff was of a distinctive pattern, with a marked, zigzag design interwoven, although this is also depicted with variations. The width of the lace also varies in contemporary pi so wide that the three rows of lace on the cull of a ures: sometimes it is Feldzeugmeister almost conceal the fa cloth beneath, although sometimes the upper line of lace is shown to be narrower than the lower ovo. The ing-coloured same type of lace was used to edge the hat. Buttons General officers: 2 General Feldwachtmeister (left) and General der Cavallerie (right), wearing the white suf uniform with red facings, waisteoat and breeches, with rank indicated by the quantity of gold lace. (Print after R. von Ottenfeld)1; Feldmarschall 2: Feldmarschall-Lieutenant 3: General der Cavallerie1: Officer ‘German’ artillery, ¢.1762 2: Buchsenmeister, ‘German’ artillery, ¢.1762 3: Buchsenmeister, Netherlands’ artillery, ¢.17621: Private, artillery fusiliers,¢.1762 2: Bagpiper, artillery, ¢.1762 3 Jager, ©17621: Pandour officer, c.1742 2; Warasdin pandour, ¢.1742 3: Carlstadt pandour, ¢.17421: Private, Trenck’s pandours 2: Private, Carlstadt Szuiner Grenz Regt, .1762 3: Private, Slavonian Broder Grenz Regt, e.17621: Private, Loudon's Frei-Corps, .1762 2: Private, Warasdin Creutzer Grenz Regt, ¢.1762 43: Private, Carlstadt Liccaner Grenz Regt, c.17621: Private, Warasdin St. Georger Grenz Regt, c. 1762 2: Private, Carlstadt Oguliner Grenz Regt, ¢.1762 3: Grenz sharpshooter, ¢.1770sometimes shown in groups of three and some- ies spaced evenly, and it is not unknown for the t of a Feldmarschall to be depicted without any ttons at all on the breast. ‘The design of lace, graded according to rank, was erally repeated on the waistcoat, although some ures show phiin waistcoats. in a number of contemporary por- its, but although these might have been worn in field, portraits which depict an almost complete it of armour, even with a close-helmet, were less a m upon what Was actually worn than an old Mtistic convention which decreed that armour em= hasized the nobility and martial bearing of the ibject. ite its useasa oned rank in a number of other ies. Contemporary portraits, however, occasion- ly depict a type of shoulder decoration worn with ustrian staff uniform, in the form of a narrow gold cord used to retain the ribbon of an order of chivalry hen this was worn diagonally across the body, over the coat. Most unusually, a portrait of Loudon dated 764, showing a lapelled uniform of a general officer, depicts a quite distinet gold lace epaulette worn on the lei shoulder, a laced strap secured by a button at ie neck of the coat, and with a gold fringe at the i e shoulder. It is not clear from the portrait thether a similar epaulette was worn on the right shoulder. Two decorations are depicted most commonly i Uniform of general officers, with rank-lac from 1731, Left to right: Feldmarsehall; General- Feldwachtmeister; Peldmarschall-Lieutenant; Feldzeugmeister. (Print after R. von Ottenfeld) contemporary portraits. The most senior of the Im- perial awards was the Order of the Golden Fleece, which was established in 1429. Its insignia was a golden fleece with red-enamelled tongues of fire and blue-enamelled scrolls above, the latter bearing the inscription ‘Pretium laborum non vile’ (‘not a bad reward for labour’), and it was usually worn around the neck, on a red ribbon. The premier military decoration, however, was the Order of Maria ‘Theresa, established in 1757 (the anniversary of the Battle of Kolin, 18 June 1757, was adopted as the date of foundation). It was awarded to officers for gal lantry, irrespective of birth, rank, length of service or past merit, and as such was the most highly-prized reward in the army. There were originally two classes ~ Knights Grand Cross and Knights — but a third class, that of Commander, was added in 1765. ‘The insignia was a white-enamelled gold cross, the cent having @ white circlet bearing the motto ‘Forti- tudine’, surrounding a central disc in the Austrian colours of red with a white horizontal bar; the ribbon was in the same colouring, red with a white centre Knights wore the cross suspended from a button hole on the coat or waistcoat, but Knights Grand Cross wore a broad ribbon diagonally across the body, from over the right shoulder to the left hip (although a portrait of Leopold Daun, for example, shows it over the left shoulder); and it is depicted in 3Bportraits worn either over the coat or over the waist coat but underneath the coat. In 1763 Joseph Il introduced an embroidered sta silver and witha veda of the Order, in ul silver centre, set upon a gold and green wreath, to be worn upon the lefit breast of the coat. Commanders of the Order wore the insignia from the neck, without the breast-star ‘The second military order of Austria was the Order of Elizabeth ‘Theresa, established in 1750 by Elizabeth Christina, the widow of Emperor Charles VI and mother of Maria Theresa (whos combined with that of Elizabeth Christina to produce 1e way the title of the Order). [ts membership was restricted, to 20 knights (inereased to 21 in 1771), chosen from among officers (ranking from colonel two general) who had served the imperial family for 30 years. Its bad was an cight-pointed, oval star, the points half red and half white, with a white oval centre bearing in gold a crown over the cyphers “EC? and ‘MT, with the motto *M ‘Theresa parentis gratiam perennem, \oluit’, It was worn upon the left breast, suspended froma gold crown and a black ribbon, (All the above mentioned decorations are illustrated in net Austrian Specialist Troops of the Napoleonic Wars, MAA 223, Osprey 1990.) Another decoration which might be worn was that of the ancient badg tonic Order, a neck- of a black-enamelled cross suspended from a black ribbon, and a black-embroidered br apps ast-stary it 1s, for example, in a well-known portrait of Prince Charles of Lorraine, 4 Feldmarsehall Leopold Joseph Maria Daun ‘wearing the uniform of his rank, with the ribbon af the Order of Maria Theresa over the shoulder. (Engraving after Adolph MEDICAL SERVICES Although in general the Austrian soldi ved better medical care than his contemporaries in many other armies, Austria did not possess a military medical academy until the ‘Josephinium’ was estab lished in Vienna in 1 ‘The medical establishment was reorganized in 1746, and although a military surgical school was not created until 1781 (at the military hospital at Gumpendor!), from 1730-175 the only medical personnel appointed to army posi- tions were those who had been proved medically competent. This eliminated the half-trained amateur and those insufficiently skilled to practise medi in a civilian capacity; both could be found in the medical services of other armies. Perhaps the most important medical officers were those who operated at regimental level: the regimental surgeon (Regi- meuts-Feldscher, more impressively retitled Rezi- meuts-Chirurg from 1752), They were responsible for the regiment's sick in garrison, and they supervised and trained their assistants and medical orderlies (Unter-Fellscherer), one of which was usually at= tached to ach company, and accompanied the reg on campaign ‘ment Regimental dressing-stations treated the lightly-wounded, and the most grievously injured could be transferred to field hospitals sited atthe rear of the army, where the staff-surgeons and physicians were stationed. ‘There was no organized ambulance service, so casualty-evacuation depended upon the availability of wagons (altho the ordinary transport igh after the Seven Years’ War Lacy established some “flying ambulanees’). Above the Staff sur cons and at the head of the medical depart ment was the Protomedicus, who was responsible not only for the appointment of competent: medical personnel but also for the organization of and medici- nal supplies for the army’s medical service. In conse- quence of putting conscientious individuals at the head of the medical organization, by the start of the Seven Years’ War the Austrian wounded and sick probably received better treatment than those in any other army, tho zh the constraints imposed by con= temporary medical practice still rendered the plight of the wounded pitiable indeed Medical officer (left) and invalid, The officer wears a uniform in the colouring ofthe medical staf! bluc evit faced black, red waistcoat and breeches, gilt buttons and gold lace, The invalid corps originally wore ‘wolFgrey’, but it changed to a white uniform with red facing colour, as shown here (Print after R. von Otrenteld) FREI-CORPS In addition to the regular and Grens regiments, it was custom wartime to form Frei-Corps: (“tree corps’), usually raised by an officer who had been contracted to form a unit of a specified size, for an agreed fee; in effect, the raising of troops by means of a commercial agreement. Such corps usually bore the name of the officer who raised and/or commanded them, and were often very small, some no more than company strength; others were ‘legions’, incorporat- ing both infantry and cavalry within a unit, Frer Corps could be used as a form of light troops, operat ing on the flanks of an army, undertaking raids, or on detached duty away from the field army ranted by the latter ‘The freedom of operation attracted many individuals who were principally con. 35cerned with the prospect of plunder, Nevertheless, the Frei-Gorps were of use in undertaking tasks for which regular troops were not ide Most famous (or infamous) of the Frei-Corps was the Slavonian unit raised in 1741 by Franz, Freiherr von der Trenek, Imperial army in 1 in dis; ly suited ‘This noted character entered the at the ag ce three years later. In. 1737 he offered to raise a pandour corps for service against the Turks, but when the offer was declined he entered the Russian army, Court-martialled for disobedience and brutality, he way sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted and he returned to Austria, where such was his conduct that he once had to take sanctuary in Vienna. ‘Through the interest of Prince Charles of Lorr in a convent he was granted an amnesty and commissioned to raise his pandour corps, originally authorized to be up to 1,000 strong 36 but eventually exceeding that number, and ineorpo- rating a detachment of hussars, In this command Frenck displayed not only his brutal bandit manners, but also great personal courage, which earned him, promotion to colonel (1744), but after Soor he was: accused of plunder duty 1g instead of performing his Eventually he was court-martialled and con Vieted of punishing his men unlawfully, of selling commissions nd of claiming the pay and expenses for men who did not exist. He was sentenced to death, but perhaps because it was thought that a fair trial had been impossible, given the fact that he was hated throughout Austria for his brutality and plu dering, Maria ‘Theres: commuted his sentence t0 cashiering and imprisonment, He died in a mild form, ti n 1749, It is remarkable that even a century later, the name of ‘Trenck was synonymous with looting: when JV. Sherer sought to defend his old schoolfellow, William Hodson, who had been killed at Lucknow in 1858 and was widely believed to have bi derer, he remarked that ‘there are grades beween Philip Sidney and ‘Trenck, and if he [Hodson] bore an indistinct likeness to the first, T must say I think he should not have been compared to the second (Franz von der Trenck should not be confused with the cousin who inherited his estates, Friedrich, Freiherr von der ‘Trenck, most famous for his auto- biography; he served in the Prussian, Russian and Austrian forces (including a period on the staff of plun- Frederick the Great), spent some ten years in Prus- sian captivity, and was guillotined by the French in 1794 as being an Austrian spy) Trenck’s pandour battalion gained an appalling reputation for banditry and rapine (‘a mere military nd whose duty was devastation’), despite the presence of worthy indi- viduals in its ranks — for exampl Austrian commission was in the unit banditti, whose pay was plunder Loudon’s first From 1748 it was referred to as the $ an Pandour Battalion (Slavonisches Panduren-Bataillan), succeeded in command by Major Johann Menzel. In 1756 the unit was incorporated into the line infantry, nd ‘Trenck was. Private of Loudon’s Frei- spellings of Loudon’s Corps, also styled*Griin- name. Green uniform with Laudon’ (sic) this mame red facings, yellow refers to the unitorm- buttons, and a hat with colour, and isa common white lace edging. (Print example ofone ofseveral after R. von Ottenfeld)receiving the number 53 in 1769 and in the usual way bearing the name of its firhaber: Simbschen from 1736, Beck from 1763 and Palffy from 1768. (For the uniform worn when a pandour corps, see the test to Plate F1,) Composition The majority of Frei-Curps (or Frei-Compagnien) Were much smaller than ‘Trenek’s unit, and there is insufficient space here to give more than the very briefest details of the many corps which were raised in wartime and invariably disbanded upon the cessa tion of hostilities. During the War of the Austrian Succession a number of corps were formed in Hun- gary, dressed and armed in ‘national’ style, many of phemeral existence. ‘They included: the Temeser Fiei-Bataitlon, vaised in 1744 by Major Simbschen, compris x five infantry companies of 140 men and one hussar company of 73, which was increased in size and merged into the Ist Banal Grews Regiment in 1750, Csernovich de Matsa’s Grenshussaren-Frei~ Gompagnien, three mounted companies, 300 strong (743-46), Josiha’s Prei-Corps, and the Fret Gompagnien of Franquini (1743-46), Pokitsch (1745) Strozzi (1745 — about 150 strong). The Frei-Corps formed in Germany at this period included: Bischot’s /7ei-Compagnic (1741-46, 28)) infantry and 50 hussars, wearing grey coat and breeches and hat with white plume); Compagnie (1744-46, formed from Prussian desert- Zompagnic (1742-45, 130 infan. try); Haslinger’s (1745-46); Podgorizian’s (1745, 180 men); Prinz: Curl-Frei-Compagnie (1745, 160 men); Pieiler’s Jiiger-Corps (1741-48); and Rossi's (1745 46), Italian and Spanish deserters formed Miquella’s corps (1742-46, uniform white or pale straw-yellow crs}; Criesasz's Frei With white facings, and tricorn hat); and Garasquet’s, Spanish Frei-Compagnie (171-42, green uniform With violet facings, and tricorn). Moravia provided Freiherr von Sednitzky’s corps (1741-42) and Da matia Major Cognazaa’s corps (later Hanpimann Jakotich’s, 1744-48, six companies of infantry and Tigers). In the Netherlands were formed: a dragoon regiment (Feldmurschall-Liewtenamt Graf de la sniste' es Md) Private of Béthune’s, later facings, white Drais’, Netherlandish Frei= and breec! Corps, e. 1757: whire or R. von On pale straw-yellow with red yCerta’s, 1744-48), a ‘Netherlands Mounted Free Company’ (Niederkindisehe Frei-Compugnie su Pferd, 1744-46, red coat with white or dark blue facings); Dieudonne’s Niederlindische Frei-Compagnie (744+ 48, light blue coat with scarlet facings, straw-yellow smallelothes); and nine infantry Frei-Compaguien, 150 strong, formed in 1744 and named after their captains, Bethune, Boucevier, Gauthoye (later de Ligni), Humbert, Jamar (or Lebois), Jemeauy (oF Jamiauy), Lebrunn (or Le Beugne), Le Pourcelet, and Pertuisseauy Perhaps of greater significance than _most of these were the Frei-Corps formed during the Seven Years’ War, Probably the best-known among them was Loudon’s Frei-Corps, also known as) Griin- Lutdon (sic) (see the text to Plate G1). Other units raised at this time included: Bataillon Beck Also known as the Scilesische Volomirs (Silesian Volunteers): raised in 1758 by Feldmarschall-Lieuten- ant Philipp Levin von Beck, whose Inhabers its ame it bore as Major Rochus: ies strong, it was disbanded commandant Montagutti, Six compa was in 1763; its uniform included a green coat and smallclothes, buff or straw-yellow facings, white but- tonsand leather equipment, black gaitersand a tricorn, Lacy’s Jiger-Corps Formed by Lacy in 1758; white uniform with yellow lapels, cuffs and buttons, the button-holes with white lace loops; white smallelothes; the head-dress was a black Casguet with a brass front-plate bearing a crowned double & Je, with a dark green over red plume at the left side Otto's Jiiger-Corps Formed in Saxony by Hauptmann Otto in 1759; green coat, waistcoat and gaiters, black cufls, yellow breeches and buttons, Bataillon Drais A Netherlands corps of three Frei-Compagnien, formed 1757 under Obrist-Lieutenant Jacques de Béthune; succeeded by Obrist-Liewtenant Baron, Drais in 1760, with its strength increased to eight infantry and seven mounted companies, of 117, and 63 men per company respectively; the infantry wore 38 white or pale straw-yellow coats with red fheings, white smallclothes and gaiters, and tricorn hats: A number of Free-Carps were formed in 1778-79, during the War of the Bavarian $ iccession, and disbanded upon the conclusion of hostilities. ‘These included ‘Tiroler Scharfschiitzen-Corps (“Tyrolean Sharpshooters’). Formed under Major Karl Geitner and disbanded in 1779; pik grey uniform faced green, pike-grey or green waist- Coat, green or yellow leather breeches, yellow but tons, high boots, black belts, black Cusue? with green pompon; armed with rifles. Bataillon Baumgartner Formed in Bavaria and Swabia under Obrisilieutenant Balthasar von Baumgartner; blue coat, straw-yellow facings and smallclothes, yellow buttons, tricorn hat with black and yellow plume (yellow for NCOs) A represents uniform of | Corps, ©. 17 white coat with y Japels and cut waistcoat and ow buttons; a loops, whit breeches, Casquet with a brass feont-plate and green over red plume. icy's Kiger showing Tow white laceRepresentations of th Uniforms of Loudon's (left) and Beck's (right) Frei~ Gorps: both green with red facings (Lotion) or butt? ace. As ed by Ottenteld, the turnbacks are also facing ‘coloured, and the breeches white although for Loudon’s, at least, both of these have iso been recorded as green illon Doneeel A Netherlands battalion raised by the Chevalier de Donceel; green coat and waistcoat, gvissde-lin facings, long white breeches and gaiters, yellow but- tons. Geussau’s Frei-Corps A unit of infantry and cavalry raised by Obriv- Yeutenani Wilhelm, Freiherr von Geussau; the infan- ‘try wore dark green coats with carminc facings, white buttons and smallclothes, black gaiters, hat with black and yellow pompon and white feather; the exalry wore green coats, white smallclothes, a black leather Casyuet with a brass eagle badge, and used -green shabraques edged red. taillon La Tour ised in Galicia by Obrist Max, Graf Baillet de la ‘our; red coat with green facings, yellow. small- hes, Casyuer with black and yellow plume. fihrische-schlesische Frei-Jiiger and Scharf- shiitzen Moravian and Silesian Jiiger and Sharpshooter i-Corps)). Formed under Feldmarschall-Lieuten- aii Markgraf Botta d’Adorno, commanded. by laupimann E. von Skal, green-grey uniform faced k green, Corsican hat with green and white plume ad green pompon, black leatherwork. Metzker's Fre Formed in the Banat of Temesvir by Obrist ‘Thomas Metker; black coat, blue facings, waistcoat and Hungarian breeches with white braid, black Cukohauben with black and yellow plume. Nesselrode’s ‘Kaiser-L (‘Nesselrode’s Imperial Lei A ‘Legion’ of in- fantry and cavalry formed by Obristlieutenant Franz, Graf Nesselrode zu Hagenport; the infantry wore Hungarian-style uniform — red coats with black facings, straw-yellow lining and smallelothes, and yellow buttons; grenadiers had fur grenadier caps with red bag, others had black felt Casquets with horschair crest, red trim and brass plate, The legion's Figers wore dark green with white buttons, and a hat with green plume; the Svharfichiitzen (sharpshooters) Wore grey-green coats. with green facings and smallelothes, yellow buttons, and infantry Casque. ‘The legion’s light horse wore red with black facings ind epaulette on the left shoulder), straw-yellow lining and smaliclothes, yellow buttons, hussar boots, and Casquet with black horsehair crest and a yellow plate bearing a double eagle. ‘The hussar contingent wore a red pelisse and breeches, yellow dolman, red braid, yellow buttons, hussar boots and a black hus~ sar cap with yellow cords and red and yellow plume; the red shabraque was point-ended and bore a yellow edge and a ‘J II’ eypher; the sabretache was of a similar design. »Otto's Frei-Corps \ ‘legion’ formed by Odrist Otto, comprising Tigers, infantry, mounted Jéigers and light horse ( egers}; it was composed entitely of for evan cigners (Otto's contract to raise the unit specifically forbade the enlistment of any imperial subjects) The combined strength of the various contingents was $00 infantry and 200 cavalry. The Jaigers wor green coats faced A painting by David Morier, ¢: 1748. The identity of these troops ix not given, although it is thought thac th represent Austrian Brei~ mpai serving in the Netherlands, The coats are dark green or dark blue, with yellow buttons, and belts are butt Teather with black pouches. All wear black hats and gaiters, with the following details: lett, yellow hat-hice, red facings, waisteoat, breeches and garter centre, white hat-lace, facings, waisteoat and breeches; right, yellow hat lace, facings, waistcoat and breeches. The central figure does not, in fet, wear an aiguillette or shoulder-knot: the shape which at first glance appears to be such is, in fact, only his muskee-sling (The Royal Collection © Her Majesty the Queen) black, with yellow buttons and lace, black and yellow aiguillette, green smallclothes, black Casyuet with green trim (the front with yellow edge and eagle badge) and black and yellow feather; they had black leather equipment. The infantry wore a similar ani- form without the aiguillette, with white smallelothes and leather equipment. ‘The mounted Zieers (Kiger su Pferde) wore a similar uniform to that of the Tigers, with white breeches and high boots, and they used green shabraques with light green border; the Chevanslegers were dressed similarly to the infantry, with yellow lace on the Cusquer and facings. Potocki’s Frei: \ Galician unit for ‘orps ned by Graf Potocki from among his own serfs or tenants. They wore a green coat with pale red facings (including ‘Hungarian’ cuits), white lace, and yellow buttons, white smallelothes and belts, black gaiters, ‘German’ boots, and plate and white trim usguel withFrei-Bataillon Riese A battalion of Prussian deserters formed by Ohristmachimeister Baron von Riese: infantry with white facings. iform Frei-Bataillon Winkopp Raised by Major Winkopp; ‘steel green’ coat with red facings, vellow buttons, white smallelothes, hat with upturned brim, bearing brass cagle plate, and white plume. Frei-Bataillon Woller Formed by Obristirachtmeister J. von Woller; Hun= garian infantry-style coat and br hes in light blue, white buttons, vellow waisteoat, Casyue with a phate bearing the unusual imperial eypher ‘JS* (‘Josephus, Secundus’) Wolter's Frei-Corps Formed under Obristlicutenant Baron Wolter in Swabia and Franconia; dark brown coat with yellow lapels, white buttons and smallclothes, black hat Bosniaks A cavalry corps formed in Galicia by Obrist Grat Buaillet de la Tour, in the same style as the Busniaken of the Prussian army (a lancer corps originally re- cruited in the Ukraine, which entered Prussian ser Nice in 1745 and ranked as the 9th Hussars in the Prussian army from 1771). La Tour's corps was originally wo companies strong; green coat with red facings, yellow buttons, white waistcoat, leather breeches, green overalls with red leather trim and buttoned seams, Hungarian boots, red cloth Polish style cap with black lambskin trim, green cloak or Roquelor, red shabraque with yellow edge; armed with hussar sabres, a brace of pistols and a lance with no pennon. THE PLATES Al: Feldmarschall (field-marshal) Within the general regulations concerning the uni: form of general officers, there was considerable scope for variations in the minor details. Contemporary Portraits, for example, show differences in the man= ner of placing the undulating Ince which was the Ernst Gideon Loudon, ane of Austria's most distinguished field marshals, in a suitably martial pose. Loudon was one of many Austrian commanders of foreign ancestry: in his ease, 3 family long. resident in Livonia. trait after Adolph Menzel) distinctive feature of the uniform of this rank. ‘This illustration shows a coat with buttons in the usual Position on the right breast, but variations shown in contemporary pictures include a style of coat without any buttons on the breast. ‘The decoration worn at the neck by this figure is the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fle ©, 12: Feldmarschall-Lieutenant (lieutenant- general) Based in part upon a contemporary portrait, this depicts a lapelled version of the staff uniform, with rank indicated by the double Jace band on the cuff and pocket, with a single wide strip of lace on the breast. As for all general officers, the waist-sash (Feldbinde) was worn in the imperial colouring of black and gold. ‘The cross of the Order of Maria ‘Theresa is suspended from a button-hole on the waistcoat AJ: General der Cavallerie Phis figure wears the general officers’ coat without lapels, with rank-lace appropriate for Feldseugmeister and General der Cavallerie ~ three lines around the 4lcul and one narrow and on wide down the frant of the coat; cufl-lace appears variously in contemporary portraits, in this caye one narrow and two wide bands. ‘The cuirass is shown in a number of contem= porary portraits; and as with all figures on this plate, the sword is a straight-bladed epée with gilded mounts. The ribbon over the shoulder is that of the Order of Maria ‘Theresa (which could alternatively be worn under the coat), and the breast-star of the order is that introduced by Joseph TT in 1765. BI: Officer, ‘German ry €. 1762 This depicts the uniform of a lower-rankin; tillery officer, without the lace edging to the waistcoat and belt as worn by field ranks, Canes were carried by most officers ay 1 mark of rank; spurs are worn here as artillery officers were generally mounted on cam- paign, general officer and his personal seiffof aides and erly hussar. (Print after 2 B2: Bichsenmeister, ‘German’ artillery, . 1762 Shown here is the most common uniform of the artillery, that of the “German? gunners: the coat without lapels and with the distinctive arrangement of butions on the culls. Skirtelining (and thus turnbacks) is usually recorded as being in the uni- although red is shown by some sources. The tasselled shoulder-cord. supporting the yent- pricker is shown here passing beneath a strap at the rear of the left shoulder; occasionally the coat is depicted as having a shoulder-cord in the same colouring ay the vent-pricker cord. ‘The artillery niform is shown here in a fawn shade, although some contemporary pictures of a comparatively late rey shade. date continue to suggest a distinctly B3: Biichsenmeister, ‘Netherlands’ i 1762 This shows the very distinctive uniform of the Neth- tillery, €. erlands inners when compared with the uniform of the ‘German’, with red lapels and turnbacks, a more usual arrangement of buttons on the cuff, and adifferent badge upon the pouch worn at the front of the waist-belt, The same colour-scheme was retained by the artillery upon the adoption af the single- breasted jacket, like the infantry pattern of 1767. Cl: Private, artillery fusiliers, e. 1762 The artillery fusiliers wore a uniform similar to that of the ordinary gunners, but with gaiters. ‘The artil lery sidearm was traditionally a weapon akin to a hunting-knife (/firschfiinger), which in 1748 had a 58 rh pictures also indicate the use of grena- dier-style sabres, In 1772 the infantry’s fusilier sabre was adopted by gunners, and grenadier or Prima Plana sabres by NCOs; and in 1774 a new artillery sabre was designed, in a grenadier pattern, with brass fittings, leather seabbard and heavy blade, 38 em. long for corporals and 53 em, for gunners. ‘The sabre shown here follows Kndtel. ‘The 1737 artillery mus ket had an overall length of 134 em., as against the 130) om. of the infantry pattern. cm. blade and a leather and wood scabbard; althou contemporar C2: Bagpiper, artillery, c. 1762 Based upon a Knéitel reconstruction, this figure shows a singular musician’s uniform of the artillery, with the coat laced with silver on the seams and including a cap with a fur turn-up and fox-tail plume. ‘The bagpipe was a traditional instrument throughout central Europe; although sometimes re- ferred to as distinctly Bohemian, it was also known in Moravia and Hungary (styled a didy or duda), and Michael Praetorius’ Synfagma Musicum (Wolfen- bitttel, 1619) lists no fewer than five varieties of German bagpipe. ‘The most common name in Ger man was Dudelsack or Suckpfeife, and recorded vari éties include some with square-sectioned chanter and droni ;; the single-drone variety seems also to have been common. ‘The appe. of this pipe is very similar to that shown in Albrecht Diirer’s engraving Der Dudelsackpfeifer of 1514. Knitel shows a drum mer in a similar uniform, with a buff-leather apron and a drum with hoops painted in red and white diagonals, and the body in alternate, elongated tri- angles, the upper tria dnd the lower white, C3: Jiiger, e. 1762 This shows the Jiger uniform of the Seven Years’ War, its colouring is like that of the pioneer corps to A represent: ‘ uniform, ¢. 1762, including Casquet with green edge to the false front, and black plume; pike-grey coat with green folding collar, cuts, turnbacks and edging to the shoulder strap; pike- grey waistcoat and breeches, yellow buttons, and long boots, which the Jiigers were attached before they became an independent unit. Among alternative recorded uniform-detail isa green edging to the false front of the Casyuet, a double-breasted waistcoat, and a strap at the rear of the left shoulder in the pike-grey of the uniform colour, which Ottenfeld indicates with a green edging D1: Sappeur ‘This figure wears the original Sappeur uniform with its unusual parti-coloured plume. The Suppeurs originally carried sabres with a knuekle-bow, like those used by infantry grenadiers, but from 1769 they used a weapon with a 35 em. blade with a serrated back, and a hilt resembling that ofa hunting- knife (/irschfiinger), without a knuckle-bow and with a bone or horn grip, and brass fittings (gilded for Prima Plana ranks). Each company was equipped with 50 picks and shovels, six axes, four saws and ten large measuring-cords and winders. They carried the aDager-Stutzen 1759 Jiger rifles of 1739 (top) 110m. in length, There and 1779 (bottom). The way also 1769 pattern of former was of 14.8 mm. the same calibre as that of calibre, 112m. in length; 1759, but 105.5. em. long. the latter 17.6 mm. ealibre, shorter musket and cartridge-boxes which accommo. dated 15 ridges. D2: Pioncer The uniform of the pioneer corps comprised a plain black Cusyuet, with silver edging for NCOs (officers wore gold-laced tricorns), a pike-grey coat with een cuffs, turnbacks and folding collar, no lapels, yellow (or white) buttons, a pike-zrey: waist coat, white breeches, black infantry gaiters and white leather equipment. (Ottenfeld indicates green waist coats, and double-breasted waistcoats are alyo re- corded.) grass D3: NCO, Pontonier-Corps Phe pontooncers wore an infantry-style coat in corn- flower blue, with red lapels, turnbacks and cuffs (which had a distinctive vertical flap with three buttons), and cornflower blue smallelothes; white buttons, long boots, tricorn hat with black cockade and white lace border (silver for NCOs, gold for officers), and a sabre on a white leather waist-belt ‘The NCO illustrated also carries the cane indicative of his rank, In the usual way, the uniform followed the changing infantry style, adopting the Cusquet, 4 single-bi sasted jacket of 1767 pattern, and white smallelothes in place of the blue. ‘The same colouring was worn by the Csuikisten EI: Pandour officer, c. 1742 ‘The figures in this plate are taken from Pandours depicted by the contemporary artist Martin Engel- brecht, with colou ing basically following Knétel’s reconstructions. During this carly period, clothing and equipment was virtually the everyday dress of the *Croats’, lacking uniformity and incorporating many items traditionally associated with Hungarian costume: fur caps with bags, mirliton caps. with ‘wings’, or peakless, tubular caps styled Albus; tail less, braided jackets or dolmans; waist-sashes; and tight, ankle-length breeches or pantaloons worn with boots or the characteristic local (opanken), open shoes with cross-lacing extending to the ankle or onto the lower leg. Decoration on these d boldly, presumably ac cording to the affluence of the individual, as in this figure depicting an officer with a mirliton bearing the oak-branch Feldzeichen (*field-sign’), Pistols were often 6 low sandals garments was often appl ied in holsters at shoulder level, or thrust into the waist-sash, 2: Warasdin pandour, c. 1742 Some contemporary illustrations depict the use of badges on pandour clothing as a very small measure of ‘uniformity’, for example the double-armed Hun-garian cross shown by Engelbrecht of the front of this Hobuk: another illustration, copied by Knitel, shows: a mirliton with the letters ‘CS'T’ on the front, an abbreviation for ‘Carlstidt’, Weaponry and equip- ment was of the indigenous style; a popular fashion vas for belts to be ornamental with metal dises or plates, or even coins, Hungarian or Turkish-style sabres were carried on slings or belts, and a variety of knives or daggers were carried in the sash; other Weapons shown in early illustrations include pikes or short lances and, as here, pole-aves with shortish hafis F3: Carlstidt pandour, c. 1742 Perhaps the most common item of pandour clothing, which became synonymous with these troops, was a hooded cloak, usually red, which gave rise to their common nickname of ‘redeloaks’, Although the fig- j ures in this plate wear tighter, Hungarian-style Jegwear, some had a distinetly archaic or Turkish "appearance, including the use of very baggy breeches like the pluderhasen of the 17th century, and coats with loose, hanging sleeves, Muskets are often de- picted as being of Turkish style, with antique-look- ing, curved butts with elaborate decoration in the form of metal bands or designs executed in metal studs Fl: Private, Trenck’s pandours Trenck’s Frei-Corps originally wore ordinary pandour costume, festooned with weapons and delib- represent uniforms of Regt. Szluiner (left) with a lightish blue coat and breeches, red cuffs and waistcoat, yellow braid and buttons, « yellow and white sash, and aklobuk with brass plate and red crown; and Regt. Broder (right) with a brown coat with yellow folding collar, cuffs, turnbacks, buttons and lace, a blue waistcoat and breeches, and a blue and sellow sash. (The yellow turnbacks indicated by Ottenfeld are shown brown in some other sources). iL erately cultivating a menacing demeanour, to the extent that some shaved their heads, leaving only a scalp-lock. This figure, however, after Knatel, shows a later and more conventional uniform, including mirliton cap, green coat, and red facings, waistcoat and breeches. Kniitel also depicts an officer in the earlier pandour style, wearing a blue jacket with loose sleeves and gold lace, a red waistcoat, a fur cap with a red bag, blue baggy breeches and red hussar boots, F2: Private, Carlstidt Szluiner Grenz Regiment, c. 1762 ‘This depicts a typical Grenzer style as worn by the Carlstidt corps, the Szluiner wearing blue with red pointed cuffs and waistcoat with yellow lace (ar- ranged on the waistcoat in a diamond-crossed pat- tern), blue sash with yellow barrels, and a distinctive Alobuk with a red crown and a brass front plate bearing the double eagle device. The uniform-colour is sometimes shown as a light shad medium, almost royal blue. Knétel shows the red cloak with yellow lace edging; both Hungarian boots and spanken are recorded. e, sometimes as a Private, Slavonian Broder Grenz Regiment, c. 1762 At least two of the Slavonian corps wore a plain, unbraided jacket coloured dark brown. For the Broder (or ‘Brooder’) regiment it had yellow, flat- topped cuffs, a folding collar, and piping around the front edges and around the turnbacks, which are 4srecorded as either brown or yellow (Ottenfeld indi- cates yellow); blue waistcoat and breeches with yel- low braid, which are shown as a darkish shade, although Knétel shows light blue (the breeches are sometimes shown as a lighter blue than the wais coat); blue or brown sash with yellow barrels; a cockade of yellow with light blue centre, or all yellow; and Hungarian boots. GI: Private, Loudon’s Frei-Corps Perhaps because of its connection with Loudon, the Frei-Corps which bore his name was one of the best- known of the irregular units. It was also known as Griin-Laudon (sic), perhaps to differentiate it from the infantry regiment which from 1760 also bore his name (Regt. No. 29 in the numbering adopted in 1769). Ultimately of two battalions, the Frei-Corps was raised from foreigners (including Prussian de- serters) in 1758, and disbanded in 1763. It was said that the uniform-colouring (and hence the name Griin-Laudon) chosen to commemorate Loudon’s service with the Russian army: green coat and smallclothes, red facings, yellow buttons, black gaiters, and a tricorn hat edged with white lace. (Ottenfeld indicates red turnbacks and a double- was G2: Private, Warasdin Creutzer Grenz Regiment, c. 1762 This shows the Hungarian infantry-style uniform worn by the Warasdin Grens regiments. For the Creutzer regiment, the coat was white with lightish green, flat-topped cuffs and no lace, a lightish green folding collar, shoulder strap and small turnbacks; lightish green, tassel-ended, pointed lace loops on cach side of the breast, set one over two over three; lightish green waistcoat with white braid; yellow buttons, white breeches, Hungarian boots, a white sash with yellow barrels, and a yellow cockade on the Llobuk (not indicated by Ottenfeld) G3: Private, Carls! Regiment, c. 1762 ‘The uniform illustrated is in perhaps the most typi- cal Grens style, including the braided coat and waist- coat worn by the Carlstidt and Banal corps. The ‘caner regiment had a red coat with green pointed jdt Liccaner Grenz cuffs and a sea-green waistcoat, yellow braid and buttons, red breeches with yellow thigh-knot or dart, a green sash with red barrels, opanken, and a klobuk with blue or green and red cockade (Knétel shows yellow). The strap over the right shoulder supported ared rolled cloak, carried diagonally across the back. Hi: Private, Warasdin St. Georger Grenz Regiment, c. 1762 ‘The St. Georger regiment wore a similar uniform to that of the Creutzer (see Plate G2), but with white buttons. Both Knétel and Ottenfeld depict the sleeved waistcoat worn without the coat, in lightish green with white pointed cuffs (without decoration) and white braid, Ottenfeld indicates yellow buttons. H2: Private, Carlstadt Oguliner Grenz Regiment, c. 1762 ‘This shows a uniform in the style of the Carlstidt corps, with the colouring of the Oguliner regiment: dark blue jacket with yellow pointed cuffs, braid and buttons; dark blue waistcoat, red breeches, red sash with blue barrels (Ottenfeld indicates red and yel- low), opanken, and no cockade on the klobuk; Knotel shows a cloak with yellow lace edging. The cloak is visible here, rolled and slung diagonally over the shoulder H3: Grenz sharpshooter, c. 1770 Depicted here is the 1767-style infantry uniform, as adopted by the Grenz corps and worn by a member of the Scharfichiitzen (sharpshooter) company; it in cluded the single-breasted jacket, long white breeches or pantaloons, and the infantry Casquet ‘The firearm used by these sharpshooters was a double-barrelled rifle, the 1769 Doppelstutz, which had one rifled barrel and one smoothbored, and a lock on each side of the stock ~ one in the ordinary position at the right side and one (for the lower barrel) set slightly lower at the left. This was used with a short pike (Hackenlanze or ‘hook lance’), the Shook’ being a support for the rifle barrel in the style of a I7th-century musket-rest; the hook could be positioned in one of three locations, according to the height of the individual. The ramrod is suspended from a strap on the shoulder-belt, and the bag worn over the right shoulder was a rifle-case