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Fundametals of Material Science Week 1

The document discusses materials and civilization through history and how materials are classified and structured. It covers topics like crystal structure, bonding types, lattice structures, and solid solutions. It aims to explain how material structure determines properties and performance.

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Hanin Aqilah
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Fundametals of Material Science Week 1

The document discusses materials and civilization through history and how materials are classified and structured. It covers topics like crystal structure, bonding types, lattice structures, and solid solutions. It aims to explain how material structure determines properties and performance.

Uploaded by

Hanin Aqilah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Materials vs Civilization

- Stone age (ceramic)


- Bronze age
- Iron age (steel/ Fe-C)
- Information technology age (Si, semiconductor)
Materials Civilization
- Chemical Composition (metals, ceramics, polymers, composites)
- Properties
Structural materials: can maintain the shape and structure under force field, and are
used for structural applications.
Functional material: have certain response under the individual or magnetic, optic,
thermal, acoustic, and chemical fields and are used or functional application
- Crystallinity
Single crystals: the translational symmetry and periodical arrangement of atoms (or
molecules) exist in the enire body of materials
Poly crystal: made up of a number of single crystals
Amorphous materials: there is no long range or and translational symmetry in the
materials
Quasi cry stals: there is no translational symmetry as in crystal, but there is some
periodical arrangement of atom in the structure
How to choose materials?
Consider by physical, chemicals, mechanicals properties, and dimension
How to correlated structure, processing, performance, and properties.
Content
- Atomic bonding & crystal structure
- Defect in crystal
- Mechanical properties of materials
- Recovery recrystallization
- Diffusion in solid
- Phase diagram
- Phase transformation

1.1 Atomic Bounding


Bond energy (Eo) represents the energy required to separate the two atoms to an
infinite separation:
- Attraction depend on the particular type of the chemical bond
- Repulsion: overlap of the negatively charged electron clouds.
Two type of interatomic bonds
- Primary/chemical bonds (ionic, covalent, metallic) stronger. Smaller distance between
two atoms and the energy well or the energy minimum is deeper. Starnger have a high
melting and boiling temp.
A. Ionic bonding, sodium cloride crystal. Between metal and non metal, na as cation
and cl as a anion. Na is giving one electron to cl. Electron transfer to from positive
and negative ions, attraction: coulomb force, non directional (no free electron).
B. Covalent bounding (between 2 non metal materials)
Formed by sharing electron between 2 non metals mmaterial ex: H2, Si, Diamond.
Share electron is only partial.

C. Metallic bounding
Non directionalbounding: free electron cloud is due to delocalization, found in all
elemental metals
- Secondary/physical bonds (van der walls bond, hydrogen bond)
a. Van der walls bound
Much weaker than primary bound
Originate fro atomic/molecular dipoles: separation of positive and negative charge

Thermal and electronic properties isdepend on free electrons cloud


Mechanical propersties of solid depends on strength of bound as well as directional
espeesially in metalsnature (ex crystal structure)--- to be elaborated in following
chapter.

1.2 Crystal lattice


Typical example is this one the crystalline silicon dioxide where you can see the
silicon atoms here connected with three oxygen atoms, One oxygen atom is
connected with two silicon atoms. This is so called crystalline silicon dioxide or
quartz because you have a periodic long range order of the crystal or of the atomic
arrangement. So that in reality if you see the crystal of quartz you'll see tiny facets on
the surface of your quartz which corresponds to certain crystallographic planes and
directions.

In comparison you may have a so called amorphous a material as well. For example
the amorphous silicon dioxide here which is usually called a glass. In amorphous
materials you don't really have long range atomic order but may have short and
medium range orders. For example in this amorphous glassy structure of silicon
dioxide you have some distortion of your lattice as compared to the previous page
where you have a certain periodic regular arrangement. However you can see still
that the arrangement of the atoms and the number of chemical bonds between the
atoms are in general maintained .In amorphous material you still have some short
and medium range order but no long range order
By definition crystals are atoms or molecules which are situated in the repeating or
periodical arrays or large atomic distances or long-range order. And crystals have two
major characteristics
- The first one is the constant melting temperature where at a certain temperature you
have the breaking of all your chemical bonds and your solid crystal becomes a liquid
- The second characteristic of crystals is the so called “anisotropy” which means the
properties of material is depending on the direction. That's a natural result of your
crystal structure because you have a certain atomic long-range arrangement and
different directions will correspond to slightly different atomic arrangement giving rise to
different properties or anisotropy

the combination of the lattice and the structure basis made this real crystal structure

An important concept is the unit cell which is the subdivision of a crystal that still retains
the overall characteristic of entire lattice and it is the smallest identical unit in the lattice.
It is usually a so called parallelepipeds It has to meet several requirements
- for example it has to represent the symmetry of the crystal structure. You can describe
the geometry of the unit cell or the parallelepipeds by the edge lengths a b c here having
different edge lengths and the angles formed between each of these axes (lattice
parameter).
- To meet the requirement of the symmetry mathematics can prove that you can only
have seven crystal systems with these different combinations of these edge length and
edge angles
- 7 Crystal system: Cubic, Hexagonal, Triclinic, mono clinic, tetragonal, orthorhombic.
- The seven crystal systems can be further divided into 14 possible basic crystal structural
units or unit cell types
- the unit cell has to fulfill the following requirements. For example it has to represent the
symmetry of the lattice. It has the minimum volume, maximum number of equal edge
lengths, and inter-axial angles, and the maximum number of right angles.
Face canter cubic vs body center cubic

1.3 Crystal structure of metals


For most metals the crystal structure is mostly face-centered-cubic structure
hexagonal-close-packed structure or HCP structure or body-centered-cubic structure
or BCC structure. three important concepts of crystal structure of metals
- The first one is the number of atoms in the unit cell

To calculate the total number of atoms of N in the unit cell you must count the number
of atoms at particular positions in the unit cell. The term Nf is the atoms at the face
center of your unit cell. For example in this FCC structure this is your face centered
position atom And this atom only contributes half atom to this particular unit cell so that
you have to divide this Nf by a factor of two here to count the net number of atoms
contributing to this unit cell Similarly if you have corner atoms like this each corner atom
is shared by 8 cubic cells. So you have to divide this number of corner positions by a
factor of 8 to calculate the total number of atoms in this unit cell.
- The second one is the coordination number (CN) which essentially is the number of the
nearest neighbor atoms
The coordination number means the number of nearest neighbor atoms. In FCC
structure the coordination number is 12 In BCC structure it is eight The hcp structure it is
again 12
- The third one is the atomic packing factor (APF) which means the volume percentage of
the atoms in the unit cell
- The atomic packing factor is defined by the volume of all the atoms in the unit cell
divided by the total unit cell volume.
how to calculate the density of a certain metal structure

To calculate the theoretical density of copper you need to know


a. the total number of atoms associated with each unit cell
b. the atomic weight the volume of the unit cell and
c. the Avogadro number
This is essentially the definition of your density calculation And eventually you can
come up with the theoretical density of copper in terms of its crystal structure and
basic atomic nature
There are several important concepts I want to discuss regarding the crystal structure of metals
a. The first one is the solid solution.
in substitutional solid solutions essentially you have 2 types of metal atoms (solute atoms and
solvent atoms) and each of these atoms are occupying crystal lattice points so that you'll have a
combination of atoms in a single lattice or a single crystal structure.
b. Another type of solid solution is so called interstitial solid solution because you have the
interstitial sites in the crystal structure for example you have the octahedral interstitial
sites in the BCC and FCC structures And for certain combination of atoms smaller atoms
may occupy these tiny interstitial sites in the crystal lattice That's called interstitial solid
solution Typical examples include iron-carbon iron-nitrogen

c. single vs. poly-crystals


For single crystal the periodic arrangement of atoms extends throughout the entire volume of
the specimen without interruption. Essentially here you see a single crystal of some of the
gems. The single crystal is usually characterized by the small facets on its surface which
corresponds to certain crystallographic planes.
And for poly-crystals it is the combination of a lot of single crystals together. For example during
typical processes of solidification and thin film deposition you may have a lot of single crystals
forming at the beginning .When they touch each other they form this so called grain boundaries
where they just separate two parts of your single crystals having the same crystal structure but
different orientations

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