5th Topic

Partial Differential Equations

Method for finding the complete integral of a non-

linear partial differential equation

(Charpit’s Method)

Prepared by:
Prof. Sunil
Department of Mathematics & Scientific Computing
NIT Hamirpur (HP)

CHARPIT’S METHOD:
Charpit’s method is a general method for finding the complete solution of non-
linear partial differential equation of the first order of the form
f x, y, z, p, q   0 . (i)
z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy . (ii)
x y
Integrating (ii), we get the complete solution of (i).
Note: In order to integrate (ii), we must know p and q in terms of x, y, z.
For this purpose, introduce another non-linear partial differential equation of the first
order of the form
F  x, y, z, p, q   0 , (iii)

Solving (i) and (iii), we get

p  px, y, z, a  , q  qx, y, z, b  . (iv)
Let (iii) be the relation such that when the values of p and q derived from it and the given
equation (i) are substituted in (ii), it becomes integrable.
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 2
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On substitution of (iv) in (ii), equation (ii) becomes integrable, resulting in the complete
solution of (i) in the form
x, y, z, a , b   0 , (v)
containing two arbitrary constants a and b.
To determine F: We differentiate (i) and (iii) partially w. r. t. x and y. Thus
f f f p f q
 .p  .  .  0, (vi)
x z p x q x
F F F p F q
 .p  .  .  0, (vii)
x z p x q x
f f f p f q
 .q  .  .  0 , (viii)
y z p y q y
F F F p F q
 .q  .  .  0 . (ix)
y z p y q y
p
Eliminating between (vi) and (vii), we get
x
 f F F f   f F F f   f F F f  q
 .  .    .  . .p   .  .   0. (x)
 x p x p   z p z p   q p q p  x
q
Eliminating between (viii) and (ix), we get
y

 f F F f   f F F f   f F F f  p
 .  .    .  . .q   .  .  0. (xi)
 y q y q   z q z q   p q p q  y

q  2z  2z p
Since    and the last term in (x) and (xi) differ in sign only, then
x xy yx y
adding (x) and (xi), we get

 f f  F  f f  F  f f  F  f  F  f  F
  p     q     p  q           0 , (xii)
 x z  p  y z  q  p q  z  p  x  q  y

which is the linear partial differential equation (Lagrange’s linear equation) of the first
order with x, y, z, p, q as independent variables and F as the dependent variable.
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 3
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 The auxiliary equations of (xii) are

dp dq dz dx dy dF
     . (xiii)
f f f f f f f f 0
p q p  q  
x z y z p q p q
These equations (xiii) are known as Charpit’s auxiliary equations.
Any integral of (xiii) will satisfy (xii). Take the simplest relation involving at least one of
p and q for F = 0. From f = 0 and F = 0, find the values of p and q and substitute in
dz  pdx  qdy
which on integration gives the solution.
Solving (xiii), we get relations (iv) of p and q, using which, the equation (ii) is integrated
resulting in the complete solution (v).

Note: All the equations of Charpit’s equations (xiii) need NOT be used. Choose the
simplest of (xiii), so that p and q are easily obtained.

Now let us solve complete solution of non-linear partial differential equation of the
first order by Charpit’s method:

Q.No.1.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s

method: 2zx  px 2  2qxy  pq  0 .

Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is f  2zx  px 2  2qxy  pq  0 . (i)

Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
f f f f f
  2z  2px  2qy ,  2qx ,  2x ,  x 2  q ,  2 xy  p .
x y z p q
Now Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
    .
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
     .
2z  2qy 0 px 2  2pq  2qxy x 2  q 2 xy  p

Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 4
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From second member, we get q = a.

2 x z  ay 
Putting q = a in (i), we get p  .
x2  a
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy .
x y
2 x z  ay  dz  ady 2x
 dz  pdx  qdy  dx  ady   2 dx .
x2  a z  ay x a
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we get

 
logz  ay   log x 2  a  log b  z  ay  b x 2  a .  

 z  ay  b x 2  a , 
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.2.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s

 
method: p 2  q 2 y  qz or qz  p 2 y  q 2 y  0 .


Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is f  p 2  q 2 y  qz  0 .  (i)
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
f f f f f
  0,  p2  q2 ,  q ,  2py ,  2qy  z .
x y z p q
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
    .
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
     .
 pq p 2  qz  2py  2qy  z

Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
From the first two members, we get pdp  qdq  0 .

Integrating, we get p 2  q 2  a 2  p  a 2  q 2 . (ii)

2 2 2 a2y
Putting p  q  a in (i), we get q  .
z
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 5
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a 4y2 a 2
From (ii), we get p  a 2  q 2  a 2   z  a 2y2 .
z2 z
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy .
x y

a 2 a 2y
 dz  pdx  qdy  z  a 2 y 2 dx  dy .
z z
1 2

d z  a 2 y2 
 zdz  a 2 ydy  a z 2  a 2 y 2 dx  2  adx .
z2  a 2 y2
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we get

z 2  a 2 y 2  ax  b  z 2  ax  b 2  a 2 y 2 ,
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.

Q.No.3.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s

method: 2z  p 2  qy  2 y 2  0 .

Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is f  2z  p 2  qy  2 y 2  0 . (i)

Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
    .
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
    

2p 4 y  3q  2p  qy  2p  y
2
.

Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
From first and fourth ratios, we get dp  dx  p   x  a .
Substituting p  a  x in (i), we get

q
1
y

 2z  2 y 2  a  x 2 . 
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 6
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Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:

z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy .
x y

 dz  pdx  qdy  a  x dx 

1
y
 
2z  2 y 2  a  x 2 dy .

Multiplying both sides by 2 y 2 , we get

2 y 2dz  4 yzdy  2 y 2 a  x dx  4 y3dy  2 ya  x 2 dy

Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we get

   
2zy 2   y 2 a  x 2  y 4  b  y 2 x  a 2  2z  y 2  b ,
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.4.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s
method: pxy  pq  qy  yz .
Sol. Given non-linear partial differential equation is f  pxy  pq  qy  yz  0 . (i)
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
    .
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
     .
py  p y  px  q   qp  pxy  q   q p  y   xy  q   p  y 
dp dq dz dx dy
     .
0 px  q   qp  pxy  q   q p  y   xy  q   p  y 
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
From first member, we get dp  0  p  a .
Putting p  a in (i), we get
yz  ax 
axy  aq  qy  yz  qa  y   yz  ax   q  .
ay
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 7
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z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy .
x y

yz  ax  dz  adx ydy dz  adx  a 

 dz  pdx  qdy  adx  dy     1  dy .
ay z  ax ay z  ax  a  y
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we get
logz  ax   y  a loga  y   b , Ans.
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.5.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s

method: z  p 2 x  q 2 y .

Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is f  p 2 x  q 2 y  z  0 . (i)

Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
    .
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
    
pp 2
qq 2
 2
2p xq y 2
  2px  2pq
.

Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:

p 2 dx  2pxdp q 2 dy  2qydq
From which, we have  .
p2x q2y

   
Integrating on both sides, we get log p 2 x  log q 2 y  log a  p 2 x  aq 2 y . (ii)
1/ 2
2  z 
2
From (i) and (ii), we have aq y  q y  z  q    .
 1  a y 
1/ 2
 az 
From (ii), we have p    .
 1  a x 
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy .
x y
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 8
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1/ 2 1/ 2
 az   z 
 dz  pdx  qdy    dx    dy  1  a  dz  a
dx

dy
.
 1  a x   1  a y  z x y

Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:

Integrating on both sides, we get
1  a z  ax   yb

z
 ax  y  b 2 , Ans.
1  a 
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.6.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s

method: z 2  pqxy .

Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is f  z 2  pqxy  0 . (i)

Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
    

 f x  pf z   f y  qf z 
pf p  qf q df p df q

dp dq dz dx dy
    
  pqy  2pz    pqx  2qz   2pqxy  qxy  pxy
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
Using the multipliers p, q, o, x, y, we have
pdx  xdp qdy  ydq

 pqxy  xpqy  2pxz  qpxy  ypqx  2 yqz
pdx  xdp qdy  ydq
 
 2 xpz  2 yqz
d ( xp) d ( yq)
  .
( xp) ( yq)
xp
Integrating on both sides, we get xp  a yq  q  .
ay
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 9
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xp
Substituting q  in (i) i.e. z 2  pqxy , we get
ay

 xp  p2x 2 z
z 2  p.  xy   p  a. .
 ay  a x

xp x z z
Then q   . a.  .
ay ay x ay
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy .
x y
z 1 z
 dz  pdx  qdy  a dx  dy
x a y
dz dx 1 dy
  a  .
z x a y
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we get
1
log z  a log x  log y  log b
a
1
log z  a1 log x  log y  log b
a1


log z  log x a1  log y1/a1  log b  log ax a1 y1/a1 
z  bx a1 y1/a1 , Ans.
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a1 and b.
Q.No.7.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s

method: 2z  px  qy   yp 2 .

Ans.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is f  2z  px  qy   yp 2  0 . (i)

Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Here Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
    .
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 10
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dp dq dz dx dy
    
 
 2p  2p   2q  p 2  2q 2 xp  2 yp 2  2qy 2 x  2 yp 2 y

dp dq dz dx dy
    
 2p  p 2  xp  yp 2  yq x  yp y
  2q 
 2 

Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
Using first and fifth members, we have
dy dp a
  p  ay  2  .
y  2p y2

Substituting the value of p (i) i.e. 2z  px  qy   yp 2 , we obtain

2
 a   a  a2 z ax
2 yq  y    2z  2 x   q   .
 y2   y2  4 y y3
    2y

Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:

z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy .
x y

a  a2 z ax 
 dz  pdx  qdy  dx     dy .
y2  2y 4 y y3 
 
Regrouping the terms, we get

 ydz  zdy   aydx  axdy  a 2

    dy .
 y   y3  2y 4

Multiplying throughout by y and simplify, we obtain
 ydx  xdy  a 2
 ydz  zdy   a    3 dy .
 y2  2y
 x  a 2 dy
 d  yz   ad    3
.
y 2 y
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:

x a 2  1 
Integrating on both sides, we get yz  a  .  b.
y 2   2 y 2 
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 11
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ax a2 b
z   , Ans.
y2 4y3 y

which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.8.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s
method: px  qy  pq .
Ans.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is f  px  qy  pq  0 . (i)
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
     .
p q  px  q   q y  p   x  q   y  p 
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
Taking first two members, we have
dp dq
 .
p q
Integrating on both sides, log p  log q  log a  p  aq . (ii)
Putting p = aq in (i), we have
y  ax
aqx  qy  aq 2  q  .
a
From (ii), we obtain p  aq  y  ax
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy .
x y

 dz  y  ax dx 
y  ax  dy  adz  y  ax dy  adx 
a
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we get
1
az  y  ax 2  b ,
2
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 12
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which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
General Integral: Writing b  a  , we have
1
az  y  ax 2  a  (iii)
2
Differentiating (iii) partially w.r.t. a, we have
z  x y  ax   a  . (iv)
General integral is obtained by eliminating a from (iii) and (iv).
Singular Integral: Differentiating the complete integral partially w.r.t. a and b, we have
z  x y  ax  and 0 = 1. Hence there is no singular integral.
Q.No.9.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s

method: 2xy  px  qy   p 2  q 2  0 .

Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is 2xy  px  qy   p 2  q 2  0 .

Here f  p 2  q 2  2px  2qy  2 xy  0 (i)

Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dx dy
   
 2 p  2 y  2q  2 x 2 x  2 p 2 y  2q
dp dq dx dy
   
p y qx xp yq
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
dp  dq dx  dy

x ypq x ypq
 dp  dq  dx  dy
 p  x   q  y   a (ii)
dp  dq  dx  dy , p  x   q  y   0
Equation (i) can be written as

p  x 2  q  y 2  x  y 2 (iii)
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 13
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Putting the values of q  y  from (ii) in (iii), we have

p  x 2  a  p  x 2  x  y 2  2p  x 2  2a p  x   a 2  x  y 2  0

p  x  2a 
4a  8a
2 2
 x  y 2  , (Taking only +ve sign)
4

px
1
2 
a 2x  y2  a 2 
 From (ii), q  y  a 
1
2 
a 2x  y2  a 2 
q  y
1
2 
a 2x  y2  a 2  .
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy .
x y

 dz  xdx  ydy 
a
2
dx  dy   1
2
2x  y2  a 2 dx  dy
a  2
2 a 
 xdx  ydy  dx  dy   1   x  y    dx  dy 
2 2  2 

Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:

Integrating on both sides, we have
  2   2  
x2 y2 a 1 x  y 2 a  a
2
  x  y 2  a    b
z   x  y   x  y    log x  y  
2 2 2 2 2  2  4  2  
   
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.10.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s

method: z  px  qy  p 2  q 2

Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is f  z  px  qy  p 2  q 2  0 . (i)

Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 14
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dp dq dz dx dy
    
pp  q  q  p x  2p   q  y  2q    x  2p   y  2q 
dp dq dz dx dy
    
0 0 p  x  2 p   q  y  2q   x  2 p    y  2q 
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
From first two members, we get dp  0 and dq = 0.
Integrating, we obtain p = a and q = b.
Putting in (i), we get

z  ax  by  a 2  b 2 ,
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.11.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s


method: z 2 p 2 z 2  q 2  1 
Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is z 2 p 2 z 2  q 2  1 .  
Here f  p 2 z 4  q 2 z 2  1  0 .
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
    
 2 3
0  p. 4p z  2q z 2
 q4p z 2 3
 2q z2
 
 p 2pz 4
 q2qz 
2
 2pz 4
 2qz 2
.

Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
dp dq
Taking first two members, we have  .
p q
Integrating on both sides, we obtain log p  log q  log a  p  aq .

 
Putting p  aq in z 2 p 2 z 2  q 2  1 , we get
1 1
q2  q

z2 a 2z2  1  
z a 2z2  1 
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 15
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a
 p  aq  p  .

z a z 1 2 2

Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy .
x y

 dz 
a
dx 
1
 
dy  z a 2 z 2  1 dz  adx  dy
 2 2
z a z 1  
z a z 1 2 2

Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:

Integrating on both sides, we get

1
3a 2
a 2 2
z 1  3/ 2
 ax  y  b

 
3
 a 2 z 2  1  9a 4 ax  y  b 2 , Ans.
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.12.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s

method: p 2  q 2  2px  2qy  1  0 .

Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is f  p 2  q 2  2px  2qy  1  0 . (i)

Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
    
 2p  2q  p2p  2 x   q 2q  2 y   2p  2 x   2q  2 y 
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
Taking the first two members, we have
dp dq
  log p  log q  log a  p  aq .
p q
Putting in (i), we get

 
a 2 q 2  q 2  2aqx  2qy  1  0  a 2  1 q 2  2ax  y q  1  0
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 16
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q
2ax  y   4ax  y2  4a 2  1
2a 2  1

q
ax  y   ax  y  a  1 . (Taking the positive sign only)
2 2

a 2
1 
a ax  y  

ax  y  a  1
2 2

and p  aq  
a2 1
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy .
x y

ax  y   ax  y 2  a 2  1

 dz  adx  dy 
a 2  1
Putting ax  y  t , so that adx  dy  dt , we have, a 2  1 dz   t 

  t  a
2 2

 1  dt .

Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we get

a 2

1 z 
t2 t

2 2
t  a
2 2

1 
a2 1 
2
log t 

t  a
2 2

 1   b , where t  ax  y ,

which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.13.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s

method: p  qy  z 2 .

Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is f   p  qy  z 2  0 . (i)

Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
     .
2pqy  z  4q qy  z   p  1  q.2qy  z .y   1  2 yqy  z 
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 17
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Taking first and fifth members, we have

dp dy a
  0  log p  log y  log a  p  .
p y y

a a a z
From (i), we obtain  qy  z 2     qy  z  q   .
3 / 2
y y y y

Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:

z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy .
x y

a  a z a
 dz  dx    dy  ydz  zdy  adx  dy .
y  y3 / 2 y  y
 
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we get
yz  ax  2 ay   b ,
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.14.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s

method: px  qy  z1  pq 1 / 2 .

Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is f  px  qy  z1  pq 1 / 2  0 . (i)

Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq
   ........
p  p1  pq 1 / 2 q  q 1  pq 1 / 2
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
Taking the first two members, we have
dp dq
  log p  log q  log a  p  aq .
p q
Putting in (i), we have


aqx  qy  z 1  aq 2 
1/ 2

 q 2 ax  y 2  z 2 1  aq 2 
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 18
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z2 z az
q2  q p .
ax  y  2
 az 2 ax  y 2
 az  2
ax  y 2
 az 
2

Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:

z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy .
x y

 dz 
azdx  zdy   dz  adx  dy
ax  y2  az2  z ax  y2  az 2 
Putting ax  y  a u , we get

dz

a du

du 1
 u 2
 z2 . 
z au 2
 az 2
 dz z

Again put, u  vz ,

so that v  z
dv 1

dz z
v z2 2

 z2  v  z
dv
dz
 v 2

1

z
dv
 v  1  v  dzz 
2 dv
dz v  1  v
2


dz
z
  v  1  vdv .
2

Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:

Integrating on both sides, we get

v 2  1  12 logv  v 2  1  v2  b
2
v
log z   
2

 log z 
v2 v

2 2
v 2
1
 1  log v 
2
 v  1 b , where v  uz  axz ay .
2

which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.15.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s

 
method: x 2  y 2 pq  xy p 2  q 2  1  0 .  
 
Sol.: Here f  x 2  y 2 pq  xy p 2  q 2  1  0 .   (i)
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 19
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dp dq dz dx dy
   
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dx
  

2pqx  y p 2  q 2  
 2 ypq  x p 2  q 2   x 2  y 2 q  2pxy
dy
  ..........
 
 x 2  y 2 p  2qxy
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
Using x, y, p, q as multipliers, we have
xdp  ydq  pdx  qdy
Each fraction   xdp  pdx   qdy  ydq  0 .
0
a  qy
Integrating, we get px  qy  a  p  .
x
 From (i), we have
 a  qy 2 
x 2
 y2  
 a  qy 
 x 
 q  xy  2
 q 2
 1  0
 x 


a  qy 2
x
 
x  y 2 q  a  qy y  xyq 2  1  0 
 
a  qy 2
x

x q  ay  xyq 2  1  0

 a  qy x q  ay   x
2 2
yq 2  x  0

 ax 2 q  a 2 y  x 2 yq 2  ay 2 q  x 2 yq 2  x  0


 qa x 2  y 2  a 2 y  x 
a2y  x
q

a x 2  y2 
p 
1
a 

a 2y  x y 

a 2x  y 
x  

a x 2  y 2  a x 2  y 2
.
  
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz  dx  dy  pdx  qdy .
x y
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 20
For Video Lecture, Visit: https://youtu.be/cHuU7X0tkyA

dz 
a 2
  
x  y dx  a 2 y  x dy
 dz  a
xdx  ydy  xdy  ydx
a x  y 
2 2
x 2  y2 
a x 2  y2 
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we have

z
a
2
 1 y

log x 2  y 2  tan 1  b ,
a x
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.16.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: yz  pxy  q   qy  0 or pxy  pq  qy  yz .
Sol.: Here yz  pxy  q   qy  0 . (i)
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
    .
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
f f f f f
Here  py ,  xy  q ,  px  q  z ,  pq,  y .
x p y q z
dp dq dz dx dy
     .
py  p( y) px  q  z  q  y   pxy  q   q p  y   xy  q   p  q 
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
From 1st and 2nd member, we obtain
dp dq
  dp  0  p  a .
0 px  q  z  qy
Now from (i), pxy  pq  qy  yz  0
yz  axy yz  ax  yz  ax 
 axy  a  y q  yz  0  q   q .
ay ay ay
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
yz  ax 
Now consider dz  pdx  qdy  adx  dy
ay
yz  ax a
 dz  adx  dy (ii)
ay
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 21
For Video Lecture, Visit: https://youtu.be/cHuU7X0tkyA

Put z  ax  t , dz  adx  dtd

yt a  ya  a 
(ii) reduces to dt  dy  dy  1  dy
ay ay  a  y
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating both sides, we get
1 1
 t
dt   dy  a 
ay
dy + constant (= log c)

 log t  y  a log(a  y)  log c t  z  ax 

 logz  ax   y  a log(a  y)  log c , is the required solution.

 
This solution can also be written as z  ax  y  a 2  be y .
Q.No.17.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s

method: q  xp  p 2 .

Sol.: Here q  xp  p 2 . (i)

Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are

Let f ( x , y, z, p, q )  q  xp  p 2
f f f f f
Here  p,  x  2p  0,  1,  0.
x p y q z
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
f f f f f f f f
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
    
p  0 0  q  0  px  2p   q   x  2p  1
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
From 1st and 5th members
dp p p
 dy  log p   y  log a  log   y   e  y  p  ae  y
p a a

Also from (i), q  xp  p 2  q  axe  y  a 2 xe 2 y  q  a 2 e 2 y  axe  y .

Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 22
For Video Lecture, Visit: https://youtu.be/cHuU7X0tkyA


Now consider dz  pdx  qdy  ae  y dx  a 2 e 2 y  axe  y dy 
 
dz  a e  y dx  xdy  a 2 e 2 y dy
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:

 
Integrating on both sides, we obtain z  a  d e  y x  a 2  e 2 y dy  c

a 2  2y
 z  axe  y  e  c , is the required solution.
2
Q.No.18.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s

 
method: p p 2  1  b  z q  0 .

Sol.: Let f ( x , y, z, p, q )  p 3  p  bq  zq  0
f f f f f
Here  0,  3p 2  1 ,  0,  bz,  q .
x p y q z
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Consider Charpit’s Auxiliary equations
dp dq dz dx dy
   
f f f f  f f  f f
p q   p  q   
x z y z  p q  p q

dp dq
   .....etc
 pq  q 2

Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
dp dq
From 1st and 2nd members,  .
p q
Integrating on both sides, we get
log p  log q  log c  p  cq .

Now from (i) p 3  p  (b  z)q  0  c 3 q 3  cq  b  z q  0

zcb zcb
 c 3q 2  c  b  z  0  q 2  3
q .
c c. c
1 1
Now consider dz  pdx  qdy  z  c  b . dx  3/ 2
. z  c  bdy
c c
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 23
For Video Lecture, Visit: https://youtu.be/cHuU7X0tkyA

1 y
 z  c  b 1 / 2 dz   dy .
c c3/ 2
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we get
1 1
 a  c  b  dz 
1 / 2
c
 dx 
c 3/ 2  dy  a

x y
 2 zcb   3/ 2
 a , is the required solution.
c c
Q.No.19.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s

method: 1  p 2  qz .

Sol.: Let f ( x, y, z, p, q)  1  p 2  qz  0
f f f f f
Here  0,  2p ,  0,  z ,  q .
x p y q z
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Consider Charpit’s Auxiliary equations
dp dq dz dx dy
   
f f f f  f f  f f
p q   p  q   
x z y z  p q  p q

dp dq
   .....etc
 pq  q 2

Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
dp dq
From 1st and 2nd members,  .
p q
Integrating on both sides, we get
log p  log q  log c  p  cq .

z  z 2  4c 2
Now from (i) p 2  1  qz  0  c 2 q 2  qz  0  q  .
2c 2
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
Now consider
1  1
 z  z  4c dx  2  z  z  4c dy
2 2 2 2
dz  pdx  qdy 
2c   2c  
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 24
For Video Lecture, Visit: https://youtu.be/cHuU7X0tkyA

dz 1 1
  dx  2
z  z 2  4c 2 2c 2c dy

1 z ∓ z 2  4c 2 1 1
 . dz  dx  2 dy .
z  z 2  4c 2 z ∓ z 2  4c 2 2c 2c

Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:

Integrating on both sides, we get
 z ∓ z 2  4c 2 dz
 

  

1
dx  
1
dy  b A  B(A  B)  A 2
 B2 
4c 2 2c 2c 2

z2  z 2   1 
  z  4c 2  2c 2 log z  z 2  4c 2   4c 2  x  2 y  b   2cx  2 y  d ,
1

2 2    2c 2c 

where d  4c 2 b ,

 x a2 
∵  x 2  a 2 dx  x2  a2  log x 2  a 2 
 2 2 

z2  z 2 
   z  4c 2  2c 2 log z  z 2  4c 2   2cx  2 y  d , is the required solution.
2 2  

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Home Assignments
Q.No.1.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s

method: 16p 2 z 2  9q 2 z 2  4z 2  4  0 .
Hint:
dp dq  dx  dy  dz
   
3 2 2 3 2 2
32p z  18pq z  8pz 32p qz  18q z  8qz 32pz  18qz 32p z  18q 2 z 2
2 2

xa
4zdp  0.dq  1.dx  0.dy  4pdz  0 , x  4pz  a , p   ,
4z
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 25
For Video Lecture, Visit: https://youtu.be/cHuU7X0tkyA

2 1
q 1  z 2  x  a 2 .
3z 4

Ans.:
x  a 2  y  b 2  z2  1.
4 9
4
Q.No.2.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s

 
method: p 1  q 2  b  z q  0 .
dp dq dz dx dy
Hint:     ,
pq q 2 3pq 2  p  b  z q q 2  1  z  b  2pq

(i) (ii)q  pc , Sub q  cz  b  1 .

Ans.: 2 cz  b   1  x  cy  a ; a, c are arbitrary constants.

Q.No.3.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s

method: q  px  q 2  0 .
1
Hint: q  a , p  ∓ x  x 2  4a  .

2 

x2 1 x 
Ans.: z     x 2  4a  2a log x  x 2  4a   ay  b .
4 2 2  
Q.No.4.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s

method: yzp 2  q  0 .

Ans.: z 2  2ax  a 2 y 2  b .
Q.No.5.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s

method: 2pq  py  qx   x 2  y 2  0 .

Ans.: 2z  ax  x 2  ay  y 2 
1
2
x  y  x  y2  a 2 .

a2
2 3/ 2
log 

2x  y   2x  y2  a 2  b
Q.No.6.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s

method: q  3p 2 .
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 26
For Video Lecture, Visit: https://youtu.be/cHuU7X0tkyA

Ans.: z  ax  3x 2 y  b .
Q.No.7.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: z  pq .
1
Ans.: 2 z  ax  y b.
a
Q.No.8.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: zpq  p  q .

 y
Ans.: z 2  2a  1 x    b .
 a
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