Detailed Review of Blockchain Usage in Various Fields

Abstract --- In this paper, a detailed review of the use of blockchain technology has been carried out. The use
of blockchain technology in real estate, healthcare, e-voting, and agriculture is discussed in the study. It was
observed during the review of various papers that in each of the domain, blockchain technology is used to
provide a model which gives data transparency and security to the users. The data security is a major concern in
each domain because wrong use of data can be harmful but it was analyzed that after the use of blockchain
technology in these fields, more transparency and data security can be achieved as it provides decentralized
database where all the nodes are shared amongst the members so data discrepancy cannot be done because if a
member tries to do so all the other members will also get informed about that and the review of various research
paper proves that blockchain technology is far better than centralized database system because in centralized
database, only few people have control and access so data can be manipulated easily and for the same reason,
use of blockchain is rapidly increasing.

Keywords --- Blockchain, Real Estate, Agriculture, Healthcare, E-Voting, Data security, Data Transparency.

1. Introduction
Blockchain is a technology which works on the basis of distributed database where the whole database is
connected to computer networks in form of nodes. All the information in blockchain is stored in digital form.
The fame reason of blockchain technology is its use in cryptocurrency such as bitcoin and the reason this
technology is used in cryptocurrency is that it provides a secure and decentralized record management system.
The innovation of blockchain has made a great impact in the current world as it provides the data security
without using any third party. The use of blockchain is widely spreading in various fields such as real estate, e-
voting, healthcare, agriculture, education, and so on and so forth. This technology is taking over the world as it
provides transparency and data security which has been a great problem in each and every field.
We have carried out a detailed study of various research where blockchain is used in different fields for making
it secure and transparent to use. Whether it is the corporate world or educational sector, information is one of the
vital elements and nowadays the data security has been a major concern because there has been no transparency
in data dealing which has been observed through the study of various papers and there comes the need of
blockchain technology which addresses this problem and each of the paper which has been reviewed so the data
transparency and security problem was solved. Blockchain provides a decentralized database system where all
the nodes are shared with all the members which provides trust and confidence to the user and no change can be
made in the data because it will be visible.

2. Literature Review
The concept of emerging 5G technology can totally evolve the healthcare systems as it can meet the conditions
like low latency, high bandwidth, and high energy efficiency. It is going to provide the solutions for all aspects
of human life related to ample amount of traffic and emerging services. Blockchain integration with 5G
technology can overcome all the challenges which can be faced when deploying 5G in healthcare systems. With
the use of Blockchain technology with 5G in healthcare system, it will fulfill all the associated requirements of
5G with very much less management. The main challenges which will be faced during implementation of 5G
technology in healthcare would be security and privacy of data. Blockchain is the only available technology
which can be used to eliminate this challenge while implementing 5G in healthcare system. There have been
remarkable changes in healthcare systems with the advancement in technology but there still exist problems and
weak points which had to be highlighted. The integration of 5G technology with blockchain can cope up with
these issues as the advantages of these technologies such as transparency, data privacy, decentralization, energy
efficiency and much more make it suitable for healthcare sector. The focus of the research is to construct and
implement a network of emerging technologies [1].
The concept of smart healthcare was driven by the concept which was presented in 2009 by IBM namely smart
earth. The concept was to use various technologies which included the use of cloud computing, artificial
intelligence, big data, and IOT for making a system which could be used to share information related to patients.
There has been impressive progress in this field, but it still has room for improvement as a doctor is expert in his
own field but keeping the statistics in view, it happens that a greater number of diseases require analysis from
various experts. Having patients from different regions will also require accurate and detailed diagnosis of
patient to provide a clear picture of the disease. Here in this paper, we have introduced a framework over the
concept of parallel healthcare system which is based on computational experiments, artificial intelligence, and
parallel execution. Consortium Blockchain technology is used to develop parallel healthcare system which
allows and enables electronic health records to be shared and reviewed. Parallel healthcare system based on the
concept of artificial system, computational experiments and parallel execution was introduced in the paper. The
model first trains the data for the prediction of diseases. Blockchain technology is integrated with parallel
healthcare system to make it secure, reliable, and trustable. It will be further made better to make it detect more
disease scenarios [2].
It has been analyzed that people care less about health these days until and unless something major happens with
them. There is a dire need of such systems which could easily predict the condition of a person and it can be
shared with the experts so it could be very much beneficial and convenient for the people in their busy lives.
The advancement in IOT and Blockchain can be used to develop such systems which can control the complete
access, transactions, and storage management. The main hurdle in such systems is privacy of data because it can
be recently seen that the data of the people are manipulated by the companies for their own benefits. Therefore,
to ensure data privacy, Blockchain technology is adopted to develop this system which makes it secure and
reliable. It can be seen that everyone today is busy in keeping up with this fast-moving world where people have
totally neglected subtle health issues which may result into severe consequences. Hence, the presented system
takes the data from the smart wearables to provide them reports related to the health of a person. But accuracy
and the correct use of data becomes quite challenging in such system and there comes in play the blockchain
technology which overcome these issues and that's how the proposed system would work towards efficient,
accurate, and secure healthcare system [3].
The advancement in the field of machine learning and deep learning have produced remarkable results. Keeping
the data safety and integrity in view, Blockchain technology has introduced healthcare new dimensions. The
Blockchain keeps track of all the movement related to system and whatever updates are brought in the data, so it
simultaneously takes place at each users end who have access to the platform. Machine Language technique
namely federated learning which is used to train the model proves to provide the best accuracy as compared to
the models which were trained using other platforms. If we think about the pandemic like situations so it makes
us realize the need to build such robust AI model with data safety and protection and for doing it, Blockchain
can be the most useful technology in current time. The study only provides a concept of integrating AI with
blockchain technology. The potential study proves that combination of these two technologies will bring
tremendous changes in healthcare system as it will create a robust model where sharing will not be
compromised at any cost. The application is not yet developed and tested in real time environment, but the study
proves that the proposed model would definitely work well in real time environment [4].
Optimum use of supply chain management is very much advantageous to almost each and every industry which
includes healthcare as well. The healthcare industry has been lacking in adopting the advanced technology for
their supply chain management. In a report, issued by healthcare finance which stated that about $25.6 billion is
spent on unnecessary supply chain activities in one fiscal year. Healthcare sector greatly depends on group
purchasing organizations to run the supply chain of things related to healthcare sector. In another report, it is
stated that about 90% of the hospitals in United States are the members of such groups. The GPOs do provide
good services to their members but the process to finalize contracts takes more than a month in most of the
cases. So, here we propose a system where GPOs will be integrated with Blockchain technology to automate
GPO contract process and it will result in speeding up the distribution amongst healthcare system. The supply
chain cycle was discussed in the paper, and it was predicted that Group purchasing organizations do provide
facilities to the hospitals for supply of hospital stuff, but it is very complex and time consuming. Therefore, we
have proposed a system which will collaborate blockchain and decentralized storage system for data
transparency amongst various stakeholders. The system also makes sure that there is no error or changes in
pricing and the communication between stakeholders is streamlined. The system only allows registered users to
access and communicate which eliminates the chances of any sort of trust issues because only authorized people
will have access to the system which makes it transparent. We will work towards complete automation of other
affiliated process for the stakeholders in future [5].
For development of detection systems, data is the most important factor because without the data, no processing
can be done. There are several ways to attain data which can be surveys, interviews, questionnaire, etc. Keeping
the data secure is also a big challenge because the data can be lost or affected by any other factor as mostly data
is stored in centralized servers. There comes the need of Blockchain as it provides decentralized database which
makes no compromise over data security and readability. Blockchain has interconnected nodes network which
carry a copy of data of every single transaction. The data from Blockchain database can be directly sent to
machine learning models for training because machine learning models have been significant in multiple sectors
which includes healthcare, marketing, and e-commerce. Proper utilization of blockchain technology can totally
revolutionize industrial and can create ample number of opportunities because it is not only limited to Bitcoin.
By integration of blockchain with machine learning, data can be directly fed into models for training which will
make machine learning models more independent, accurate, and efficient. Such models can play a vital role in
advancement of healthcare sector as it directly deals with human lives that is why such accurate, secure, and
precise models will be helpful for doctors as well as patients [6].
The revolution which emerged though Blockchain technology in terms of Bitcoin is a very minor part of it.
Blockchain today is revolutionizing many more sectors and a wide range of applications from citizen services to
supply chain management to IOT many more. This technology is being explored and exploited by big
organizations due to its several advantages. Healthcare sector is also making untiring efforts to adopt modern
technology to improve the services which are provided to the patient. The integration of Blockchain in
healthcare will fill the gap which is coexisting right now in the healthcare sector. This technology is currently
being used for data management and security for smart healthcare platforms. In this paper, collective effect of
smart health platforms alongside Blockchain technology has been explored. Improvement of healthcare sector
services by bringing blockchain and context aware smart approaches together and such general frameworks
must be motivated because such systems can overcome the challenges which are occurring in healthcare system.
The study provided analysis over sharing of data in smart environment, consent management, and common
research approaches [7].
It is being realized that the use of Blockchain technology is not only in finance sector in fact it can be used in
various other applications such as IoT, supply chain management, healthcare, logistics, and may more.
Blockchain provides a trusted environment for data transactions without the need of third party which gives an
edge to this technology. In healthcare, Blockchain will provide complete information to the user related to its
health because neglecting a disease can cause severe impact on the body by not having knowledge about your
condition. All the record of the patient is stored in decentralized database keeping the privacy of data intact.
Even if the patient changes its consultant so the record can be shared with the new one which will save a lot of
time of patient through electronic medical report (EMR). In tele-healthcare system, data is transferred to the
professional doctors and as it is done digitally so patient can access the Consulta from any part of the world and
the advancement of Blockchain technology in healthcare will make our healthcare system better. As the digital
technologies related to healthcare are being explored so here, we have proposed a system which detects and
alerts the patient and caretaker for diabetes related condition in case of emergency because negligence towards
diabetes has caused severe impact on health. The record of the patient is also stored in form of electronic
medical report (EMR) with proper privacy and authentication by the use of blockchain technology. It will save
patients from maintaining the manual records and carrying them on every visit to their consultant in fact the
EMR will be there to access patients record [8].
IoT and blockchain have recently emerged as one of the most effective and beneficial technologies to overcome
problems such as data security, interoperability, trust less management and infrastructure. There has been
minimal amount of research carried to bring together healthcare, blockchain and IoT to make one robust
platform which could work towards the betterment of healthcare system. In this paper, different scenarios are
being exploited which can be beneficial for Integration of all these things into one platform. This paper gives the
essence of background of blockchain and IoT, optimum applications which can be implemented and how can all
the data be processed securely by the use of these technologies. The discussion related to integration of
blockchain technology with Internet of Things (IoT) is done to check the possibilities of improving e-healthcare
sector. IoT based blockchain model with improved framework has also been introduced in the study. There shall
be put more focus on implementation of this framework in IoB healthcare data flow by using cost effective and
reliable technique. Machine learning algorithms must be analyzed as it may work best with electronic healthcare
record systems [9].
Healthcare sector greatly involves data and the amount of data increases with each passing day. As with every
passing day, the concern relating to data security, efficient use of this data and storage also increases. But
despite all these concerns, one report states that 90% of the American prefer to have access to view medical
reports digitally. The blockchain in the start mainly focused to build virtual currency but slowly and gradually,
other sectors also started to explore this technology and after the mid of 2017, the blockchain technology started
to become part of other fields as well. Centralized and decentralized database both have their own pros and cons
but, in this paper, it is explored that what impact will the implementation of blockchain make towards the
quality of a particular system to discuss that how can it be used in healthcare as per the analysis made through
various scenarios. The potential use of blockchain technology is classified as it has been stated that current EHR
market is valued at $20.55 billion in 2016which will increase to 169.2 billion by 2025. Therefore, the current
system must be replaced with digital and secure systems with the use of blockchain technology. The blockchain
will not totally topple the current system but would work as a bridging platform to overcome the issue which
will take place. A block containing medical result will work as an off-block API that will be used to have a look
at the whole medical records [10].
Importance of blockchain technology in the field of supply chain has been brought into view in the report
published by 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China which clearly stated that supply side
reforms are need of the time because supply chain plays an important role in almost all the industries. Therefore,
the papers explore all the aspects related to the use of blockchain technology in order to build a digital platform
for supply chain management to reduce the risk of business instability and to secure the credit system related to
the supply side industry. The integration of blockchain technology with supply chain financial platform will
correspond amongst all the users to form cooperation and sharing of data with transparency. It will be
challenging to implement all resources which are relevant to the supply chain because many participants will not
agree to be the part of commercial landing. It will be the responsibility of big enterprises to start implementing it
so that slowly and gradually others also become part of it [11].
Excel sheets were used in the start to store the data, but this method was ineffective and viable. Hence, Cloud
service providers came into play which provided centralized database that is either hosted on the sever owned
by company or else some digital server provided by some other company. But this technique also has many
problems such as the data stored can easily be lost because if any error occurs in the server so this would result
in losing the data because centralized servers store all the data at one place. Another problem with such services
is that the company becomes dependent on one vendor because switching between vendors for cloud storage
service is costly. Here, by using blockchain technology, a cloud-based supply chain management platforms are
designed alongside SELAT. This platform will work as a broker between company and the cloud service
providers by providing suggestions to the user after making comparison between various offers given by
different cloud service providers. CLOUDITY also keeps the data security in mind which is why blockchain
technology is integrated in the system to make it secure. The proposed platforms works more effectively and in
a better way for supply chain management. Utilization of SELAT architecture and blockchain technology for
CLOUDITY system has provided a secure platform for the companies to share information without any breach
amongst users. This works as a bridge between users and the blockchain usage provides improved security for
data so that modification in data cannot be carried out, but this process will have more processing time because
it will check and maintain all the database, but this will be improved with implementation in future [12].
This research focuses on the use of blockchain technology to build a sustainable management information
system for medical equipment supply chain. Whereas it is considered that encryption, hash, digital signature,
and P2P are part of core technology of blockchain but here it is used for such a system which will cover every
aspect and person linked to the supply chain of medical equipment. The system will realize the full cycle of
medical equipment and would strengthen the management of medical equipment so that safety and cost control
can be attained in supply chain management system. Blockchain technology is used to design a model for the
supervision of supply chain medical equipment. It is quite challenging job to develop a system to maintain all
the medical equipment because of having confusing and diverse classification of medical equipment and if this
issue is not resolved so then the system availability will get affected. Hence, deep analysis over the study has
been carried out to ensure the safety of medical records, control the cost of medical equipment and enhancing
the traceability of the system [13].
Blockchain is being widely used by various industries and its use is growing with every passing day. It is
beneficial in FinTech, Identity management, cyber security, governance, e-voting, and data storage. It used a
decentralized network of computers which offers secure transaction of data. Supply chain tracking has been
greatly inclined towards blockchain technology as it provides trusted data collection and storage. It gives a
secure method to perform peer to peer payments between end users and producers. Keeping all these needs in
view. A platform independent, generic purpose and blockchain driven supply chain tracking system is
developed which enables transparent and trustable tracking. It is one of the most major and considerable
challenge to perform tracking of supply chain because the structure of supply chain is quite complex as it
contains production, transportation, storage, and maintenance. Ethereum blockchain technology is integrated in
supply chain tracking. The system is not dependent on any sort of hardware as it can enable transfer of
information and tracking among various objects [14].
With the fluctuation in economic, the development in economic sector got affected to some extent. The small-
scale business would go towards bankruptcy due to lack of supply whereas large scale companies can still
manage to survive in such tough market situations. The study work to build an application using blockchain
technology which is going to generate opportunities for medium and small-scale business development. It can
be done by using blockchain for big data analysis which will bring affirmative response towards improvement
for resource information integration which can be used to control supply crisis. The two aspects of connecting
supply chain with blockchain technology are that it will hinder the occurrence of fraud and it will also make
supply chain work faster and more efficient. Tracing of objects, transactions and courier can be certain out with
high accuracy. The blockchain technology will also make the transaction system more secure and it will have
less cost by improving the overall supply chain management [15].
Blockchain system is used in supply chain management to ensure transparency and trust between the end users.
The manual data is digitized by the companies which uses blockchain technology and then it creates a
decentralized for access and transparency of data. Industries are moving towards implementation of such
advanced blockchain systems for transparency, trust, and security. Blockchain technology is being integrated in
supply chain management system to make it less complicated and more transparent which includes analysis of
customers, suppliers, inventory control and demand management of the product line. The paper discusses the
issues which are faced by the use of blockchain technology in supply chain and the use of security of data and
traceability which are part of new methods of blockchain. It has uncountable benefits as it gives a proper
structure to the supply chain and makes it cost effective. It allows the users to make selection from the various
offers through it can go for effective and cost-efficient method to fulfill the needs [16].
Supply chain management plays a paramount role in each industry as it controls and supervises all the work
amongst different vendors, consumers, and manufacturers. The use of blockchain technology is making great
influence in the field of supply chain because it provides direct and transparent peer to peer transactions and
requires no involvement of third party. Different platforms and frameworks have been proposed and developed
but most of them lack the discussion about feasibility and suitability of blockchain implementation over supply
chain management system. The main purpose of this study is to highlight such framework which focuses on
every issue faced in supply chain sector by checking the suitability of blockchain implementation. The study
focused on the four main approaches of supply chain management which are demand management, order
fulfillment, management of manufacturing flow, and management of supplier relationship. It discussed in detail
all the problems which occur at each of the stage and checked the characteristics of blockchain technology for
implementation suitability over these stages to attain meaningful outcomes. As blockchain technology is more
inclined towards decentralization which cater the need for trust [17].
Financial flow, material, information, and many more things are part of the supply chain management. Less
transparency in supply chain cycle affects the overall decision-making capability of the vendors, manufacturers,
and suppliers because until and unless they have clear picture of the cycle, robust and sustainable decision
cannot be made. Blockchain technology provides a solution to this problem as it shares a copy of unchangeable
data to all the parties related to the supply chain cycle which improves the transparency and makes it easier to
take reliable decisions. The work would contribute towards the implementation of blockchain technology in the
field of retail market. The use of blockchain technology in supply chain and loyalty business programs have
evolved recently which provides a direction towards implementing it retail market. Challenges and acceptability
of blockchain is studied in the paper. Business which are linked to retail market should slowly and gradually
start taking benefits from the opportunities which get created through blockchain. The adoption of blockchain
by the retailers will bring them more sustainable and efficient ways for supply chain management which will
result in saving cost and that is how customer satisfaction can be achieved. The full fledge implementation of
blockchain in retail market does require deep analysis of each and every aspect but keeping the numerous
benefits in view, rules and standards shall be governed for implementation and use of blockchain in retail
market [18].
Blockchain technology is used for the purpose of keeping track of perishable food product supply chain. As the
data which is stored shared with the parties so it cannot be changed such the temperature assigned to the
container or to which company it will be delivered so this makes the supply chain secure and transparent.
Without the use of blockchain, it brings a lot of uncertainty in supply chain cycle been data can be manipulated
which will bring trust issues between supplier and consumer as both the parties are aware of data discrepancy.
Therefore, Blockchain based system is integrated so that it can provide decentralized, checked, and permanent
solution to these occurring problems. Perishable food industry would be able to upgrade the network by the use
of blockchain technology. Blockchain will provide data related to temperature control for products such as
export of fish and the data will be shared at both ends so that it cannot be manipulated and can save from
monetary loss in such businesses because if data is not shared and is not accessible by only authorized users so
changes can be made which will result in monetary loss and will create trust issues. Therefore, Blockchain
implementation is explored in this paper in the field of such perishable food products [19].
The Blockchain technology was invented in the year 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto which is used to transfer
information or data from one place to another in a transparent, secure, and decentralized manner. There are
smart contracts in blockchain which are agreed by both the parties because it cannot be manipulated. The
agriculture system requires the implementation of blockchain technology so that transparency can be brought in
this sector. Because right now, most of the sellers do not have idea about market, quality and pricing which is
why small vendors and sellers sell their product in much less to higher tier vendors. A blockchain decentralized
system is to develop where each user has access to the data and it cannot be manipulated by any of the user to
bring transparency, and trust in the agriculture sector. The deployment of blockchain technology in supply chain
of Indian agriculture pointed out many issues which can now be eliminated. After the use of blockchain, data
related tasks which are collection, storage, and verification so they are carried out in a more reliable and
transparent way. All in all, improvement in the industry will be achieved through blockchain and it will also
reduce wastage and would increase efficiency [20].
The damaged occurred to the environment has made the organizations to ponder upon the concepts of smart
cities where operations such traffic and water management, public safety, voting and many more things are
carried out through the use of technology. Blockchain technology is rapidly growing among various sectors, and
it is being given a thought to implement this technology for voting purposes as it will make the voting system
more secure, reliable, and trust-worthy because it will keep the voter aware that the vote has been casted to the
right candidate and this technology also eliminates the concept of ambiguity from the voting system. The study
highlighted attacks that may take place in smart city voting systems. The use of blockchain technology
successfully alienates the threats related to privacy and trust issue. It further analyzes the performance of
proposed method which work more better than the baseline system and the accuracy of the proposed system can
be improved and validated in real time environments [21].
Voting brings a greater of data into play and when one single organization is managing the whole database so
that provides the organization central authority over the data. Any sort of manipulation can be carried out on
data because of centralized database and hackers may get access to such sensitive information easily. There are
various ways which are being used for voting such as show of hands, ballot vote, e-voting but all of them have
great chances of discrepancy in the data. Therefore, Blockchain technology is used to propose such a system
which provides data integrity, security, and transparency by providing decentralization which doesn't allow
control of one organization over the data. Ethereum network is used to deploy the electronic voting machine in
the paper. It has been observed from the study of various research work that blockchain technology can facilitate
in making the current system better by eliminating all the demerits of centralized system for voting. Ganache is
used to check the working of voting machine and it has been observed that this machine provides the result
more fast and secure because all the voting transactions are visible to everyone but at the same time it takes care
of the confidentiality of the voter. The user interface of the machine can further be improved to make it more
secure by integration of further authentication methods [22].
Democracy is known to be government of people, by the people and for the people. Recently a reform took
place which gave birth to new democratic form which is the combination of direct democracy (DD) and
representative dem (RD) which is called Liquid Democracy (LD). It is explored in the paper that what
characteristics of blockchain can be utilized to implement Liquid Democracy completely. It is next to
impossible to bring any representative to the books in today's democratic world because there exists no such
system but with the use of blockchain technology and Liquid Democracy, it can be made possible. A protocol
for liquid democracy in collaboration with blockchain technology is proposed to bring accountability and trust
in the voting system which has been missing from start [23].
Ballot vote or e-voting has issued that discrepancy and fraud in the data can be done due to centralized database
whereas blockchain provides the solution for all the problems which are being faced in centralized voting
system. Blockchain technology is implemented on the voting system in the paper to attain effective, trustworthy
results. As blockchain doesn't store data at a centralized database in fact it has distributed database which allows
the voter to know at any stage that its vote has been casted to the candidate which he/she selected, and data
manipulation is not possible at any stage. With the use of Ethereum blockchain technology in the electronic
voting machine, the system was made more secure and all the security issues and limitations which were found
in centralized voting system were tackled by blockchain technology. Real time support makes the system more
reliable, flexible, and safe for voting and there are no chance of duplicate votes [24].
The main focus of the paper is to eliminate the centralized voting system and bring into the use of decentralized
system with the use of blockchain technology. E-voting system using blockchain is more reliable and secure
than electronic voting machine because it will be online thus it will provide total confidentiality to the voter. A
voter will be able to cast only one vote because the system will not allow to cast the vote more than once and for
doing so, the user will have to break into whole system and would have to introduce a new node of another vote
which is not possible. Blockchain makes the database public so if anyone makes any changes so it can be
compared with the copy of that which makes it secure and transparent. The proposed model was tested on
virtual clients to check the authenticity of the system. The e-voting system based on Ethereum blockchain
technology is used to store candidate's and voter's data and other important details and this system outcaste all
the boundaries which are faced by centralized voting system [25].
The research on Real Estate is a one complex assets class. It differs from buyers to assets classes by having very
high transaction investment; land area uses other carriers to entry, long lasting improvement, and a relatively
slow reaction of suppliers to change in demands. These types of categories have paying roll of implications for
the overall efficiently of the market based. In return process a greater accuracy of advance technology.
Blockchain technology has impacted the real estate industry in a variety of ways, including offering a new
means for buyers and sellers to connect with one another. For most of the people buying their home is one of the
most critical decisions in their lifetime achievement at the same time they have to investment of their earning
what they will ever make. And in other hand there are multiple choices to buying a home though agents,
websites, different channels, and some of the other people who sell their home for mutual understandings. The
advance new technology made up their transactions more secure, cheaper, and faster for the buyer, seller, and
stakeholder. In this paper show of we will look at the ways of blockchain is going to disturb the real estate
market: by making transactions much faster, more secure, and transparent, making investments safer and
reducing the cost of transaction. Blockchain technology has the potential to drive competency, accountability,
and profitability within the real estate industry by removing the existing at a particular time in the system. A
structure of Blockchain technology is going to produce, its vital impact of Real Estate industry to take some
action of revisit and useful their current business model, processes, and new technique or strategies to make a
building reliable and their plan to serve a best service into their business [26].
Researcher enhances corruption, human intervention, or human error. Features of blockchain approach. All
researchers thought about cases of land registry are one of the big issues for trust. In this paper main aim is to
successful solution to incorporate with blockchain. Defining a blockchain mechanism free exchange between
various users and making each transaction verifiable and auditable and describing about accelerating the process
where a distributed database will create by blockchain and land recording platform to allow everyone to record
and access information. More important thing should follow reducing fraud cases identify by falsify documents
and legal ownership of title in land care. Mange all bringing transparency with smart contracts here big issue of
the loan or mortgage process very slow focus on it and make decentralized digital ID with blockchain land
registry platform. The goal of this study is to access whether introduction of blockchain technology into existing
land record manage business process is provide flexible solution. A literature review is conducted to discover
the problems to buying a land it’s provide full and final security bases technology where some of other
technology are combine and make design aspect and performance assessment. For buying land three aspects are
required in blockchain characteristics are i) using cryptography information is saved ii) link within the network
to other nodes. iii) Distributed records can access add information to the network centralized authority [27].
Aleksandr below and Sergey Plotnikov creating a digital ecosystem of commercial real estate behalf on
objectives. Main focus on formation performs digital environment for managing all components to ensure a vast
of activity in real estate. The goal of this work gets it from accounting in a develop system for mutually
settlement. A block diagram shows flow chart of transaction execution algorithm. Mathematical models
describe distributed ledger is based on client server architecture. A petri-Markov net model is also solving for
diagrammatic way. As in computer simulation result shows request rate (quantity/msec); and number of
requests; application server queue (quantity) and database server queue (quantity) these entire on test wise basis.
A blockchain is also found wide application in financial sector. Some of the following advantages of using the
technology decentralized storage of transactional data will have positive impact on protection level of this data
greater and use of blockchain technology produce for making payment using cryptocurrencies, digitalized
contracts, verifying transaction and managing digital content and much of work is done [28].
Joe Libeskind is written in paper about blockchain is disruption of financial service and subsequent widespread
application across industry, it’s hard to find out segments to influence the technology. Real estate transactions
are often conduct face to face involving arrangement with their entities. The introduction of smart contracts in
blockchain platform now allow assets like real estate to be tokenize traded cryptocurrencies like bitcoin and
other. Researcher more write over here about i) platforms and marketplaces ii) No intermediaries iii) Liquidity
iv) Fractional Ownership v) Decentralization and vi) Costs. Some of Investopedia requires primary source to
support their work. Blockchain technology has impacted into the real state in different ways, adding some new
buyers and sellers to connect with each other in one platform. Blockchain could be used to cut intermediate out
of the real estate transaction process, thereby reducing cost. In this technology help the practicing of fractional
ownership of real estate [29].
A researcher can work on paper files and extra mortgage documents insurance papers bills whenever you buy a
new house all these things need of this type of legal issues, we faced but a new technology is called blockchain
connect and track the owner puts all thing. Blockchain consist of a system of transactions which is based on
peer to peer approach. The manual approach is taken by the blockchain in a distributed manner but not having
the central appraoch. Authenticate a transaction occur agree that it’s accurate. Once the block transaction page
filled it’s permanently recorded and new blockchain is working on. Blockchain can’t be change once it’s
verified. It means every single transaction retrieved forever, creating a radical of new kind of transparency.
When you back at home and check some detail, these technologies governed by software are called smart
contracts. Therefore, blockchain technology could enable your house to manage its own transaction. Rather we
are not saying to any other name. it could manage all of those documents. Researcher can work on after 10
years rather than relying on a real estate agent or current owner to share the property might be submit a query
and get a report on every transaction for a house or condo: every repair, change of hands valuation estimate,
tax assessment, redistricting, construction document and lien. Blockchain environment tells the person trust on
it. A house will continue collecting records this information through a network of blockchain-enabled services,
including identity, storage, and transaction token. You can buy a cheaper comfortable and good service
provider house [30].
Block chain provides such kind of security that needs in real estate. Think in a mind to buy a house. All the
records are maintained in form of paper along with the agreement which has been provided and legislated by the
government while purchasing a new house. This procedure is simple; you can buy a home get it registers in
ledger and you have got you property. If possible, your page is damaged or you lost or may be torn, might be
your home apart from the deed. Such kind of problem researcher can solve and made a smart contract by you
lightly and provide as a new block chain. Make our copy in several nodes in server which help to maintain
integrity in case of an attack or system failure. More worked in blockchain distributed database of records all
transactions or digital events have been executed and shared into their respected parties. In this paper block
chain basically using an algorithm SHA 256. First block is called the genesis block. One frame of the
blockchain represents one part of whole chain while the other shows the server. Personal smart contracts and
blockchain is created using Ganache. It allows running and executing chains and controls all operations that you
can perform on it. The buying and selling of the property are made transparent, convenient, and reliable. The
first phase which is deployment has been finished. The smart contracts which will be used for the purpose of
buying and selling is part of phase two which is under the pipeline. More work renting a home by using block
chain [31].
In this paperwork on how to real estate is a physical property which contains land and buildings roads and its
structure improve side by side. Different types of real estate exist such as residential, commercial, industry and
land. Real estate is the safest way to invest their payment get after few years return double or triple benefits. It is
providing for everyone can avail it and gain the benefits not only for experts. As survey MSCI in 2019 the size
of global real estate investment market increased by 7.8%. Many other countries have different scenario to
investment in real estate market. Such as their rate according to research or survey-based result come from real
estate class is the single largest asset globally with over 147.08 GBP. In this way business can run faster little bit
difficult, complicated, costly, inefficient, non-transparent and most effective for newcomers and an individual
investor. In real estate investment gives their owners with security towards and unexpected and miscalculated
possibilities to their investors. Commercial real estate is slow and problematic to transform its business way.
Brokers can manage to handle cash flow and gather real and authenticated data from buyers. Somehow
researcher can work this type of drop drown methods faced by owners and investors. Most challenges have
faced higher fraud by using traditional methods making agreement on papers and also trusting on human.
Research around 1.48B had faced of fraud from 2005 to 2019. In California 24% of mortgage cases were
reported. Researcher made a block diagram to show of challenges of traditional methods in real estate. Here
researcher gives their idea about using blockchain technology it’s quite difficult of their concept, but its core
concept is simple. It’s a digitalized system over connected with network of all systems linked via blockchain
(Conway 2020). It’s also work as database, but the difference is centralized. Blockchain make secure copy of all
records. Researcher had challenged the current biggest blockchain infrastructure required to build to make
process. Data protection is also a challenge in blockchain General data protection regulation (GDPR) have a
right way to remove no longer needed in a process [32].
In this paper importance of real estate enhance the country economy. There are many of current people
searching for a property, lease agreements, sale and purchase, money transactions, involvement for commercial
real estate and residential real estate. Real estate business is better but more danger and gets fraudulence and
insecurity. For these problems researchers gives their thoughts about blockchain. Blockchain is a time stamped
arrangement of records and its information. Using the most common algorithms; SHA-1 and SHA-2 (secure
hash algorithms). Discussed more in public blockchain it is a central authority controlling not restricted a single
entity. Most important algorithms like proof of work or proof of stake etc. All connected nodes executed crypto
currency, bit coin and ether. Using the private blockchain is controlled by single authority and centralized unlike
public authority for only used protective and sensitive information. Consortium blockchain it’s a subcategory of
private blockchain. Smart contracts show their work on diagrammatic model. Light on some problems had faced
in real estate business like, frauds, liquidity, and others. Benefits by using blockchain in real estate like; cost
saving and efficiency, smart contracts trust and transparency, financing, and tokenization. Researcher more
focused on blockchain in all problem one solution in real estate. Past implementation of blockchain all worked
on papers based and trusting on human weather parties got frauds by the wrong person. By the help of
blockchain all data gather in one frame and connected via network and more paper working all safe and secure
and digitalized work [33].
Motivated the recent interest around in blockchain they made a good fit here internet of things (IOT).
Blockchain made up a peer-to-peer connection for their trustable persons whether non trustable person identify
and verifiable such kind of intermediate level. Here blockchain allow to multiple steps for processes and move
into the internet of things domain and combine both into one frame. Facilitate according to market level required
give service between two devices. Allow the user by cryptographically verifiable and time-consuming
workflow. This technology explosion of interested with a blockchain place applications that previously run
through intermediary operate decentralized fashion need for central authority. This is not possible before
researcher gave a great idea about in the industries, finance, healthcare, utilities, and real estate environment.
Here using the blockchain for making a trusting relationship networks and parties. Researcher made a diagram
of how blockchain work in each category. Researcher worked on both technologies and made their work
altogether its make more powerful rather than others in future more implementations will be occurrence
regarding this technology come in humans’ hand and make our life easier. IOT devices made up contracts in
physical world. Hope more work in future this field much better and safe any biggest frauds [34].
Researcher worked on this paper about the rate of increasing interest in the Blockchain technology. It is a
disruptive technology based on cryptography. Here the introduction of blockchain, many fields such as
accounting, real estate, financing, and others will take positive impact by using benefits of this technology. In
real estate area a vital role plays by blockchain in smart cities. Blockchain distributed publicly registers / ledgers
for all type of transactions between user and the administrative to control the system through network of
computer nodes in the peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. Blockchain work here for making a chain of block and its
information registered and resulting published with a unique symbol. Researcher quote another’s researchers
they believed that blockchain applications in different aspect industries. Blockchain 1.0, Blockchain 2.0 and
Blockchain 3.0. Blockchain 1.0 used for decentralization of money and payments and its digit currency. Others,
Blockchain 2.0 used for smart contracts, assets, and their properties. Last one, Blockchain 3.0 used for
decentralized the digital society relate to internet of things (IOT), health and government entities. In this paper
discuss about smart contracts for real estate and smart cities domains. Researcher cans their work into two
groups 1) Key contributions of Proposed Work and 2) Background and Related Work. In Table1: describe
Network types of blockchain with smart contracts Ethereum /Hyper ledger and with cryptocurrency transaction
bitcoin in multichain. Researcher made a real time model for proposed illustration of blockchain layers.
Researcher worked on paper an overview of blockchain technology disruptive technology for real estate
industry. This technology is really impacted for smart contracts and its components for their implementations.
Blockchain used for organized an effective and efficient current process and meet a certain requirement of
improvement in current process. Some of smart contract in blockchain technology for real estate are Different
parties can modify database, Trust less among entities and parties, Advantage of disintermediation and
Transactions advantage [35].
In this paper researcher write about day by day increasing work but in real estate is business where manage
system very complicated removed and move towards keeping digital records instead of the old one traditional
way of keeping file and setting up documents. This system involved so many peoples and middleman and
currently depends on huge workplace for a nation which could be done by a proper and authenticate system and
also reduce the smaller people. People faced the incomplete or damage records. This system divided into
multiple departments does not work existing for real estate management which holds incomplete verification
and limitation of document. Most of currently process of property transferring their sending money they kept the
loophole of system the system would be centralized connected to all departments but there was some data theft,
data loss and manipulate the data were possible in centralize system. All these types of issue researcher
highlighted the system have a blockchain. Blockchain distributed and decentralized in nature nodes of
blockchain network. The data will be saved in centralized database it’s easy to send and fetching the data into
the database. While the transaction of the property verified by blockchain to store the data. Researcher can be
modified their paper in different categories like; 1) background. In background well all the sellers send detail to
agent and agent finds buyer do all legal government papers they go for registry office for paper completion
somehow changing in electrical bills municipal records and others thing would be changed. They have faced
fraud as we all know day by day cases of fraud because of unavailability of proper data records. 2) Proposed
solution. Here’s the solution of many frauds can be holds and centralized system with proper implementation
and authority checked by system using networking is blockchain. Blockchain provides a proper security and
data storage in real time environment. Transferring the property by cryptographically secured with public and
private keys and blockchain secured for data records. Researcher writes in the paper about secure and existing
system of land registry through blockchain technology. All background old worked hacked by the frauds using
new and effective technology connected cryptographic hashes between blocks. This smart solution providers of
facilities security, convenience, time saving and many more for in real estate management system. More future
work can be implemented the system integrated with artificial intelligence. Make effective models for real estate
[36].
Researchers write about consideration the safest option for investing. Here the report of global real estate
investment market increased from USD 7.4 trillion in 2016 to USD 8.5 trillion in 2017 according to MSCI
different countries like China, Hong Kong, Japan, UK, and Germany real estate market count over. Drawbacks
of real estate over 200 trillion USD largest globally class not complicated but also costly, non-transparent
inefficient. Commercial real estate industry is slower than the international industry. Commercial brokers and
other middleman are work hard with old traditional technology. Sending data and sharing money more
complicated and drawbacks lead to collusion side effects. Blockchain is shared database technology supported
to bitcoin digital cryptocurrency. Linked databases updated digital records. Blockchain introduced smart
contracts for new sets of frameworks to create new generation of markets where supply and demand of
transaction secure. Blockchain determine world state ledger and its subsections. due to its nature for stored
transaction’s log history. Difficult thing to remove middlemen classical issues in real estate for that purpose
using blockchain technology helps to fulfill these plans. Secured and benefits with a stable price token in real
estate. Other benefits are their longevity, faster transactions, and lower transactions cost [37].
While the research over the nationwide house price, house is the top priority of every family and focus of the
society. Meeting held of the state council decided to integrate registration of responsibilities for real estate. Real
estate divided into two groups firsthand and second-hand transaction. While the procedures of second-hand
transaction houses are sale make a contract, paying and clear bill taxes and then apply for transferring
registration. Most of buyer and seller purchases intermediate agent or contact the agencies. While all occur,
problems faced by the multiple issues solution in one blockchain decentralized ledger. Manage the centralized
system according to their connected network by using hashing nodes. Through the platform the seller directly
releases information about real estate sale. Decentralization of blockchain is purchasers and seller’s saves links
and intermediary cost. The platform of real estate registration is department system database. The financial
department participate directly commercial housing. In future more work on difficulties of real estate
transactions data is huge and more complex [38].
Idea of researcher in this paper to secure and safe the sensitive data and information like land and property
paper. Introduced the new technology is blockchain where’s the blockchain transactions decentralized ledger
recording the data and manage by cluster of computers not owned by any one of single person. Blockchain and
cryptocurrency applications are very high-performance area in computer department over last previous years
back getting a result of powerful and demanding application software. Blockchain is distributed ledger using
technology connected with computer network and make copies for safety side. Anyone can access the network it
automatically receives any changes the data. Concept of smart contracts computer protocols perform digitally
for smart contracts. In system architecture of auxlanger explain about property selection and inherent
verification, property valuation, payment commitment and executive ownership transfer connected with
auxlanger. Current centralized system has issues failure and chances to forgeries frauds. Thus, for that problems
blockchain can solve the problems of current centralized system. This system is designed for secure, safe the
data to store and retrieve for authentic person [39].
Researcher can work on this paper about South African sector can be describe third parties involving and high
transaction cost taken risk of frauds in real estate business. This issue is not only South Africa whole the world
faced the same type of problems. The process of buying and selling the property transaction cost increasingly
high. For these reason blockchain technology introduced to modify the alternatives distributed technology and
share information through network. Provide a secure framework to store data into database. Blockchain
introduced online platforms and portals. In this researcher can implement the conceptual models which
highlighted in different processes in real estate transaction. Two different diagrams are unique study to resolve
the problem in real estate by using new technology blockchain system [40].

3. Methodology

Here in this section of the paper, we have discussed the methodologies which have been used in those forty
papers which we have reviewed. We have created a table which contains name of paper and methodology:

S. No Name of Paper Methodology

Healthcare architecture having 5G using

1 blockchain Blockchain based network consisting of D2D
communication, Edge Computing, NFV technology
and SDN methodology.

Parallel healthcare system with approach

2 of ACP in blockchain Artificial trained system for healthcare in parallel
manner to carry out execution and computation in a
parallel appraoch.

A secure healthcare system design Fetching and sensing data through Internt of things.
3 framework using blockchain technology Blockchain is utilized for management of ample
amount of data transactions of patients. ML
algorithms are used to train and test the model.

Federated and Blockchain technologies Federated Learning technique based on Machine

4 for protection of personal healthcare Learning to train the algorithms by using blockchain
technology.

Automating procurement contracts in the The system is built with approach of using smart
5 healthcare supply chain using blockchain Ethereum contracts based on GPO Blockchain and
smart contracts decentralized system for storage.

Blockchain conversion for healthcare

6 using machine learning Various ML algorithms such as support vector
machine, decision tree and naive bayes with
Blockchain.

Blockchain meets smarter health: Blockchain and context aware smart contracts. The
7 Towards next generation healthcare techniques of longitudinal healthcare records,
services automated health claims adjudication,
interoperability, online patient access and medical
operations management.

Enabling the efficiency of blockchain Creating electronic medical record and smart
8 technology in tele-healthcare with contracts in decentralized database storage by using
enhanced EMR blockchain and machine learning.

Blockchain for IOT based healthcare: Comparison of various blockchain platforms for E-
9 Background, Consensus, Platforms, and healthcare. Carrying out analysis on different use
Use Cases cases of medical records, supply chain management,
IoT based blockchain integrated framework.
 Investigating quality requirements for Performing in depth study to check blockchain
10 blockchain based healthcare systems quality requirements in healthcare systems under
following conditions: Availability, transparency,
security, performance, and usability.

Supply Chain finance research in digital Digital bulk commodities service platform based on
11 bulk commodities service platform based blockchain under key steps for optimization: Using
on blockchain electronic warehouse receipt, connect bulk e-
commerce resources, expansion of support platform,
and satisfy financial needs of customers.

CLOUDITY: Cloud supply chain CLOUDITY has four main parts: SELAT system
12 framework design based on JUGO and based on JUGO architecture, SCM system, CSPs,
Blockchain and Blockchain system.

Research on medical equipment supply Full life cycle theory based on blockchain for
13 chain management method based on medical equipment methods such as production
blockchain technology management module, Access management module,
storage management module, and traceability
management module.

A platform-independent, generic-purpose, Decentralized application using Ethereum

14 and blockchain-based supply chain blockchain technology for supply chain tracking.
tracking

Application of blockchain technology in Methodology for basic architecture of blockchain in

15 supply chain finance supply chain is checking application characteristics,
continuous improvement, and integration.

Study on supply chain management using Supply chain model, development and constraints of
16 blockchain technology supply chain finance model, adaptability analysis of
supply chain model based on blockchain, Supply
chain financial model solution using blockchain
technology.

Blockchain technology in supply chain In depth analysis of various blockchain technologies

17 management: Preliminary study to check the characteristics and decentralization
concept for building a generalized platform for
supply chain management.

Blockchain technology in supply chain Analysis on blockchain implementation in retail

18 management and loyalty programs: industry, loyalty programs and supply chain.
towards blockchain implementation in
retail market

Perishable food products contain safe in Distributed ledger design for cold supply chain
19 cold supply chain management using based on blockchain technology and analysis of
blockchain technology detailed study on cold supply chain.

Agricultural supply chain management Implementation of blockchain for agriculture supply

20 using block chain technology chain improvement and using decentralized
database.

On the design and implementation of a Constructing a blockchain based e-voting system by

21 blockchain enabled e-voting application checking it in various parameters such denial of
within IoT oriented smart cities service and distributed denial of service attack,
message alterations and delay.

Blockchain based voting system in local Ethereum blockchain network created by using
22 network Ganache under proposed system architecture with
four main constrains: Registration, authentication,
 voting, and results.

A component and accurate blockchain Distributed ledger for liquid democracy voting based
23 based e-voting system on liquid on blockchain and study of democratic models.
democracy

Decentralized e-voting system based on Truffle framework for decentralized application by

24 smart contract by using blockchain the use of Ethereum network based on blockchain.
technology Tackling of data manipulation issues by using
blockchain.

Decentralized e-voting portal using Ethereum for smart contracts. Ganache used for
25 blockchain testing. Development, testing, and deployment by
using truffle framework and meta mask as browser
wallet.

Blockchain for Real Estate Industry The methodology which is utilized is qualitative in
26 nature. The connection amongst practitioner,
literature study, and development work is
emphasized. The motive is to make platform for
bringing practical and theory concept together so
that a practical implementing solution is achieved
related to real estate management processes.

Digitalization of Land Records using Satisfying quicker completion, property automatic

27 Blockchain Technology warnings, clearer transactions, versatility, and
flexibility improve a blueprint of the implement by
using blockchain. Applying postman by (schema
mapping) Node.js by JavaScript. Implement of
blockchain for land registry.

Blockchain Technology to Manage the Author can apply different strategies and technique
28 Energy Supply of Real Estate some of block diagram wise researcher explain of
theory like flowchart transaction execution algorithm
present, petri-Markov net model present image and
performing of computer simulation models here is
also develop a smart contract system for electricity
supplies and class diagrams and much more
technique apply.

How Blockchain Technology is Changing A blockchain digitally distribute, decentralized,

29 Real Estate public ledger that exists across a network. It is work
on cryptocurrencies and NFTs. Applying bitcoin
maximalism over cryptocurrencies and more future.
And much more applying financial technology-
Fintech Definition and Non-fungible token (NFT).

Self-Managing Real Estate Blockchain is poised to make a sea change in just

30 about every industry and business, even real estate.

Block Chain to Prevent Fraudulent The proposed model makes the purchase and sale of
31 Activities: buying and Selling Property property reliable and convenient by deploying
Using Block Chain: blockchain. Angular framework is used to build the
front end of the model. It is an easy to code and
maintain programming language. Whereas truffle
framework is deployed for the backend.

Blockchain in Real Estate Sector Discussion based approached in blockchain making

32 smart contract in real estate. Older traditional
contracts can replace over smart contracts which are
 automatically controlled and maintain records and
data of payments transactions on regular basis
without any requirement or any type of discussion.

Blockchain for Real Estate Impact of blockchain using in real estate, blockchain
33 trade, blockchain worth, blockchain decentralization,
blockchain cost, source of blockchain, security of
blockchain, integrated blockchain activities,
blockchain growth and blockchain development.

Blockchain and Smart Contracts for the

34 Internet of Things Describe the reaching consensus on the network,
transferring digital assets on a blockchain show the
transaction in block diagram way how the inputs and
output assets and its quantity work on tokenization.
How smart contract work, blockchain taxonomy,
explain how blockchain and IOT work together and
deployment consideration.

Design of the Blockchain smart Contract: In making design phase real estate smart contracts
35 A Use Case for Real Estate functions, Functions-Created and Functions started,
and function rent collection and functions
terminated. Real estate smart contracts processes
making rent contract signature process and rental
payments process in last termination of rent contract
process. All schemas made by real in diagrammatic
way to understand and how system works. In
Implementation phase code.

Real Estate Management System based on In this paper researcher write the coding in each their
36 Blockchain classification. Identity mapping UID, property
mapping UID, genesis transaction, key generation
for UID and transaction procedures this system
worked on any framework APIs.

Blockchain-Based Real Estate Market: Set the real estate in entities wise owner receive
37 One Method for Applying Blockchain monthly profit using smart contracts tenant also
Technology in Commercial Real Estate using smart contracts investors has platform’s token
Market by using smart contract where’s the buyer want to
sell their house using smart contract and in end seller
want to buy a house using smart contracts.
Discussion is based in facilities and innovation
formal representation.

Research on Real Estate Transaction Real estate transaction platform based on

38 Platform Based on Blockchain blockchain, system design shows flow of system in
Technology each steps system structure using web application
layer, smart contract layer, consensus layer, network
layer and data layer describe in pictorial form and
descriptive form.

Land Registry Using Blockchain - A System architecture work on admin/ land inspector
39 Survey of existing systems and proposing government authorized. Buyer contacts he
a feasible solution government authority where’s seller person whose
property details stored into the database system more
explained in working.
 Business Process Models of Blockchain
40 and South African Real Estate This paper researcher implements within the
Transactions paradigm. Opportunities for blockchain in real estate
are immutable records keeping, smart contracts, cost,
accessibility, speed, and transparency.

4. Conclusion

A detailed study of use of blockchain technology in various fields resulted that the blockchain is the most useful
technology in current times as it is solving the issues in almost all the domains and the use of blockchain
technology is expanding with every passing day. It is being used in healthcare, agriculture, education, e-voting,
music royalties, real estate and so on and so forth. This technology is getting a boom because it is providing the
solution for data transparency and security which has been a biggest challenge till now but through study, it has
been analyzed that if blockchain is implemented over a system so it is next to impossible to manipulate the data
as it provides decentralized database system where the nodes which contain the data are shared with all the
members so in case of any change, all the members get notified and the study proves that blockchain can be
implemented in any domain and it can tackle best with the discrepancies which are underlying in current
systems.

References
[1] K. Khujamatov, E. Reypnazarov, N. Akhmedov, and D. Khasanov, “Blockchain for 5G Healthcare architecture,” in 2020
International Conference on Information Science and Communications Technologies (ICISCT), Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Nov.
2020.
[2] S. Wang et al., “Blockchain-Powered Parallel Healthcare Systems Based on the ACP Approach,” IEEE Trans. Comput.
Soc. Syst., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 942–950, Dec. 2018.
[3] S. Chakraborty, S. Aich, and H.-C. Kim, “A Secure Healthcare System Design Framework using Blockchain
Technology,” in 2019 21st International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), PyeongChang
Kwangwoon_Do, Korea (South), Feb. 2019.
[4] S. Aich et al., “Protecting Personal Healthcare Record Using Blockchain & Federated Learning Technologies,” in 2021
23rd International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), PyeongChang, Korea (South), Feb. 2021.
[5] I. A. Omar, R. Jayaraman, M. S. Debe, K. Salah, I. Yaqoob, and M. Omar, “Automating Procurement Contracts in the
Healthcare Supply Chain Using Blockchain Smart Contracts,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 37397–37409, 2021.
[6] S. Vyas, M. Gupta, and R. Yadav, “Converging Blockchain and Machine Learning for Healthcare,” in 2019 Amity
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AICAI), Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Feb. 2019.
[7] T. K. Dasaklis, F. Casino, and C. Patsakis, “Blockchain Meets Smart Health: Towards Next Generation Healthcare
Services,” in 2018 9th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications (IISA), Zakynthos,
Greece, Jul. 2018.
[8] Sheela. K and C. Priya, “Enabling the efficiency of Blockchain Technology in Tele-Healthcare with Enhanced EMR,” in
2020 International Conference on Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (ICCSEA), Gunupur, India, Mar. 2020.
[9] P. P. Ray, D. Dash, K. Salah, and N. Kumar, “Blockchain for IoT-Based Healthcare: Background, Consensus, Platforms,
and Use Cases,” IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 85–94, Mar. 2021.
[10] M. Kassab, J. DeFranco, T. Malas, G. Destefanis, and V. V. Graciano Neto, “Investigating Quality Requirements for
Blockchain-Based Healthcare Systems,” in 2019 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software
Engineering for Blockchain (WETSEB), Montreal, QC, Canada, May 2019.
[11] L. Su and H. Wang, “Supply Chain Finance Research in Digital Bulk Commodities Service Platform Based on
Blockchain,” in 2020 International Conference on E-Commerce and Internet Technology (ECIT), Zhangjiajie, China, Apr.
2020.
[12] R. Asyrofi and N. Zulfa, “CLOUDITY: Cloud Supply Chain Framework Design based on JUGO and Blockchain,” in
2020 6th Information Technology International Seminar (ITIS), Surabaya, Indonesia, Oct. 2020.
[13] Y. Yue and X. Fu, “Research on Medical Equipment Supply Chain Management Method Based on Blockchain
Technology,” in 2020 International Conference on Service Science (ICSS), Xining, China, Aug. 2020.
[14] S. R. Niya, D. Dordevic, A. G. Nabi, T. Mann, and B. Stiller, “A Platform-independent, Generic-purpose, and
Blockchain-based Supply Chain Tracking,” in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency
(ICBC), Seoul, Korea (South), May 2019.
[15] C. Jiang and C. Ru, “Application of Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Finance,” in 2020 5th International
Conference on Mechanical, Control and Computer Engineering (ICMCCE), Harbin, China, Dec. 2020.
[16] Y. Raj and S. B, “Study on Supply Chain Management using Blockchain Technology,” in 2021 6th International
Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), Coimbatore, India, Jan. 2021.
[17] S. Yousuf and D. Svetinovic, “Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management: Preliminary Study,” in 2019
Sixth International Conference on Internet of Things: Systems, Management and Security (IOTSMS), Granada, Spain, Oct.
2019.
[18] M. Hader, A. Elmhamedi, and A. Abouabdellah, “Blockchain technology in supply chain management and loyalty
programs: toward blockchain implementation in retail market,” in 2020 IEEE 13th International Colloquium of Logistics
and Supply Chain Management (LOGISTIQUA), Fez, Morocco, Dec. 2020.
[19] N. N. Ahamed, T. K. Thivakaran, and P. Karthikeyan, “Perishable Food Products Contains Safe in Cold Supply Chain
Management Using Blockchain Technology,” in 2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and
Communication Systems (ICACCS), Coimbatore, India, Mar. 2021.
[20] B. Hegde, B. Ravishankar, and M. Appaiah, “Agricultural Supply Chain Management Using Blockchain Technology,”
in 2020 International Conference on Mainstreaming Block Chain Implementation (ICOMBI), Bengaluru, India, Feb. 2020.
[21] G. Rathee, R. Iqbal, O. Waqar, and A. K. Bashir, “On the Design and Implementation of a Blockchain Enabled E-
Voting Application Within IoT-Oriented Smart Cities,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 34165–34176, 2021.
[22] T. Vairam, S. Sarathambekai, and R. Balaji, “Blockchain based Voting system in Local Network,” in 2021 7th
International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), Coimbatore, India, Mar. 2021.
[23] S. Kashyap and A. Jeyasekar, “A Competent and Accurate BlockChain based E-Voting System on Liquid Democracy,”
in 2020 2nd Conference on Blockchain Research & Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS), Paris,
France, Sep. 2020.
[24] A. M. Al-madani, A. T. Gaikwad, V. Mahale, and Z. A. T. Ahmed, “Decentralized E-voting system based on Smart
Contract by using Blockchain Technology,” in 2020 International Conference on Smart Innovations in Design,
Environment, Management, Planning and Computing (ICSIDEMPC), Aurangabad, India, Oct. 2020.
[25] K. Patidar and S. Jain, “Decentralized E-Voting Portal Using Blockchain,” in 2019 10th International Conference on
Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Kanpur, India, Jul. 2019.
[26] “Blockchain for Real Estate Industry,” J. Soc. Sci. Res., no. 52, pp. 53–56, Jan. 2019.
[27] I. Mishra, Supriya, A. Sahoo, and M. Vivek Anand, “Digitalization of Land Records using Blockchain
Technology,” in 2021 International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering
(ICACITE), Greater Noida, India, Mar. 2021.
[28] A. Belov and S. Slastnikov, “Blockchain Technology to Manage the Energy Supply of Real Estate,” in 2021 IEEE
International IOT, Electronics and Mechatronics Conference (IEMTRONICS), Toronto, ON, Canada, Apr. 2021.
[29] “How Blockchain Technology is Changing Real Estate,” Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/news/how-
blockchain-technology-changing-real-estate/ (accessed Apr. 01, 2022).
[30] N. Shedroff, “Self-Managing Real Estate,” Computer, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 104–104, Jan. 2018.
[31] D. Bhanushali, A. Koul, S. Sharma, and B. Shaikh, “BlockChain to Prevent Fraudulent Activities: Buying and
Selling Property Using BlockChain,” in 2020 International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT),
Coimbatore, India, Feb. 2020.
[32] M. Shabbir, “Blockchain in Real Estate Sector: Benefits and Challenges,” Jan. 2021.
[33] J. Yarlagadda and K. Gampala, Blockchain for Real Estate. 2020.
[34] K. Christidis and M. Devetsikiotis, “Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things,” IEEE Access,
vol. 4, pp. 2292–2303, 2016.
[35] I. Karamitsos, M. Papadaki, and N. Barghuthi, “Design of the Blockchain Smart Contract: A Use Case for Real
Estate,” J. Inf. Secur., vol. 09, pp. 177–190, Jan. 2018.
[36] A. Mittal, B. Sharma, and P. Ranjan, “Real Estate Management System based on Blockchain,” in 2020 IEEE 7th
Uttar Pradesh Section International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (UPCON), Prayagraj,
India, Nov. 2020.
[37] S. Latifi, Y. Zhang, and L.-C. Cheng, “Blockchain-Based Real Estate Market: One Method for Applying
Blockchain Technology in Commercial Real Estate Market,” in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain
(Blockchain), Atlanta, GA, USA, Jul. 2019.
[38] L. Yang and J. Wang, “Research on Real Estate Transaction Platform Based on Blockchain Technology,” J. Phys.
Conf. Ser., vol. 1486, no. 7, p. 072074, Apr. 2020.
[39] D. Shinde, S. Padekar, S. Raut, A. Wasay, and S. S. Sambhare, “Land Registry Using Blockchain - A Survey of
existing systems and proposing a feasible solution,” in 2019 5th International Conference On Computing, Communication,
Control And Automation (ICCUBEA), Sep. 2019.
[40] J. L. Tilbury, E. de la Rey, and K. van der Schyff, “Business Process Models of Blockchain and South African
Real Estate Transactions,” in 2019 International Conference on Advances in Big Data, Computing and Data
Communication Systems (icABCD), Winterton, South Africa, Aug. 2019.