FACE SCRUB

ABSTRACT

Soap is a surfactant used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning. It usually comes in a solid molded
form, termed bars. Applied to a soiled surface, soapy water effectively holds particles in suspension so the whole
of it can be rinsed off with clean water. Soap is one of the commercial products essential to our health as it
promotes cleanliness and preserves our skin from the scorching heat of the sun and from external pollution such
as dust, germs and bacteria. Learning how to make a soap and the chemistry behind it is as important as its
benefits. In order to make a basic soap, an experiment was performed, dealing with the process of saponification,
a process that produces soap, usually from fats and lye. In this experiment the fats used was unsalted butter,
whereas the lye used was sodium hydroxide [NaOH] with water. The unsalted butter [fat] which is acid and the
lye which is the base underwent saponification to form a glycerin and salt, which is the soap, the final product of
the experiment. There were several ingredients that were prepared manually such as whey by using milk and
lemon juice. The whey is the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained. It is a byproduct of the
manufacturing of cheese or casein. The acidity of lemon juice causes curdling of the milk. The face scrub
produced was tested to identify its efficiency on cleaning our face and also to ensure the product is safe to
consume. At last, a survey was conducted among the public including teenagers and adults. This helps to know
their choice and responds to making a useful face scrub.
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CONTENT

Bil Topic Page number

1. Abstract 2

2. 2. Ad Problem statement 4

3. Research Objective 4

4. Literature 5-6

5. Research Methodology 7-8

6. Result And Discussion 9

 7. References 10

8. Acknowledgement 11

9. Appendix 12 - 14

PROBLEM STATEMENT :

The Sumerians used a slurry of ashes and water to remove grease from raw wool and cloth so that it could be
dyed. Ancient Roman legend has it that the word ‘soap’ is derived from Mount Sapo, where animals were
sacrificed, and from where rainwater washed a mixture of melted animal fats. Chinese traditional detergent is a
mixture of pig pancreas and plant ash called zhuyizi. Hard toilet soap with a pleasant smell was produced in the
Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age, when soap-making became an established industry. Recipes for
soap-making are described by Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (c. 865–925), who also gave a recipe for
producing glycerine from olive oil. In the Middle East, soap was produced from the interaction of fatty oils and
fats with alkali. In Syria, soap was produced using olive oil together with alkali and lime.Finer soaps were later
produced in Europe from the 16th century, using vegetable oils (such as olive oil) as opposed to animal fats.
Castile soap is a popular example of the vegetable-only soaps derived from the oldest "white soap" of Italy.
Liquid soap was not invented until the nineteenth century; in 1865, William Sheppard patented a liquid version
of soap. Most soapmakers use processes where the glycerol remains in the product, and the saponification
continues for many days after the soap is poured into molds. The glycerol is left during the hot process method,
but at the high temperature employed, the reaction is practically completed in the kettle, before the soap is
poured into molds. This simple and quick process is employed in small factories all over the world. Handmade
soap from the cold process also differs from industrially made soap in that an excess of fat or (Coconut Oil,
Cazumbal Process) are used, beyond that needed to consume the alkali (in a cold-pour process, this excess fat is
called "superfatting"), and the glycerol left in acts as a moisturizing agent. However, the glycerine also makes
the soap softer.

Nowadays, the production of quality soaps at cheaper rates has been a hitch to many soap producers. This has led
to the production of soaps with poor qualities and high cost of production. By conducting this research
households can make their own quality face scrub at a cheaper rate. This product can be consumed by all genders
and age groups to help their face stay fresh and clean from oil pigments.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE :

➔ To teach local households how to make face scrub.

➔ To prove that it is possible for everyone to make a face scrub.
➔ To know the procedures of making a face scrub.
➔ To have a better understanding of the saponification process.
➔ Describe procedure of making a face scrub

LITERATURE :

Saponification is an organic chemical reaction in which soap is formed from the reaction between alkali and fat
in order to cleave ester into carboxylic acid. Basically,triglycerides are reacted with sodium hydroxide to
produce glycerol and a fatty acid salt. The triglycerides are most often animal fats or vegetable oils (Anne,
M.H., 2017). During the saponification process, sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water, and the oils are made
into a warm liquid state, either by heating a liquid or melting a solid. Both chemicals mixed until two stages
are fully emulsified (Matthew, T., Nicholas, L., Sohum, S., n.d). When using sodium hydroxide, a hard soap
will be produced. While using the potassium hydroxide will result in a soft soap.

According to Siddons (2009), bar soaps may look pretty simple and just ordinary. But hidden inside the
innocent lump are a few advantages that are waiting to surf up. Because the skin is bombarded daily with
foreign influences such as scorching sun, drying winds, biting cold weather, bacteria and dirt, our distant
ancestors learned quickly that preserving the health of skin is a way for better and longer life.Bar soaps are
excellent at getting the skin clean. Soaps are also cheap and simple. These soaps lather up decently allowing
the soap and water to spread across the skin and attach to the dirt and oil to remove them. However, they often
remove too much oil from the skin, taking away the moisture of the skin.

According to Dr. Dadu (2017), choosing the right soap is essential for every one of all ages. It was said that
showering and bathing is a part of a human’s daily life. However, it is good to be informed about the bath
products, especially soaps, which people have been using on a daily basis. Choosing the appropriate bath soap
is a necessity since it frequently comes into contact with the skin. The skin's pH level is a major factor
contributing to skin problems, in which it’s a warning for everyone to avoid buying soaps with the skin pH
level between 9 and 11, an example of it is a commercial soap. This may lead to skin problems. It is a must to
be careful in choosing the right bath soap to apply.Soaps should not be directly applied to the skin. It should be
mixed with water and the foam produced should be applied on the body. Extra care has to be taken while
cleaning areas where there is more perspiration or itching. Soaps and cleansers shouldn’t be used regularly on
the face as they can make the skin dry and irritable.

According to Carney (2016), soap had been used to clean, to heal skin aches, and as a skin ointment for ages.
But in the world today, the general public use soap as a purifier or aroma. If the body needs soap for cleaning,
bathing, and washing then soap also needs a packaging to keep itself safe from harmful effects of
environmental conditions. Inclusive, benevolent and protective covering is necessary to guard the highly active
ingredients used in soaps. So, the most important feature about all sorts of soaps is their packaging. Whatever
soap one is manufacturing or using, whether it is a liquid soap or a traditional bar soap, it must come with a
packaging. With the same type of ingredients involved in soap manufacturing, the competitive edge gained by
the company could only be achieved through attractive packaging.The researchers included this study to be
able to know more of the insights and understandings of the seller in trying to make a product profitable for
consumers to buy. This also helped the researchers to determine the ways and strategies on handling soaps to
launch in a market.

According to a study by Alfajora, et. al (2013), if one tries or attempts making soap for the first time, one has
to use a large pot when mixing the oils with the lye solution because if there would be a mistake, the mixture
will react and will bubble a lot, and if not done in a large pot, it will overflow and will certainly get very
messy.The added information would serve as a guide for the study to prevent from creating mistakes during
the process of making the soap. Thus, our study is related to this research because it’s all about creating soap
and giving a brief reminder in mixing oil with lye.

According to a blogger under a username of Sweeny, people have been using different soaps that are
expensive and less effective nowadays. That is why our aim is to make an effective and cheaper soap/face
scrub. Some researchers gave a theory that focuses on soap on its possibility to have four expected
characteristics: Texture, Cleansability, Bubblibility, and Fragrance Duration.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY :

Process of making face scrub - 1. Information are collected

2. Ingredients are ordered and prepared

3. Mixing ingredients

4. Molding process

5. Wait for soap to dry

There are many methods to make a face scrub/soap :

1. Cold process soap - a chemical reaction provoked by mixing a fat (oils, butters, etc) with a strong
base. Saponification time is between 18 to 24 hours.
2. Hot process soap - uses an external heat source to bring the soap to gel phase, where it is then poured
into the mold. Saponification time is around 2 hours.
3. Rebatch soap - melting down shredded cold process soap with a small amount of additional liquid
4. Melt and pour soap - a ready-made soap base composed of fatty acids, glycerin, and other natural
ingredients

Hot process is the best method to make a natural homemade soap compared to other methods. The
saponification time that the hot process takes is not too long. Pros of this method :

● Can customize every single ingredient, including oils.

● The additional heat speeds up the saponification process.
● The bars have a rustic appearance and a less smooth texture than cold process.
● Cleanup is easier because the leftovers in the pot/cooker have already become soap.

Cons of this method :

● The thick texture of hot process soap makes some techniques difficult, like layering and swirls.
● As the soap cooks, it expands. Because of the possibility of overflow, it’s important to not leave it
unattended.
● It's difficult (but not impossible) to add fresh ingredients like milk and purees; they tend to scorch
during the cooking process
● Need to work with lye solution

Equipment : Cooking pot/ Pan, Blender, knife, bowls, spoon, white cloth to strain,

Ingredient : Baking soda, distilled water, fresh milk, corn flour solution, lemon, orange, butter, oil

Procedure :

1. Orange peel and lemon peel are blended to become a citrus paste and set aside.
2. In a bowl, baking soda [NaHCO₃] is mixed with distilled water and let it react for 1 hour to
produce sodium hydroxide [NaOH] or lye. Then it is set aside.

NaHCO ₃+ H ₂ O→ NaOH + H ₂CO ₃

NaOH + H ₂CO ₃→ NaOH +CO ₂+ H ₂ O

3. Now, Fresh milk is boiled in a pan/cooking pot for 15 minutes by adding lemon juice that has
been extracted from lemon.
4. The cheese /curd formed is extracted using white cloth to collect the whey. The whey is set aside.
5. In another pan/cooking pot, 25g of butter is melted and boiled.
6. NaOH/lye is added into the melted butter and boiled until it becomes thick.
7. After it cooks for a few minutes, the whey and corn flour solution are added.
8. Before off the stove, the citrus paste, 3 spoon oil and some distilled water is added.
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION :

1. Why is soap considered a surfactant?

Soap comprises two distinct ends: the hydrocarbon end, which is lipophilic and non-polar, and a hydrophilic
end, which is polar. The non-polar end is capable of dissolving non-polar molecules, whereas the polar end of
the soap is capable of dissolving polar molecules.

2. Explain why most soaps contain glycerol and describe the properties that glycerol adds to soap.

The role of glycerol in soap is to retain moisture. It acts as a humectant, which prevents the soap from
becoming dry and leaves a moisturizing and hydrating effect for the soap. Hence, glycerol in soap is added to
prevent rapid drying.

3. Most homemade recipes for making soap use about 5% excess fat. Explain the benefits of using excess fat
to make soap

Moisturizing: Excess fat in soap provides a moisturizing effect on the skin.

Lathering: Excess fat in soap also helps to create a rich lather.

Conditioning: The excess fat in soap also helps to condition the skin.

4. What is the purpose of adding cleanings agent?

Increase wettability and decrease surface tension. Cleaning agent [citrus, baking soda] provides hydrophilic
and hydrophobic groups which are responsible for increase in wetting ability and decreasing the surface
tension.

5. How does soap work?

Surrounded by the soap, the oil molecules become suspended and distributed in the water rather than
stubbornly clinging to your skin.
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REFERENCE :

● Sarah Siddons [2023]. Soap Bar and Non Soap Bars. Retrieved from https://health.howstuffworks.com/skin-

care/cleansing/products/non-soap-bar.htm

● Dr Amanda Oakley MBChB FRACP, Dept of Dermatology Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand

[1999]. Soap and Cleansers. Retrieved from https://dermnetnz.org/topics/soaps-and-cleansers

● Raja Jamaliah binti Raja Saigon, Aishah Peong binti Abdullah, Marwan bin Yaacob @ Salleh [2020].

Chemistry KSSM Textbook Form 5. Retrieved from https://anyflip.com/hdqhr/lemc

● Alexandra Gerea [2023]. How to make soap at home — the science and art behind soap making.

https://www.zmescience.com/feature-post/resources/how-to/making-soap-home/
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, for His showers of blessings throughout our research and its
successful completion.

We would also like to express our deep and sincere gratitude to our adviser and teachers for providing us
invaluable supervision, support, and tutelage during the course of our research study. We would also like to
thank them for their empathy, patience, and knowledge that they imparts unto us. It was a great privilege and
honor to work and study under their guidance. Our thanks and appreciations also go to our respondents who
willingly helped with their full cooperation which has made the research study achieve its smooth completion.

We would thank our biology teacher who taught us the methodology and to present the research works as
clearly as possible. We would also like to give thanks for the time and knowledge that they have given us to
conduct this study. Our special thanks also goes to our classmates and friends who help us during this research.

Last but not the least, to our dearest parents for their deep consideration for the finances and undying support
throughout the making of the research study. As well as for their words of encouragement to all those nights
that we’ve spent making the research study.
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APPENDIX

Ingredients

Baking soda Baking soda + distilled water Lemon juice

Lemon & Orange peel Fresh milk Butter

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