Introduction to Civil Engineering (BESCK104A) Module -2

MODULE-2
SOCIETAL AND GLOBAL IMPACT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE:

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals form a cohesive and integrated package of global aspirations the
world commits to achieving by 2030. Building on the accomplishments of their predecessors the
MDGs(Millennium development goals), the SDGs address the most pressing global challenges of our
time, calling upon collaborative partnerships across and between countries to balance the three
dimensions of sustainable development - economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social
inclusion.

Goal 1: No poverty
End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

Goal 2: Ze ro hunger (No hunger)

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

Goal 3: Good health and well-being

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

Goal 4: Quality education

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Goal 5: Gender equality

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

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Goal 7: Affordable and clean ene rgy
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and
decent work for all.

Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.

Goal 10: Reduced inequality

Reduce inequality within and among countries.

Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

Goal 13: Climate action

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

Goal 14: Life below water

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.

Goal 15: Life on land

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions

Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all
and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

Goal 17: Partne rship for the goals

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development.

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Introduction to Civil Engineering (BESCK104A) Module -2
Smart City Concept

Features:

 Smart parking
 Intelligent transport system
 Tele-care
 Traffic management
 Smart grids
 Smart urban lighting
 Waste management
 Smart city maintenance
 Smart taxi
 Digital-signage.

What is a smart city?

A Smart City is the integration of technology into a strategic approach to sustainability. 21st Century has
brought with it a new global trend of ―sustainable urban development‖ and this concept adds new
dimensions to urbanization which require a quick need to upgrade existing cities. The concept of a smart
city is a relatively new one. Throughout the years, with the significant contribution from various
technologies like computer science, information technology, remote sensing, advance multimedia world
etc.

Need for s mart city

Rapid urbanization: By 2030, 60% of world’s population is expected to live in cities results in heavy
strain on energy, transportation, water, building and public spaces. Increasing need is the being felt for
smart city which are both efficient, sustainable and can generate economic prosperity & social well being.

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Introduction to Civil Engineering (BESCK104A) Module -2
Clean City Concept

India has a population of over one billion, of which almost 300 million people are living in 600 towns and
cities. It is unfortunate that, as a result of stressed environmental conditions; most of these towns and
cities are unable to keep the pace for development. Water pollution, Depletion of Groundwater,
inadequate sanitation, open dumping of waste, and loss of forest cover are the problems. This impacts on
the health of the people and also does an economic impact on the country. Similarly, water diseases like
diarrhea, jaundice, and cholera are increasing daily on the basis of pollution done by us and are affecting
both human health and economic productivity.

Safe City Concept

Cities have many impacts on the environment and upon its inhabitants both in contemporary terms and for
future generations. Industrialization and urbaniza tion have created a range of new threats to public health,
safety and well-being. The rapid and unplanned expansion of cities results in overcrowding, pollution,
poverty, disease, crime and the cities becoming containers of problems as well as places of vitality.
The city today is facing the rapid urbanization with the concentration of urban population and the sprawl
of cities into wider geographical areas and the rapid growth of megacities are among the most significant
transformation.
The implementation of the concept of public safety in the town or city has been one of the main agenda in
developing countries today. Without the consideration on safety aspects, living in an urban area will be
difficult for people’s well-being. A city that is free from all kinds of physical threats, social and mental
disorders is protected from any tendency that could threaten the welfare of society and will contribute in
creating a prosperous, secure and comfortable environment. In the 20th century, the urbanization process
has seen the development of a city to be largely unplanned and growing like mushrooms without proper
management by the local authorities. A city should be a safe place to live, work and play.

Safe City is a community-based initiative that unites law enforcement, businesses, residents and city
officials through a project intended to maximize safeness and minimize theft and other crimes in
communities.

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Introduction to Civil Engineering (BESCK104A) Module -2

ENVIRONMENT

Wate r Supply and Sanitary Systems

Wate r Supply Systems are networks whose edges and nodes are pressure pipes and either pipe junctions,
water sources or end-users, respectively. Their function is to provide end-users with potable water with a
sufficient pressure level. A WSS can be decomposed into hierarchica lly arranged tiers.
Water supply distribution systems can be classified into four types which are as follows- Dead end system
or tree system, Grid iron system, Ring system, and Radial system.
Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations after appropriate treatment,
including groundwater (aquifers), surface water (lakes and rivers), and the sea through desalination.
The water treatment steps include, in most cases, purification, disinfection through chlorination and
sometimes fluoridation. Treated water then either flows by gravity or is pumped to reservoirs, which can
be elevated such as water towers or on the ground (for indicators related to the efficiency of drinking
water distribution see non-revenue water). Once water is used, wastewater is typically discharged in
a sewer system and treated in a sewage treatment plant before being discharged into a river, lake, or the
sea or reused for landscaping or irrigation.

Sanitary Systems

Importance of sewerage system- One of the fundamental principles of sanitation of the community is to
remove all decomposable matter, solid waste, liquid or gaseous away from the premises of dwellings as
fast as possible after it is produced, to a safe place, without causing any nuisance and dispose it in a
suitable manner so as to make it permanently harmless.

Necessity for sanitation

 Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes.

 If proper arrangements for the collection, treatment and disposal are not made, they will go on
accumulating and create foul condition.
 If untreated water is accumulating, the decomposition of the organic materials it contains can lead to
the production of large quantity of mal odorous gases.
 It also contains nutrients, which can stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and it may contain toxic
compounds.
 Therefore in the interest of community of the city or town, it is most essential to collect, treat and
dispose of all the waste products of the city in such a way that it may not cause any hazardous effects
on people residing in town and environment.

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Introduction to Civil Engineering (BESCK104A) Module -2
 Waste water engineering is defined as the branch of the environmental engineering where the basic
principles of the science and engineering for the problems of the water pollution problems.
 The ultimate goal of the waste water management is the protection of the environmental in manner
commensurate with the economic, social and political concerns.

Systems of sewerage

1) Separate System of Sewage

2) Combined System of Sewage
3) Partially Combined or Partially Separate System

Separate System of Sewerage

• In this system two sets of sewers are laid.

• The sanitary sewage is carried through sanitary sewers while the storm sewage is carried through storm
sewers.

• The sewage is carried to the treatment plant and storm water is disposed of to the river.

Combined System of Se werage

• When only one set of sewers are used to carry both sanitary sewage and surface water. This system is
called combined system.

• Sewage and storm water both are carried to the treatment plant through combined sewers.

Urban Air Pollution Management

The term "urban air pollution" refers to air pollution in and around cities. Urban air pollution is worse
in densely populated areas. Air pollution has an impact on both human health and the climate of an
area. Volcanic eruptions, thunder, dust from the earth's surface, and naturally occurring particulate
matter are all natural sources of urban air pollution. Nonetheless, major contributors to urban air
pollution are anthropogenic activities.

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to ambient (outdoor) air pollution
causes 4.2 million deaths each year.

Anthropogenic activities such as transportation, domestic use of fossil fuels, industrialization, powe r
generation, combustion, agriculture, and beauty products are major contributors to urban air pollution.

Although there are some natural sources of urban air pollution, the majorities of them are
anthropogenic and rely heavily on human activity.

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Introduction to Civil Engineering (BESCK104A) Module -2
Sources of Urban Air Pollution:

1. Transportation- The primary source of urban air pollution is the use of private vehicles (particularly
older, diesel models).Vehicles contributes roughly one-quarter of the particulate matter in the air.
2. Use of fossil fuels in the home- Half of the world's population still cooks and heats with solid fuels.
These fuels, which include wood, charcoal, and coal, are burned in inefficient stoves, which emit
large amounts of health- harming particulate matter and climate-warming pollutants into the
surrounding environment.
3. Generation of electricity- As the population grows, so does the demand for energy. To meet that
demand, fossil fuels are being used extensively to generate energy because they are cheap and readily
available. Coal-fired powe r plants are a significant source of urban air pollution.
4. Agriculture and Combustion- Material combustion is an activity that emits toxic gases into the
atmosphere and contributes to urban air pollution. Incomplete combustion emits CO 2 and complete
combustion emits CO. These two gases contribute to urban air pollution. Agriculture also emits other
gases into the atmosphere, such as NO2 and methane (CH4 ).
5. Stubble Burning- Stubble burning is blamed for the thick blanket of smog that blankets during the
winter. It releases a large amount of toxic pollutants into the atmosphere, including hazardous gases
such as methane (CH4 ), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOC), and carcinogenic
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
6. Exploding Fire works- Despite the cracker ban, firecrackers were everywhere during Diwali. It may
not be the primary cause of air pollution, but it certainly contributes to its accumulation.

Management:

 Notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards as well as industry-specific emission

and effluent standards.
 Establishing a monitoring network to assess the quality of the ambient air.
 Cleaner gaseous fuels such as CNG, LPG, and ethanol blending are being introduced.
 The National Air Quality Index (AQI) is being launched.
 Vehicle standards will be upgraded from BS-IV to BS-VI by April 1st, 2020.
 The burning of biomass is prohibited.
 Public transportation network promotion.
 Certificate of Pollution Control.
 Directions issued under Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981.
 Installation of continuous (24x7) online monitoring devices by 17 polluting industrial sectors.
 Controlling the bursting of polluting crackers..

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Introduction to Civil Engineering (BESCK104A) Module -2
Solid Waste Management.

The discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport,
processing and disposal of solid waste in a manner i.e in accordance with best principles of public health,
economics, Engineering, conservation, Aesthetics and other environmental considerations and that is also
responsive to public attitudes. In its scope, it includes all administrative, financial, legal, planning and
engineering functions involved in solutions to all problems of solid waste.

Sources of Solid Wastes

 Solid domestic garbage.

 Solid waste material from various industries.
 Solid agricultural waste.
 Plastics, glass, metals, e-waste, etc.
 Medical waste.
 Construction waste, sewage sludge

Solid Waste Disposal Methods:

Land filling –Landfills have been the most economical and environmentally acceptable method for the
disposal of solid waste. Even with implementation of waste reduction, recycling and transformation
technologies, disposal of residual solid waste still remains an important component of an integrated Solid
waste management strategy. Land Fill management incorporates planning, design, operation, closure and
post closure control of landfills. Based on the past experience throughout the world, land disposal in the
form of sanitary land fill has proved to be most economical and acceptable method for the disposal of
solid waste.

Incineration– Incineration is a type of disposal method in which municipal solid wastes are burned at high
temperatures so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. The biggest advantage of this type
of method is that it can reduce the volume of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume,
decreases the space they take up and reduce the stress on landfills. This process is also known as thermal
treatment where solid waste materials are converted by Incinerators into heat, gas, steam and ash.
Incineration is something that is very in countries where landfill space is no longer available, which
includes Japan.

Identification of Landfill Sites:

The most widely used factors for selecting a landfill site are groundwater depth, surface water vicinity,
elevation, land slope, soil permeability, soil stability, flooding susceptibility, lithology and stratification,
faults, land use type, nearby settlements and urbanization, cultural and protected site vicinity, wind

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direction, roads, railways, proximity to building materials, pipelines and powerlines, and proximity to
airports.

Factors that must be considered in evaluating the potential Landfill sites are,

1. Land Requirement: The volume of fill required depends upon density, degree of compaction, depth
of fill and life for which the site is to be used (minimum 1 year).
2. Land Use Restrictions: The town planning authorities should be consulted before selecting a
particular site so that it is compatible with their plans.
3. Approach: The site should be easily accessible for vehicles throughout the year. It is desirable that
narrow bridges, steep grades and roads that are likely to be submerged during some periods are
avoided.
4. Haul Distance: Provided all the other conditions are satisfied, the site should be as near the area to be
served as possible. Larger the haul distance to the site, the larger will be the recurring transportation
cost.
5. Cover Material: If the required soil cover is available at the site itself, no additional expenditure need
be incurred on transporting it to the landfill site. A soil analysis along with the depth to which it is
available is also necessary.
6. Hydro-geological Investigations: The rainwater percolating through the solid waste tends to carry
large amount of pollutants to the groundwater if the underlying strata is pervious or fissured.
7. Surface Water Pollution: Surface water during its flow over the deposited waste may carry along
some pollutants. Water courses flowing across the site should be diverted.

Urban Flood Control:

Urban flooding is the inundation of land or property in a built environment, particularly in more densely
populated areas, caused by rainfall overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems, such as storm sewers.
Although sometimes triggered by events such as flash flooding or snowmelt, urban flooding is a
condition, characterized by its repetitive and systemic impacts on communities that can happen regardless
of whether or not affected communities are located within designated floodplains or near any body of
water. Aside from potential overflow of rivers and lakes, snowmelt, storm water or water released from
damaged water mains may accumulate on property and in public rights-of-way, seep through building
walls and floors, or backup into buildings through sewer pipes, toilets and sinks.

In urban areas, flood effects can be exacerbated by existing paved streets and roads, which increase the
speed of flowing water. Impervious surfaces prevent rainfall from infiltrating into the ground, thereby
causing a higher surface run-off that may be in excess of local drainage capacity.

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The flood flow in urbanized areas constitutes a hazard to both the population and infrastructure. Many of
the common causes of urban flooding, including storm surges, heavy precipitation, and river overflow, are
expected to increase in frequency and severity as climate change intensifies and causes increases in ocean
and river levels. In particular, erratic rainfall patterns are expected to increase the frequency and severity
of both pluvial flooding and fluvial flooding. The frequencies and severities of extreme s torm events,
including hurricanes and other types of tropical cyclones, are also expected to increase, raising the risk of
storm surges and the potential for heavy rainfall and increasing flooding-related damages by up to
US$54B annually.

BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Energy Efficient Buildings:
An energy-efficient building creates comfortable living conditions inside the dwelling with the least
possible amount of energy consumption maximizing efficiency in use of resources. An energy-efficient
building keeps the building fully functional and thermally comfortable for its occupants as well. As per
energy statistics data obtained for 2017 for India from the Ministry of Statistics and Program
Implementation, buildings account for the second-highest consumption of energy after industries. An
energy-efficient building balances all aspects of energy use in a building by providing an optimized mix
of passive solar–design strategies, energy-efficient equipment, and renewable sources of energy.

The value of reducing energy consumption in buildings has increased worldwide. This is because the
consumption of fossil fuels for the full- fledged operations of a building is as high as it is in other
industries. Therefore, the adoption of energy efficiency techniques during the construction and operation
of buildings would play a crucial role in the creation of sustainable cities in the future . It should be
considered during the design stage, selection of construction materials, construction process, and
operation of the building. Adopting passive solar house design strategies at the design stage is the first
step toward an energy-efficient structure. Low-energy building materials and less energy-consuming
construction equipment must be used during the construction process. As far as building operation is
concerned, utilities for renewable energy systems have to be integrated into the building for water heating,
photovoltaic electrification, etc.

Why is Energy Efficiency in a Building Important?

Energy efficiency is the use of less energy in a building to perform the same operation as buildings that
consume energy inefficiently. Fly ash, volcanic ash, sand, aggregate, adobe, and soil are low-energy
materials with less than 0.5 primary energy input. Efficient energy consumption in buildings is one of the
most affordable ways to lessen the detrimental effects of climate change and health-related problems

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 Energy-efficient buildings decrease indoor air pollution as they provide cleaner combustion and better
ventilation than conventional buildings.

 It reduces household expenses and decreases carbon dioxide emissions.

 The possibility of air pollution-related diseases such as asthma and lung cancer will be reduced.

 It saves lives, reduces medical treatment’s financial and social costs, and increases the value of
buildings.

 The efficient use of energy in buildings is one of the most affordable ways to lessen the detrimental
effects of climate change, health problems, unemployment, and poverty.
 It reduces household expenses, infrastructure costs, and reduces CO 2 emissions.

Recycling

India is becoming one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The country is urbanising, at light
speed, by constructing flyovers, bridges, residential and commercial complexes. In the fast-paced
progress, the thought, ―what about the construction and demotion (C&D) waste?‖ is lost somewhere.
Although, with new rules being added to the court of law, C&D wastes have been recognised to be
managed as an individual entity.

The five ways in which we can recycle the construction waste, in an effort to save the environment from
our actions are:

1. Reconstructing Old Buildings into Ne w Ones

Waste obtained during the demolition of buildings include windows, doors, masonry, iron and steel rods,
wooden structures, plastic bags, etc. The waste collected can be used during the construction of new
buildings or spaces. While remodelling buildings, the walls need not be demolished, instead they can be
renovated or repurposed.

2. Segregating Waste

Add a storage room on your site and place clearly labelled bins in there. These bins will be used to
dispose of different types of waste. A training session will have to be put into motion for employees to
teach them the basics of the segregation procedures.

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3. Tuning in with a Local Recycling Centre

Instead of piling up the waste, it would be better to send it to your nearest recycling centre which can be
recovered for later use. Timely recycling will help in less accumulation of wastes and enhance
cleanliness.

4. Getting Rid of Harmful Waste

Try eliminating construction waste that is harmful to the health and environment. Limit the use of
hazardous metals on site as they can pose a serious threat to health. Everything cannot be recycled, things
that are of no use should be directly thrown away.

5. Adopting Deconstruction not Demolition

Huge tons of harmful pollutants are released in the atmosphere during the construction of a project. Along
with this a lot of waste is produced that can hamper visibility and may even cause health problems in the
surrounding areas. Deconstruction can start the trend of reusing certain materials for further construction
purposes. Not only this, but it also helps in preserving resources, minimizing landfills waste, and may also
generate employment.

There have to be more ways in which we can make the lives of the next generation better if we tried hard
enough. With the combined effort of the government, construction companies, architectural firms, and
every individual that uses the building and public spaces, we can achieve a greater impact.

Temperature and Sound Control in Buildings:

Temperature Control:
One of the most important factors to consider during a new development is the thermal control of the
building. Thermal control regulates the temperature within a structure.

It aids in maintaining steady heating and cooling temperatures during season changes throughout the year.
Additionally, it helps to ensure quality and comfort among the occupants inside and increase satisfaction.

Thermal control focuses on the transfer of heat within a building to either keep it cool or warm. To gain
control, first, the ways heat can be transmitted must be identified.

Heat can be allocated in three different ways: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Conduction is the transmission of heat across a solid substance.

Convection transfer occurs through a fluid or gas, for example, air.

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 Introduction to Civil Engineering (BESCK104A) Module -2
Radiation is the movement of heat from a warm source to a cold one.

Identifying these transfers of heat makes it easier to regulate and control through varying techniques. For
instance, radiation can be redirected using reflective materials. The heat can be directed away to create a
cooling effect, or it can be directed into a space to heat the area. This can be done through different
materials such as reflective roofing or radiant barriers.

There are many ways to regulate heat such as varying types of insulation and air conditioning. However,
now new ways of thermal control are being utilized with stress on sustainability and greener options.

Green Thermal Control Techniques

Green thermal control techniques are gaining in popularity. This is due to their sustainability focus, ability
to limit greenhouse gas emissions and their financial benefits. They help save money in the long term
because they require less energy.

These green heat control technologies can be broken down into two categories: passive and active.
Passive utilizes nature’s ability to heat and cool without using machineries such as air conditioners or
furnaces. Active uses a multitude of machine-driven heating and cooling systems.

Some examples of green thermal control techniques are solar power (which can be both passive and
active), ice-powered air conditioners, green coal, wind power, absorption, and biomass.

Sound Control:
Sound control in commercial buildings refers to the process of reducing noise levels and improving room
acoustics for optimal acoustic comfort. It involves using materials, products, and noise reduction
techniques to:

1. Block out external noises

2. Reduce unwanted noise transmission between rooms and floors
3. Absorb sound wave reverberations and sound energy to reduce echo and improve clarity
4. Minimize overall noise pollution

Factors to be Considered for Sound Control

1. Levels and locations – Unless it’s a library, you don’t need the same level of sound control throughout
the entire building. Think through location-specific acoustic needs throughout the building. Sound control
requires considering each discrete area within a building as well as its overall structure.

2. Building age and construction – If you’re starting from the ground up, you’ll have the ability to
influence each decision in materials and construction that impact sound control. For businesses in

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established locations, there are many options to boost acoustic control in buildings besides starting from
scratch.

3. Exterior noise – What excessive noise occurs outside of your building? Are you near an airport or
highway, schools, bars and nightclubs, or industrial parks? Identify what sounds you’ll need to address
during current or potential business hours.

4. Inte rnal noise – Loud machinery, water-cooler gossip, a call center department what will your internal
noise level challenges entail? Consider both room constants and periodic or occasional noises.

5. Balancing priorities –How much natural light you want in the business, where to place key entrances,
what kind of construction is best for the local weather and environmental noise concerns—each of these
may conflict with the highest level of acoustic protection.

6. Cost – An unlimited budget is a rarity, so whether you’re planning a new build or addressing noise level
challenges in a current building, cost will be a factor.

How to Control?

1. Thicker total walls and wall layers.

2. Denser material. (i.e., concrete over wood)
3. Multiple materials and widths (i.e., wider concrete and thinner wooden layer)
4. Integration of wider spacing (or ―cavity‖) between wall layers.
5. More wall layers and wall spacing cavities.
6. Multiple layers, including insulating spacing between layers of wood.
7. Thicker window glass.
8. Window glass laminated with shatter- and noise-resistant plastic.
9. Addition of custom-sized acrylic inserts to add to current windows.
10. Solid doors rather than hollow core.
11. Consider door material density, thickness, and sound insulation.
12. Automatic closures that prevent doors from slamming shut.
13. Door seal kits or products to address air/noise leakage at edges.
14. Thick concrete floor base.
15. A floating wooden or concrete floor attached to the existing floor with resilient materials.
16. Carpeting over thick padding.
17. High-traffic mats and floor coverings.

Security Systems:

Building security and control system have become necessary with increasing size and complexity of
buildings. The building security and control system is designed to monitor and control mechanical and
electrical installations, fire protection and escape, burglary, assault and emergency communication.

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In tall buildings and major complexes, the most important security requirement is fire-safety system. In
addition to the structural precautions for fire protection, special system is required to monitor and control
are:

1. Fire detection and suppression.

2. Movement and protection of people
3. Smoke control including pressurization and barriers
4. Safe places of refuge and
5. Emergency arrangements and communication.
In major buildings, these arrangements are integrated with those required to monitor and control the
heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems and other aspects of security within a single
electronic system. The computer monitors all significant local conditions and appropriate action is
taken.

Such measures for security and control could bring in the use of:

 Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning plant and equipment to suit internal and external
conditions or programmed requirements.

 Data collection for maintenance and resource management, particularly energy use and analysis,
programmed responses to suit anticipated emergencies, e.g. defining smoke- free zones and escape
routes in the event of fire, and

 Security interlocks, surveillance and access control.

Energy management system (EMS), building automation system (BAS) and Building
Management System (BMS) are used to describe these systems. The EMS controls the
environmental functions, the BAS controls the technical automation and BMS includes such
matters as status reports on environmental conditions, lifts and location of people for security
purpose. All these are influenced, and influenced by the overall building designs.

Smart Buildings

What is a smart building?

A smart building is any structure that uses automated processes to automatically control the building’s
operations including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, security and other systems. A smart

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building uses sensors, actuators and microchips, in order to collect data and manage it according to a
business’ functions and services. This infrastructure helps owners, operators and facility managers
improve asset reliability and performance, which reduces energy use, optimizes how space is used a nd
minimizes the environmental impact of buildings.
The components of Smart Building

1. IoT sensors- With the installation of IoT-based sensors and detectors measure the indoor air quality
(IAQ) of a space or a room by assessing factors such as energy consumption, temperature and
humidity levels for real-time monitoring. Using sensors helps eliminate equipment malfunction that
can lead to expansive repairs and loss of productivity due to a faulty sensor.
2. Analytics Software - The availability of technology such as analytics software is crucial in nhancing
operational efficiency to improve the environment. Analytics software tracks data related to energy
consumption and production, which has led companies to shift their focus from solely focusing on technology.
3. Connectivity-Connectivity plays an important role in ensuring all the elements of a smart building work
together. Sensors collect vast amounts of data through integration with machines and other objects.
4. User interface -The user interface aids users in accessing these data sources without needing technical
knowledge. These elements combined form what makes up a modern-day smart building.

Major Benefits of Smart Building Manage ment Systems

1. Monitor Lighting Systems - One of the most basic features of a smarter building tech system is the
ability to monitor and control lighting systems. A lighting automation system helps with energy
conservation, safety, and quality of light in a building's environment.

2. Create Temperature Schedules-With smart buildings technology, you can create schedules for
temperature that are more than just manual changes during regular business hours. There are also
opportunities for customizing these schedules depending on the type of building activity or occupant
needs throughout the day, week, or year.
3. Provide Up-to-Date Energy Usage Data - Whether it's your company's headquarters or a
commercial property, having up-to-date data about energy usage can help significantly cut costs.
4. Improve Indoor Air Quality - Creating an environment where people feel comfortable while they
work, taking care of their physical needs, such as air quality.

5. Reduce Expenses Related to Daytime Shifts - Smart buildings can help you improve energy
efficiency and reduce energy costs. Connecting to sensors to your building management system can
allow you to automatically turn off lights and HVAC systems in spaces or rooms that are not being
used. This will reduce the amount of energy they emit.

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