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Monday OBD Symposium Presentations

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80 views10 pages

Monday OBD Symposium Presentations

Uploaded by

Chaos Xia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SAE On-Board Diagnostics Symposium

Technical Session Schedule


As of 09/17/2018 07:41 pm

Monday, September 10
Monday OBD Symposium Presentations
Session Code: OBDMO
Room TBD Session Time: 1:00 p.m.

Time Paper No. Title

1:00 p.m. ORAL ONLY Introduction to OBD, Part 1: Historical Legal & Logical Background
of OBD
TBD, California Air Resources Board
2:00 p.m. ORAL ONLY Introduction to OBD, Part 2: History of OBD and Implementation
World Wide
An introduction and overview of On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) requirements from a
vehicle manufacturer’s perspective is discussed. This includes a high-level
overview of the history of California Air Resources Board (CARB) OBD regulatory
requirements and the history of OBD implementation around the world. The
presentation focuses on the two major OBD requirement systems (CARB and
European OBD) which are typically the foundation for other countries OBD
requirements. The first implementation of OBD for various countries around the
world is reviewed.
Janean Potter, General Motors
3:00 p.m. BREAK

3:30 p.m. ORAL ONLY Introduction to OBD, Part 3: Common Acronyms


Mark Laleman, Ford Motor Co., Ltd.
4:00 p.m. ORAL ONLY Introduction to OBD, Part 4: On Cycle – The Prequel to OBD
Before OBD legislation was born in the 1990s, decades of work was done starting
in 1948 to understand automotive emissions and its effect on air quality. This
work included development of a characteristic drive cycle for the peak morning
rush hour in central Los Angeles in the early 1960s. The cycle was developed by
the California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board - precursor to California Air
Resources Board - in order to quantify emissions on a dynamometer-based test
cycle that more accurately represented the peak pollutant-producing modes over
its predecessor. This cycle was immortalized when the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) adopted it as the basis for emissions and fuel economy testing,
known as the LA4 route or Federal Test Procedure (FTP). It is still in use today.
Susan K. Wagers, Ford Motor Company
4:30 p.m. ORAL ONLY Q&A With All Presenters

Tuesday, September 11
Tuesday OBD Symposium Presentations
Session Code: OBDTU
Room Marriott 5 Session Time: ALL DAY

Time Paper No. Title


9:15 a.m. ORAL ONLY Collecting Good Data Today to Answer New Questions Tomorrow
We collect data to do our jobs. We typically collect data to answer a question, but
often don’t know what the specific question is when we collect the data.
That brings opportunities if we recognize and plan for it. The value of our data is
in the information and knowledge we extract from it. Ultimately we need to use
our data to build higher performing systems or to reconstruct failures. In this
presentation we will discuss the importance of collecting, structuring and
warehousing data we collect now to answer new questions later.
Thomas Grana, Cummins Inc.
10:00 a.m. ORAL ONLY Regulatory Update, Light Duty
Presentation covers current issues in the light duty on-board diagnostics program
at CARB. Topics include pending regulatory changes such as requirements for
over the air programming, permanent fault codes, and the future adoption of UDS
services. The requirements for assorted monitoring exemptions are also
included, as well as a few miscellaneous topics of general interest.
John Ellis, Air Resources Board
10:30 a.m. ORAL ONLY California Smog Check Failure Analysis and Future Changes
The OBD failure rate observed during the California Smog Check events will be
presented. The failure rates will include a breakdown by model-year and vehicle
make. Some background on the current failure criteria of the program. Further,
examples of OBD issues identified from Smog Check data will be presented.
Future potential changes and goals will be presented. Specifically, future Smog
Check changes including using Permanente Diagnostic Trouble Codes,
Calibration Verification Numbers (CVN), and Calibration Identification (CALID).
Greg Coburn, Bureau Of Automotive Repair
11:00 a.m. ORAL ONLY Challenges in Designing Monitoring Strategy for Active Thermal
Management
Reduction of CO2 and emission levels are creating challenges to all the OEM.
Passenger car industry reaction is to introduce new technologies with short
development time to not lose the needs of the market. As result, each new
technology needs to have the proper robust diagnostic coverage developed in
very short time. As an example, enhanced cooling hydraulic circuit diagnostic
coverage development will be reviewed in detail. The example will be focused on
diesel and gasoline technology introduction.
The main focus of this presentation is to explain the workflow process that was
used to commonize a actuator, sensor and system rationality diagnostics across
different engine architectures.

Luca Scavone, Christopher H. Knieper, General Motors


11:30 a.m. ORAL ONLY Tuesday Networking Lunch (11:30 AM - 1:00 PM)

1:00 p.m. ORAL ONLY An OBD Calibration Experience: Solar Load and Temperature Sensor
Rationality Diagnostics
OBD monitors can be impacted by a variety of environmental conditions and
customer usages. This presentation will review a calibration team’s
response to a high failure rate for EGR temperature sensor rationality diagnostics
in the 2016 Chevrolet Volt EREV (Extended Range Electric Vehicle.) An analysis
of the root cause investigation will explain how the team concluded that solar load
was causing the diagnostic failures, and how this information was used to
develop a more robust threshold calibration.
Erika L. Pruski, General Motors
1:30 p.m. ORAL ONLY OBD Experiences: Toyota
Morton M. Smith, Toyota Motor North America Inc.
2:15 p.m. BREAK

2:45 p.m. ORAL ONLY OBD II Monitoring of Motor and Battery in an Electrified Powertrain
Electrification of conventional powertrain is growing at a rapid pace to avail full
benefits in vehicle propulsion to gain precedence over target fuel economy with
reduced emissions. The transportation industry is embracing this electrification
ranging from Mild-Hybrid to Full- Electric systems with unique operational
strategies tailored to application-specific needs. This opportunity brings
challenges for diagnostic implementation for electric components. Adherence to
OBD II in all aspects of powertrain electrification is a necessity for compliance
and to offer robust systems to the end consumers.
</p>
The presentation will provide a technical insight into electric motors and battery
pack design and use case scenarios specific to electric mobility, followed by a
deep-dive review of OBD strategies for electric motors and battery systems such
as regenerative braking and cell balancing. Further, an assessment of how a
malfunction in electric drive and energy storage component could impact the
system level performance and methods to detect such malfunctions including
benefits of component level monitoring will be explained. The listeners will be
able to understand working principles, diagnostic methods and new opportunities
associated with electric propulsion systems.

Madhura Medikeri, FEV Inc.


3:15 p.m. ORAL ONLY A Statistical Analysis of the Comprehensive Component Test to
Determine the Emissions Impact of Failures
The LD/MD OBD regulation (1968.2) was revised in 2016 to define a method for
determining if the failure modes of comprehensive components have an emission
impact and thus are required to be diagnosed. This presentation will analyze the
statistical properties of this method, both Type I error (concluding there is a
difference when there is not) and Type II error (power curve for actual difference
that could be missed). Also included will be analysis of emissions test variability
from various sources and emissions standards. The presentation will conclude
with a discussion on the other potential uses of this test criteria.
John Fredrick Van Gilder, General Motors
3:45 p.m. ORAL ONLY OBD Moves Towards Highly Automated Driving
From a brief excurse into the powertrain as entry point into OBD relevance
decision making the presentation will focus more on the Driver assistance (DA)
components and systems of the HAD vehicles, with a (non-exhaustive)
enumeration of various components and system functions that need to be
considered.
</p>
As the architecture of DA systems and functions can differ from powertrain
approaches, the known OBD methodologies can be applied. Yet, the potential
set-backs and obstacles of the new context that arise during OBD relevance
evaluation will be shown with an exemplary function.

Christian Prentki, Bosch Engineering GmbH


4:15 p.m. ORAL ONLY On-Board Monitoring of Engine and Aftertreatment System State of
Health using Radio Frequency Sensors
Radio frequency (RF) sensors present an alternative to conventional monitors, by
providing a direct and continuous measurement of the aftertreatment system
components (filters and catalysts) themselves, on the vehicle, during real-world
operation. The approach relies on the use of a broadband radio frequency signal,
transmitted through the individual catalyst and filters in the exhaust system (using
the components themselves as sensors), to uniquely identify changes in the
health of these components in real-time.
Current on-board diagnostics (OBD) systems generally rely on reactive monitors
to detect aftertreatment system-related failures or malfunctions after they have
occurred. Oftentimes these monitors are executed only intermittently and provide
limited or no information to identify the root cause of the failure or provide
advance warning of system performance degradation prior to failure. Early
detection of upstream (engine-out) malfunctions is critical to preventing
irreversible damage to downstream aftertreatment system components and
mitigate the escape of emissions exceeding permissible limits.
Case studies presented include applications of RF sensing for both engine-out
and aftertreatment system-based diagnostics on diesel and gasoline engines.
The results show a high sensitivity of the RF measurements to detect changes in
upstream (engine-out) conditions, providing early warning to prevent damage to
the aftertreatment system. The measurements demonstrate the capability to
directly track changes in the state of the individual aftertreatment system
components over time, useful to quickly identify potential failures before they
occur. In contrast to conventional indirect and intermittent monitors, the
application of RF sensors provides engine and aftertreatment system designers
with the ability to continuously monitor system performance and directly diagnose
the state of health of individual components not possible with current approaches.
Alexander Sappok, CTS
4:45 p.m. ORAL ONLY Hybrid Powertrain OBD Issues and Solutions - Methods to Prevent
False Misfire Detection and Missed Misfire Detection in PHEV
Hybrid powertrains, due to the integration of two or more power sources, could
have unexpected impact on existing major OBD monitors. In this presentation, an
example of how a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle powertrain unexpectedly
impacted the misfire detection, and caused false detections and false passes in
certain regions of speed-load map is shown. Root cause analysis is provided,
and solutions on this issue are also presented. Finally, the lesson learned from
this issue is summarized.
Yichao Guo, FCA US LLC

Wednesday, September 12
Wednesday OBD Symposium Presentations
Session Code: OBDWE
Room Marriott 5 Session Time: ALL DAY

Time Paper No. Title


8:00 a.m. ORAL ONLY Worldwide OBD Requirements Update
On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) system requirements were first developed by the
California Air Resources Board (CARB), the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), and the European Commission. After the introduction of OBD
with these two major systems (US CARB / EPA and European Commission),
OBD requirements were adopted by various countries around the world. The
history and latest status of OBD requirements around the world are reviewed by
country. During this review, changing requirements and recent developments
from the last presentation of Worldwide OBD Requirements Update (March 2018
European SAE OBD Symposium) are highlighted.

Janean Ellen Potter, General Motors LLC


8:45 a.m. ORAL ONLY Analysis of Debouncing Algorithms
The robustness of OBD monitors can be improved by applying entry conditions
that restrict the monitor to running under conditions with good separation between
good and failed parts, and by applying some form of averaging to the metric result
to reduce the effect of stochastic disturbances. This presentation focuses on the
latter. Debouncing typically involves a trade-off between monitor separation and
monitor completion ratio. Interestingly, different debouncing algorithms have
different properties when it comes to this trade-off, and different debouncing
algorithms may be more or less suited for different monitors. In this context we
evaluate simple averaging, up-down-counters, exponentially weighted moving
average, and exclusion zone debouncing and illustrate the benefits for a PM
sensor based DPF leakage monitor.
Michiel Van Nieuwstadt, Ford Motor Company
9:15 a.m. ORAL ONLY System Classification Analysis
Andrew Zettel, General Motors
10:15 a.m. BREAK

11:00 a.m. ORAL ONLY From Human Driver to Artificial Driver: Impact on OBD and
Homologation
Autonomous vehicles introduce new challenges for existing diagnostics systems
and will lead to a number of new diagnostics. Some of the diagnostics needed are
related to emissions OBD, some of them to convenience and others to safety
concerns. <br>
After detection illuminating a warning light is meaningless to an artificial driver.
Instead, a decision must be made by the vehicle on what the next best action is.
This action will be driven by convenience and safety reasons but to not defy the
purpose of emissions OBD the legislation must be accounted for in the decision.
<br>
This presentation will serve to create awareness of the issue and will highlight
some examples of where existing (OBD) Diagnostics struggle when faced with an
artificial driver and where new Diagnostics solutions are needed to take over the
hidden diagnostics work that a human driver is performing.

Marcel Romijn, Roben Automotive - the Netherlands BV


11:30 a.m. ORAL ONLY OBD Standards Review (Part 1 of 2)
Mark Robert Laleman, Ford Motor Co., Ltd.
12:00 p.m. ORAL ONLY OBD Standards Review, (Part 2 of 2)
Robert Gruszczynski, Volkswagen of America
12:45 p.m. ORAL ONLY Wednesday Networking Lunch
1:45 p.m. ORAL ONLY Measures to Prevent Unauthorized Access to the In-Vehicle E/E
System
Diagnostic systems support diagnostic communication by having the capability of
sending diagnostic request services to a vehicle and receiving diagnostic
response services from a vehicle. These diagnostic services are specified in
diagnostic protocols, such as SAE J1979, SAE J1939 or WWH-OBD, which is
based on ISO 14229 (UDS). <br>
For the purpose of diagnostic communication, the tester needs access to the
electronic control units as communication partners. Physically, the diagnostic
tester gets access to the entire vehicle´s E/E system, which consists of
connectors, wiring, the in-vehicle network (e.g. CAN), the electronic control units,
sensors, and actuators. <br>
Any connection of external test equipment and the E/E system of a vehicle poses
a security vulnerability. The combination can be used for malicious intrusion and
manipulation. Any unauthorized access to the E/E system of a vehicle can
severely harm the functional safety and finally cause damage to the vehicle or -
even worse - to life and health of people. <br>
This presentation describes the architecture of a diagnostic system, its security
vulnerability and measures to increase the security.

Peter Subke, Softing Automotive Electronics GmbH


2:15 p.m. ORAL ONLY Undermining Diagnostics Security: Bypassing UDS Security Checks
The Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS) is a standardized diagnostic
communication protocol (ISO 14229-1) typically implemented in Electronic
Control Units (ECU) to facilitate diagnostic services. The UDS standard enforces
that security critical services should be protected using a security access check.
The user requests a seed from the ECU after which a transformation is performed
to generate a key. This key is send back to the ECU and privileged access is
granted when the key is correct. The transformation applied to the seed is kept
secret and therefore the critical security services should accessible by
manufacturers. The design of the security access check is not enforced by any
standard and therefore will differ per ECU as it depends on the manufacturer
implementing it.
</p>
In this presentation we start with an introduction to UDS after which we describe
multiple attacks to bypass a UDS security check. These attacks range from basic
attacks through the DLC to more advanced attacks where specialized tooling is
required. Note, most attacks apply to other communication protocols that
implement access controls (e.g. KWP2000) as well. The sole purpose of
bypassing the UDS security check is to access security critical services that can
lead to extraction and/or control of the ECU's firmware. We reserve time to place
these attacks into context and what they mean for the overall security a modern
car. We explain why the extraction and/or control of an ECU's firmware can lead
to scalable attacks. We conclude with several recommendations to improve the
security of a typical UDS implementation.

Niek Timmers, Riscure


2:45 p.m. ORAL ONLY Cybersecurity/Tamper Update
Robert Gruszczynski, Volkswagen of America
3:15 p.m. BREAK
3:45 p.m. ORAL ONLY Breakout Sessions
Cybersecurity/Tampering Breakout Session, Moderated by Robert Gruszczynski,
VW
<br>
China 6 Breakout Session, Moderated by John Van Gilder, GM

Thursday, September 13
Thursday OBD Symposium Presentations
Session Code: OBDTH
Room Marriott 5 Session Time: ALL DAY

Time Paper No. Title

8:00 a.m. ORAL ONLY Heavy Duty Update


Thomas Montes, California Air Resources Board
8:45 a.m. ORAL ONLY Virtual OBD and Field Testing at Cummins
Ensuring OBD capability and compliance in the presence of diverse noise factors
including part-to-part variation, environmental fluctuations, customer usage
patterns and system aging is an extremely challenging task. Typically this kind of
diagnostic stress-testing is achieved through field-test and targeted physical
experiments which are time and resource intensive. This presentation will outline
some of the efforts currently being undertaken at Cummins to use simulation to
stress-test and evaluate OBD performance in the virtual environment.
Simulations at the vehicle system and vehicle sub-system levels are outlined
including examples from the first Virtual Field Test (VFT) undertaken at Cummins.

Cathal Cunnningham, Cummins Inc.


9:15 a.m. ORAL ONLY Challenges of Being a Tier One OBD Supplier
The OBD department in a Tier1 supplier company has to deal with multiple and
often conflicting requirements from a variety of sources including: Regional (e.g.
US, Europe, China etc.), Legal (CARB, EU, CN, etc.), Emissions, Customer
specific as well as conflicting interpretation of OBD legislation by customers
and/or other suppliers. The team has to consolidate these conflicts to design and
develop solutions to meet these requirements on a wide range of customer
mechanizations. This adds significant complexity in managing and delivering
robust solutions for multiple customers in often aggressively defined timelines.
This presentation will review few real examples of Tier 1 supplier experiences in
developing hardware components and software strategies. It will show the
challenges associated with engineering a generic solution and the proposals to
deal with these challenges. The key to having a happy customer is flexibility!
Ives Hislaire, Delphi Corp.
9:45 a.m. ORAL ONLY Heavy-Duty Ad-Blue/DEF Emulators - Investigation into Effects and
Countermeasures
AdBlue (or DEF) Emulators are aftermarket emission control defeat devices and
are becoming increasingly common across the truck fleet in Europe and other
markets. Despite the high risk involved in using DEF Emulators, which for
haulage operators risks fines, vehicle impounding, the loss of operating licence
and destruction of reputation, it is estimated that some 10% of trucks on
European roads are fitted with such devices. As NOx emissions will rise by
around twenty-fold in absence of AdBlue dosing, authorities such as the UK
Department of Transport are increasing the number of roadside spot checks.
Even so it is often difficult to identify culprits as the devices can be easily
disconnected before such checks.
</p>
Ricardo has performed an experimental investigation into AdBlue Emulators on a
Euro VI truck fitted with a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS), in
order to clarify the effects and mechanisms involved with these devices. </p>
Although the OBD system is not explicitly required by the current regulations to
detect any such illegal devices, it is hoped that this investigation will help OBD
engineers gain an insight to how they work and enable future monitor designs to
be even more robust.

Gianfranco Rindone, Ricardo UK, Ltd.


10:15 a.m. BREAK

11:00 a.m. ORAL ONLY EPA’s Theory of Criminal Liability for OBD Issues: Best
Practices for Managing New Risks
In a recent series of cases, the U.S. Department of Justice, on behalf of EPA, has
aggressively pursued an interpretation of Section 113(c)(2)(C) the Clean Air Act
that creates the risk of criminal liability for OBD issues. This presentation will
review the legislative history of the Act, the thinking behind EPA’s
interpretation, potential areas of exposure in dealing with EPA and CARB, and
best practices for managing risk.
Justin A. Savage, Richard Alonso, Sidley Austin LLP
11:30 a.m. ORAL ONLY Challenges in Developing a Conversion Efficiency Monitor for US
LD/MD Diesel Applications with Two NOx Catalysts in Series
The demand to meet ever more stringent targets for emissions and CO2 leads to
the introduction in Diesel applications of additional NOx aftertreatment catalysts in
series.
This presentation will provide an update on GM experience about NOx catalyst
conversion efficiency monitor on US Light/Medium duty applications with two NOx
catalysts in series.
Current LD OBDII regulation allows OEMs to choose to monitor NOx catalysts
individually, or in combination with each other. Depending on the selected
approach, BPU definitions and corresponding catalysts aging approach can be
determined accordingly. GM/CARB interpretations of regulatory language will be
discussed.
Additionally, an update of CARB discussions related to this topic will be provided.

Francesco Siano, GM Global Propulsion Systems; Igor Anilovich, General


Motors
12:00 p.m. ORAL ONLY Diesel Particulate Filter Diagnostics Using Soot Sensors – In-
Vehicle Benchmarking Results
Ricardo has been developing an algorithm for Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
diagnostics using soot sensors and independently benchmarking sensors of
different types from different suppliers. The algorithm is designed to operate with
both accumulator type as well as continuous type soot sensors. Initial results
presented at a 2015 SAE OBD Symposium showed the algorithm could
effectively detect a failed DPF component. </p>
Benchmarking evaluation results for accumulator-type Particulate Matter (PM)
sensors from three different suppliers were presented at another SAE OBD
Symposium in 2017, under a controlled laboratory environment with the following
parameters being varied: Particle diameter (monodisperse and polydisperse),
Particle concentration, Gas flow rate, and Temperature. The presentation shared
some of the problems that were encountered when using these types of sensors
at low levels of soot concentration. Due to these problems, and although the
results confirmed findings reported by others that accumulator type soot sensors
have practical challenges of measuring at low soot concentrations, it was
concluded that further work was required to develop reliability and robustness of
the algorithm. </p>
In this final presentation in the series, the results of benchmarking the three
accumulator-type PM sensors in-vehicle will be presented. The presentation will
collate the salient points from previous presentations and provide a conclusion
based on results of how these sensors have performed when subjected to
nominally identical vehicle operating conditions. The metric of judging
effectiveness is accuracy, repeatability, and noise when used to provide input to
the OBD monitor algorithm presented previously. The presentation will show the
clear variability in performance between the sensors. The effect of this variability
is that performance of DPF failure detection monitors will be affected to a
significant extent by the selected sensor – even if the underlying sensor
technology is the same.

Hector Sindano, Ricardo UK, Ltd.


12:30 p.m. ORAL ONLY Thursday Networking Lunch
1:30 p.m. ORAL ONLY Upcoming OBD Challenges Associated with Ultra-Low-NOx
Emission Standards
Regulators and environmental protection agencies around the globe are
tightening up
tailpipe emission requirements and challenging the technological status-quo in all
market
segments. Additionally, in the US, OBD regulations are drawing attention to the
importance of
robust engine and aftertreatment controls as well precise and accurate decisions
from the onboard
diagnostic system. Narrowing the gap between the tailpipe emission standards
and OBD
limits, by default, challenges the established WPA-BPU separation while the
increased durability
requirements dictates how much freedom the engineering team has within the
regulatory
boundaries.
This presentation will focus first on how a few existing, traditional OBD diagnostic
methods
are challenged due to the regulatory changes and how these can be improved
with various
methods to meet the OBD requirements. We will discuss underlying model
accuracy targets,
dynamic enable conditions and proper validation methods among other items. It
will be discussed
how the regulatory environment is changing regarding BPU part descriptions: how
the expanding
knowledge base on real-world failed parts can help to build better, more complex
BPU part
definitions and specifications. A new, simulation-based WPA-BPU tool will also
be showcased,
making in-field OBD validation quicker and easier using real-world conditions.
Recognizing the
technological challenge in meeting the ultra-low NOx emission targets, several
so-called enabling
technologies are being investigated and considered to minimize tailpipe
emissions. A few of these
new aftertreatment devices may invoke complex and new OBD strategies which
will be discussed.
Finally, as it is being recognized how gasoline and diesel technologies are being
pushed closer
and closer, a DPF-GPF OBD system comparison will be provided.
Tamas Szailer, FEV Inc.
3:45 p.m. BREAK

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