J | 2.2 ISOTOPES Figure 2.3 shows B and B Can you identify three similarities and two diflerences in these atoms? ‘You will find. (2) Both the atoms have same number of protons. (0) Both the atoms have same number of electrons. (¢) Both have same atomic number. (€) Both have different number of nevtrons, ‘ (€)Both ciffer in total number of protons and | ‘neutron. This means they have different mass, numbers, ‘Since both the atoms have the same atomic number. they must be the atoms of same element and are called isotopes. The word isotope was first used by Soddy. lis @ Greek word Isotopes are atoms of an element whose nuclei have the same atomic number but ifferent mass number. This is because atoms of an element can differ in the number of ‘Reutrons. \sotopes are chemically alike and differ in their physical properties. How does the discovery of isotopes Isotopes of Hydrogen Hycrogen has three isotopes. Hydrogen 1 (Prot) has no neutron. Almost all he hydrogen is Hydrogen 1.Its symbol is |H Hydrogen 2 (deuterium) has one neutron and hydrogen 3 (Trtwum) nas two neutrons. Their symbols are 7H and |H respectively Because hydrogen 1 also known aa protium has only one proton, adding @ neutron doubles it mass.Protium | Hydrogen isa colourless, odour ‘highly inflammable gas. Water that contain hydrogen 2 atoms in place of hydrogen 1 is called heavy water. Table2.1 Shows some physical properties of ordinary waler and heavy water. ‘Table 2:1 - Comparision of ordinary water and heavy water. ‘AL what temperature would a sample of heavy water treez? Naturaty qgayring hydrogen consi SR protium, Deuterum. Tetum ‘adioactive and 1s rare. Trin 4s not found in naturally occurring hydrogen because its nucleus ‘unstable Isotopes of Carbon ‘Carbon has tee inctopes. Carbon 12, embon 13 id eatbon 14. Almost all the carbon fe ‘carbon 12. tts aymbol in'7C. has six neutrons and six protons, Carton 13 har aymbot 'C.tt has: ‘seven neutrons and six protons, Carton 14 has eight neutrons and six protons. Ms symbols “SC. Ditterent forms of carbon are black or gieyish black solids except ciamond. They are ‘odourloss and tasteless, They have high meting and boling points and are insoluble in water. Carbon has three isotopes CPC. YCFigure 2.6 shows incomplete structure of ictopes of €arbon. Can you complete #? ‘Natural abundance of | of carbon Is ‘solopes a8 BO=IS%, POLIS, YC=0.000% ‘Isotopes of Chlorine ‘There are two natural isotopes of chiotine, chlotine 96 and chlorine 37. An atom of ‘chlorine 35 has 17 protons and 18 noutrons. An atom of chiorine 37 has 17 protons and 20 ‘neutrons. Chlorine 36 occurs in nature about 75% and chlorine 37 about 25%. Chlorine is a ‘reyish yellow gas with sharp pungent iitating smelt i fairly soluble in water‘Traniumhas tive isolopes with mass number 238, 295 and 256 especiveh eu, gu. gu The © Ulsotope Is used in nuclear reactors and atomic bombs, whereas the <'U ‘isotope lacks the properties necessary for hese applications. «Vis rare. Natural abundance ‘of Urankim isotopes i628 follows: BU = 006%, 210 = 0.72% 210 =99.27% Fi inthe blanks? $Unas___protons, __ electrons and_neutrons PU hes __protons,__ electrons end _neutrons @'U has protons, __ electrons and_neutrons When uranium 238 decays into torlum 234, it emits alpha parce. An alpha parce is doubly positively charged helm nucleus, Wo SM je ‘The fission of uranium 235 velds smaller nucte, neution and enerty. The nuctear eneray ‘eased by the fission of one kilogram of uranium 235 Is equivalent to chemical energy ‘produces by buming more than 17000 kg of coal (Chemical properties ofan element depend upon tne number of protons and electrons. [Neutrons do nol take part in ordinary chemical reactions. Therefore, isotopes of an element have similar chemical properies. 2.2.2 Uses of Isotopes Stable and radioactive botopes have many sppicabons in science and megicnes. Same of hese a8 a follows (Radioactive iodine -131 is used as a racer in diagnosing thyroid problem.| 2 Sucre of Atoms )_Na-2é Is used to Wace the flow of Blood and detect possible constrictions or obstructions inthe erculatory system )tosine- 3 Is used to mage the train (v)Cobalt.60 is commonly used to inadiate cancer Cells inthe hope of kiting or shrinking the tumors. (©) Carbon-14 is used to trace the path of carton in photosynthesis. (wi) Radioactive isotopes are used to determine the molecular sttucture e.g. sulphur-35 has been used in the stucure determinaton of thiosuiphate, §, * fon (vi) Radioactive isotopes are also used to study ne mechanism of chemcat reacvons (vil) Radioactive isotopes are used to date rocks, sats, archaeological objects. and mummies 2.3ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION To understane electronic configuration, you should know about shel and sub-shetls 2.3.1 Shells {he circular pate cated shes or orbits. Each shellhas a fed energy. So each she i ao cated energy level Each abel e deserve by an naive. when, n= 1itisk shel f= 2.itiel shel = 3,itieM shel etc As the value of nincreases the distance of electron from the nucleus and energy of the ‘sell increases. 2.3.2Sub-Shells ‘A shell or energy level is sub divided into sub-shels or sub-energy levels. valve of a ‘sells placed before the symbol for a sub-shel. For instance ‘n= 4, for K shall. Ithas onty one sub-shell which as represented by 1s For L shell n=2, L shel has two sub-shell, these are designated as 28 and 2p. For M shell n =3 So M shell has 3 sub-shells calles 3s , 3pand 34. While N shel has 4s, 4p, 44 and 4f sub-shell. $8 sub shell can accommodate maximum 2 electrons sub-shell can accommodate maximum 6 electrons.‘The increasing order of energy ofthe sub-shels belonging to different shels is given below. ‘The arrangement of electrons in sub-shellsiscalledas the electronic configuration. ‘We can filthe electrons present in varius elements by using Auf Bau Principle. According to this principle, electrons fill the lowest energy sub-shell that is available first This means ‘electron wil fl first ts, hen 2s, hen 2p and soon. 2.3.3 Electronic Configuration of First 18 Elements. Electronic configuration is the distribution of elecirons among the diferent sub- ‘shalis of an atom. We can do ts by isting the symtol for he occupied subs-shels one after _ancher. Stow the number of electrons in the sub-shel as a superscript to each symbol. Because the energies of sub-set increase inthe over, 18,28, 2p, 38, 3p (a nccate secon 22-1), the frst fhe sub-shels fl in that ower. Hydrogen has atomic number 1. So It has only one ‘electron that wil cccupy lowest energy sub-shell 1. The elecroric cantguraton of Hi 13 Holm has atomicnumber 2, s9 thas two electons. Since sub-shel can accommodate two electrons, so elecroricconfguraton of He's 187. ‘Umum has atomic number 3, $0 has tree etecrons, two wl fits sub-shell anc one 2s sub-she. So eectronc confguraton of Liis 18°28! ‘Berylium has atomic rumber 4 0 it has four electrons. Two of these electrons go intots ‘sub-shell and two wil goto 2s sub-shell Thus electronic configuration of Beis 1525 ‘Once 2s sub-helis filed, the 2p sub-stel begs tof. 2p sub-shel{can hold maximum 6 eoctons. So next si elements wil have configuration in which 2p sub-shell wil be rogressively flee. Therefore. these elements wil have fofowing electronic configuration. D =1s2559) wc = 62037 N =ie2e3y 0 =i 2"39° aE =m aNen ep ‘Aner 2p has completely tied the additonal electrons wil fi 3s sub-shell, s0 electonic ‘coniguraton of Na & hg would be ha = 1892820138" sag = 18'28°29/38?Structure of Ato ‘Afior 3s has completely fled Sp sub-shell begins to fil So next six elements have ‘electronic configuration by ting 3p sub-shell rte the complete electroric configuration forthe following elements AX (atomic number 13) Si (atomic number 14) P (atomic number 15) (atomic number 16) (atomic number 17) Ar (atomic number 18) Figure 2.10 shows the electronic cenfiguraton in the sub-shell last occupied for the first eighteen elements. a Figure 210Valence shell coniquaton of firs 18 lemants Self-Assessment Ex: Wie the electronic configuration forthe folowing isotopes @ FC.) FC. Rutherford proposed a planetary model for an atom. The nucieus ofan atom is composed (of protons. The electrons surround the nudleus ard occupy mos! of the volume of the atom. According In fixed circular orbits called shells Eneray is absorbed when an electron jumps to a higher energy ofbit and emited when an electron fals into lower energy orbitStucture of Atoms: nz Isotopes are atoms of an element that der inthe number of neutrons. isotope is used in nuclear reactors and atomic bombs. Radioactive isotopes have many applications in science and medicines such as kiling ‘cancer cells, iagnosng thyroM problem, to Image the brain, to detect obstruction in the ‘Giculatory system, to date rocks, sols, mummies etc. ‘A shell or energy level is civided into sub-shell ‘The arrangement of electrons in sub-shelis ie called as the electronic configuration ‘According fo the Auf Bau Princple, electons fil the lowest energy levels fiat [REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION B Ear and LOR Wilerd, Introducion to Advanced Chemistry lan Brand and Richard Grime, Chemisty (11-14), Orencs Encircle the correct answer: 0 ® wy, Ww ” wo ) ay ‘According to Boh atomic model (a) Each orbit has fixed energy. 50 each ort is called sub-eneray level (©) The energy of the action is inversely proportional to ts cistanca from the ruceus (©) Lghtis absorbed when an electron jumps a lowe eneray orbit (4) The further the election is trom the rucous, the more energy it has. CChiorine has two isotopes, both of which have (a) same mass umber {(b) same number of neutrons, {) ddferent numberof protons (4) same number of electrons. ‘Number of neutrons in iM are (a3 ea (a7 os ‘Which isotope Is commonly used to irradiate cancer celts? (a) odine-123—(b)Carbon-14(¢)Cobal-69 (4) lodine-131 M shel has sub-shell: (a) 18,28 (0)2s, 2p (€)38,3p.94 (4) 18,28, 38 ‘A sub-ahel that can accommodate 6 electrons is (as we (op wr WN has electronic coniguration: (a) 18°20"38' ——(b) 18282" ——_(e) te" 28*Zptset (4) 15°Z0"apSs! Rutherford used __ particles in his experiments (a) He atoms (B) He* (e)Her? (a) Hee— © zener otsoms (te) Which of he following statement i not comect about isotopes? (@) they have same atomic number —_(b) they have same number of protons. (6) they have same chemical properties (¢) they have same physical properties (®) Which isotope is used in nuctear reactors? (@)U-234 (0) U238 (ouzss (6) Atof nese 2. Give short answors }) Distinguish between shell and sub-shell 1) Why an atom s electrically neutra’? li) How many sub-shelis are there inN shel |v) Give notation for sub-shels of M shel ¥)—_Ust the sub-shell of M Shel in oer of increasing energy \) Can you identity an atom without knowing numberof neutrons iW? 3. The olectronic configurations Isted are incorrect. Explain what mistake have been ‘made in each and write corect electronic configuration. x= 182s'zp'99" y= 185Z8'2p" 22> 1828"2p'36" 4. Which orbital in each of the following pairs is lower in energy? () 2s, 2p (0) 3p, 2p (6) 98, 48 5. protons and neutrons: (a) Potassium (Atomic No 19, Mass No.38) _(b) Silicon (Atomic No. 14 Mass No. 28) (c) Argon (Atomic No. 18 Mass No. 39 ) 6. Write electronic configuration for the following elements: 281 Ms ei a)" © @ 7. Describe the contribution that Rutherford made to the development of the atomic theory. 8. Describe the presence of sub sholts in a shell. 10. State the importance and uses of Isotopes In various fields of life 11. Tho atomic number of an element is 23 and its mass number is 58. a. How many protons and electons does an atom af this elemert have? '. Howmany neutrons does this atom have? 42. The atomic symbol of aluminum is written as Al. What information do you get from it? 13. How the prevailing theories about testing bring changes in atomic theories? 14. How experimental results of some scientists help chemist to formulate new theores and new explanation.S22 structure of Atoms a et 15. 7: 18: M-24 Is a tadicactive isotope used to diagnose restricted blood circulation, for example in legs. How many electrons, protons and neutrons are there in this isotope. Valence shell electronic configuration of Mis 3s". Two Isotopes of chlorine are /\Cland Cl. How da these isotopes difer? How are they atke? How many electrons can be placed in all of the sub-Shelis in the n=2 shell? Mass number of an atom indicates total number of proions and neutrons in the: ucleus. Can you identify an atom without any neutron? The table shows the nuclei of five different atoms. Name of Number of Number of atom Protons neutrons. a 5 o B € 6 c e 7 5 7 7 E a e ‘a. Which atom has the highest mass number? 'b, Which two atoms are isotopes? (6 Which atom has the least number of electrons? 4. ‘Which atom will have electronic configuration 18%2s*2p° ‘&. Which of the atom contains the most number of electrons? ‘Naturally occurring nitrogen has two isotopes N-14 and N-15 select isotope that has ‘greater number of electrons.