Department of Mechanical Engineering

MECHANICS OF MACHINES
LAB REPORTS

SUBMITTED TO:
Sir Muhammad Rashid Sajid

SUBMITTED BY:
Ali Jawad Naqvi
2019-ME-127
Section-C

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE
2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

EXPERIMENT #1
“TO BALANCE A SINGLE DISTURBING MASS BY A SINGLE BALANCING
MASS ROTATING AT SAME RADIUS IN THE SAME PLANE”

OBJECTIVE:
To balance a disturbing mass by a balancing mass by rotating at same radii in same
plane.
APPARATUS:
 Frame with springs
 Rotating Shaft
 Motor for Power Supply
 Disks marked with specific radii and degree slots
 Belt and Pulley
 Different Weights in lbs.
 Nuts and Bolts
PROCEDURE:
1. Frist of all arrange the apparatus.
2. Mount md weight on disk at outer slot at θd degrees.
3. The md weight is that weight for which balancing is to be done.
4. Now we will mount the balancing weight.
5. Mount mb weight on disk at outer slot at θb degrees.
6. Turn on power supply of motor and check movement of the hanging frame.
7. If there is no or very little movement then the shaft is balanced otherwise
reconsider your calculations.
8. I repeated the same process for 4 times with different weights and angles.

CALCULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS:

md = Disturbing mass
rd = Radius of rotating of disturbing mass
mb = Balancing mass
rb = Radius of rotation of balancing mass
θd = Angle of the disturbing mass
θb = Angle of the balancing mass

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 2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

The centrifugal force acting on the mass md is,

2
F Cd =md r d ω

The centrifugal force due to mass mb is:

2
F Cb=mb r b ω

F Cd =F Cb

2 2
md r d ω =mb r b ω

md r d =mb r b

θb = θd + 180

md θd rd mdrd mb θb rb mbrb
Sr No.
(lbs.) (degrees) (in) (lbs.in) (lbs.) (degrees) (in) (lbs.in)

1. 1 0 5 5 1 180 5 5

2. 1.25 40 4 5 1.25 220 4 5

3. 1.5 60 3 4.5 1.5 240 3 4.5

4. 2 120 4 8 2 300 4 8

THEORY:

BALANCING
Balancing is a process used in machines to eliminate the effects of static and
dynamic forces acting on the machine components. It is defined as a process for
modifying the design of machine or part in a way to reduce unbalance to an
acceptable level, the level which is sufficient to cause any catastrophic accident or
incident in machine or part.
NEED FOR BALANCING:
Whenever we make a component that executes rotational motion then the mass
distribution plays a very keen role. We try our best to achieve uniform mass
distribution so that the component can rotate freely without producing any
disturbance due to net force. To make a rotating part disturbance free, we need to

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2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

counter this net force which is produced due to the rotation. Then counterweights
are added to counter the net force and make the rotating body disturbance free.
It is to be noted that each part produces are an individual case, in that no two parts
can normally be expected to require the same corrective measures. Usually,
balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the Centre of rotation. For
a system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be close
in order to prevent the effect of centrifugal force.
There are two types of forces which act on machines component. These are static
forces due to the weight of the body and dynamic forces due to its acceleration.

STATIC BALANCING
A system is said to be statically balanced if the centre of mass of component and
axis of rotation coincide i.e., the resultant of all the centrifugal forces action on
system is zero. This makes the object to remain stationary without any application
of braking force. A body in static balance has no tendency to rotate due to the force
of gravity.
If static unbalance is present, it can be corrected by either drilling out the material
at the place of unbalance or by adding material at 180 degrees from the unbalance
position. As amount of unbalance is unknown, the correction magnitude can be
found by hit and trial method. Static balancing can also be done by machines such
as a pendulum machines which tilts if our body is unbalance and tells us the location
and magnitude of unbalance.

DYNAMIC BALANCING
A system is said to be dynamically balanced if:
 The resultant of all the dynamic forces acting on system is zero.
 The resultant of all the couple’s acting on system is zero.

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2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

In this method, we balance the moving parts of a machine, or any other rotating
parts by rotating these parts at high speeds. When we do this, we can gain a
measurement of the unbalance within each individual rotating component.

BALANCING ADVANTAGES
 Reduces unwanted vibrations
 Reduces unwanted noise produced due to vibrations
 Lowers the danger of accidents due to constant vibrations
 Improves life cycle of the Machine
CONCLUSION:
In machines and different mechanisms fast, rotating components are present now-
a-day. When a body is revolving at a very high speed, it should be balanced.
Otherwise, it will produce vibration resulting in discomfort as well as noise pollution
and making the machine destructive or reducing the life cycle of component or
mechanism bearing the rotating parts. The unbalance creates stress concentration
on bearing and other attached components and thus should be minimized as much
as possible. This procedure is referred as balancing of rotating masses and is always
kept in mind while designing the component.
While making the component, the use of large wights should be avoided to avoid
sudden jerks in apparatus. The weights should be properly tightened otherwise they
may cause damage to the person performing the experiment or person in the
vicinity of apparatus. All the weights should be fastened on the same side of
rotating disc to properly balance the apparatus.

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2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

EXPERIMENT #2
“To balance a single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating
at different radius in the same plane”

OBJECTIVE:
To balance a disturbing mass by a balancing mass by rotating at different radii in
same plane.
APPARATUS:
 Frame with springs
 Rotating Shaft
 Motor for Power Supply
 Disks marked with specific radii and degree slots
 Belt and Pulley
 Different Weights in lbs.
 Nuts and Bolts
PROCEDURE:
1. Frist of all arrange the apparatus.
2. Mount md weight on disk at outer slot at θd degrees.
3. The md weight is that weight for which balancing is to be done.
4. Now we will mount the balancing weight.
5. Mount mb weight on disk at outer slot at θb degrees.
6. Turn on power supply of motor and check movement of the hanging frame.
7. If there is no or very little movement then the shaft is balanced otherwise
reconsider your calculations.
8. I repeated the same process for 4 times with different weights and angles.

CALCULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS:

md = Disturbing mass
rd = Radius of rotating of disturbing mass
mb = Balancing mass
rb = Radius of rotation of balancing mass
θd = Angle of the disturbing mass
θb = Angle of the balancing mass

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 2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

The centrifugal force acting on the mass md is,

2
F C d=md r d ω

The centrifugal force due to mass mb is:

2
F C b=mb r b ω

F C d=F Cb

2 2
md r d ω =mb r b ω

md r d =mb r b

mb=md r d/r b

θb = θd + 180

md θd rd mdrd mb θb rb mbrb
Sr No.
(lbs.) (degrees) (in) (lbs.in) (lbs.) (degrees) (in) (lbs.in)

1. 1.5 60 4 6 1.2 240 5 6

2. 0.20 100 5 1 0.25 280 4 1

3. 1 40 3 3 0.75 220 4 3

4. 0.5 80 3 1.5 0.3 260 5 1.5

THEORY:

BALANCING
Balancing is a process used in machines to eliminate the effects of static and
dynamic forces acting on the machine components. It is defined as a process for
modifying the design of machine or part in a way to reduce unbalance to an
acceptable level, the level which is sufficient to cause any catastrophic accident or
incident in machine or part.
NEED FOR BALANCING:
Whenever we make a component that executes rotational motion then the mass
distribution plays a very keen role. We try our best to achieve uniform mass

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2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

distribution so that the component can rotate freely without producing any
disturbance due to net force. To make a rotating part disturbance free, we need to
counter this net force which is produced due to the rotation. Then counterweights
are added to counter the net force and make the rotating body disturbance free.
It is to be noted that each part produces are an individual case, in that no two parts
can normally be expected to require the same corrective measures. Usually,
balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the Centre of rotation. For
a system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be close
in order to prevent the effect of centrifugal force.
There are two types of forces which act on machines component. These are static
forces due to the weight of the body and dynamic forces due to its acceleration.

STATIC BALANCING
A system is said to be statically balanced if the centre of mass of component and
axis of rotation coincide i.e., the resultant of all the centrifugal forces action on
system is zero. This makes the object to remain stationary without any application
of braking force. A body in static balance has no tendency to rotate due to the force
of gravity.
If static unbalance is present, it can be corrected by either drilling out the material
at the place of unbalance or by adding material at 180 degrees from the unbalance
position. As amount of unbalance is unknown, the correction magnitude can be
found by hit and trial method. Static balancing can also be done by machines such
as a pendulum machines which tilts if our body is unbalance and tells us the location
and magnitude of unbalance.

DYNAMIC BALANCING

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2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

A system is said to be dynamically balanced if:

 The resultant of all the dynamic forces acting on system is zero.
 The resultant of all the couple’s acting on system is zero.
In this method, we balance the moving parts of a machine, or any other rotating
parts by rotating these parts at high speeds. When we do this, we can gain a
measurement of the unbalance within each individual rotating component.

BALANCING ADVANTAGES
 Reduces unwanted vibrations
 Reduces unwanted noise produced due to vibrations
 Lowers the danger of accidents due to constant vibrations
 Improves life cycle of the Machine
CONCLUSION:
In machines and different mechanisms fast, rotating components are present now-
a-day. When a body is revolving at a very high speed, it should be balanced.
Otherwise, it will produce vibration resulting in discomfort as well as noise pollution
and making the machine destructive or reducing the life cycle of component or
mechanism bearing the rotating parts. The unbalance creates stress concentration
on bearing and other attached components and thus should be minimized as much
as possible. This procedure is referred as balancing of rotating masses and is always
kept in mind while designing the component.
While making the component, the use of large wights should be avoided to avoid
sudden jerks in apparatus. The weights should be properly tightened otherwise they
may cause damage to the person performing the experiment or person in the
vicinity of apparatus. All the weights should be fastened on the same side of
rotating disc to properly balance the apparatus.

EXPERIMENT #3

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 2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

“TO BALANCE TWO DISTURBING MASSES ROTATING AT SAME RADIUS

BY A SINGLE BALANCING MASS ROTATING IN THE SAME PLANE”

OBJECTIVE:
To balance two disturbing masses by a balancing mass by rotating at same radii in
same plane.
APPARATUS:
 Frame with springs
 Rotating Shaft
 Motor for Power Supply
 Disks marked with specific radii and degree slots
 Belt and Pulley
 Different Weights in lbs.
 Nuts and Bolts
PROCEDURE:
1. Frist of all arrange the apparatus.
2. Mount m1 weight on disk at outer slot at θ1 degrees.
3. Mount m2 weight on disk at outer slot at θ2 degrees.
4. The m1 and m2 weights are those for which balancing is to be done.
5. Now we will mount the balancing weight.
6. Mount mb weight on disk at outer slot at θb degrees.
7. Turn on power supply of motor and check movement of the hanging frame.
8. If there is no or very little movement then the shaft is balanced otherwise
reconsider your calculations.
9. I repeated the same process for 4 times with different weights and angles.

CALCULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS:

Centrifugal force exerted by each mass on the wheel

2
F C 1=m1 r 1 ω

2
F C 2=m2 r 2 ω

2
F C b=mb r b ω

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 2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

Resultant centrifugal force for disturbing masses

2
H=(m1 r 1 cos θ 1+ m2 r 2 cos θ2 )ω

2
V =(m1 r 1 sin θ1 +m2 r 2 sin θ2 )ω

FCd = √ H 2+ V 2

Magnitude of balancing mass

FCd = mb r b ω2

resultant angle (θ d) of the two disturbing masses

θ d = tan
−1
( VH )
angle (θ b) at which the balancing mass must be placed

θ b = θ d + 180

m1 r1 θ1 m2 r2 θ2 H V Fb rb θd m dr d mb rb θb
Sr.
no. (in (degr (in (degr (degrees
(lb.) (lb.) (lb.in) (lb.in) (lb.in) (degrees) (lb.in) (lb.) (in)
) ees) ) ees) )

1 0.5 3 15 0.5 3 140 0.30 1.35 1.39 77.5 1.39 0.46 3 257.5

2 0.5 5 30 0.2 5 130 1.52 2.02 2.53 52.94 2.53 0.51 5 232.94

3 1 4 80 1.5 4 150 -4.50 6.94 8.27 -57.03 8.27 2.07 4 122.97

4 1.5 3 90 0.75 3 180 -2.25 4.50 5.03 -63.43 5.03 1.68 3 116.57

THEORY:

BALANCING
Balancing is a process used in machines to eliminate the effects of static and
dynamic forces acting on the machine components. It is defined as a process for
modifying the design of machine or part in a way to reduce unbalance to an
acceptable level, the level which is sufficient to cause any catastrophic accident or
incident in machine or part.

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2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

NEED FOR BALANCING:

Whenever we make a component that executes rotational motion then the mass
distribution plays a very keen role. We try our best to achieve uniform mass
distribution so that the component can rotate freely without producing any
disturbance due to net force. To make a rotating part disturbance free, we need to
counter this net force which is produced due to the rotation. Then counterweights
are added to counter the net force and make the rotating body disturbance free.
It is to be noted that each part produces are an individual case, in that no two parts
can normally be expected to require the same corrective measures. Usually,
balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the Centre of rotation. For
a system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be close
to prevent the effect of centrifugal force.
There are two types of forces which act on machines component. These are static
forces due to the weight of the body and dynamic forces due to its acceleration.

STATIC BALANCING
A system is said to be statically balanced if the center of mass of component and
axis of rotation coincide i.e., the resultant of all the centrifugal forces action on
system is zero. This makes the object to remain stationary without any application
of braking force. A body in static balance has no tendency to rotate due to the force
of gravity.
If static unbalance is present, it can be corrected by either drilling out the material
at the place of unbalance or by adding material at 180 degrees from the unbalance
position. As amount of unbalance is unknown, the correction magnitude can be
found by hit and trial method. Static balancing can also be done by machines such
as a pendulum machines which tilts if our body is unbalance and tells us the location
and magnitude of unbalance.

DYNAMIC BALANCING

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2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

A system is said to be dynamically balanced if:

 The resultant of all the dynamic forces acting on system is zero.
 The resultant of all the couple’s acting on system is zero.
In this method, we balance the moving parts of a machine, or any other rotating
parts by rotating these parts at high speeds. When we do this, we can gain a
measurement of the unbalance within each individual rotating component.

BALANCING ADVANTAGES
 Reduces unwanted vibrations
 Reduces unwanted noise produced due to vibrations
 Lowers the danger of accidents due to constant vibrations
 Improves life cycle of the Machine
CONCLUSION:
In machines and different mechanisms fast, rotating components are present now-
a-day. When a body is revolving at a very high speed, it should be balanced.
Otherwise, it will produce vibration resulting in discomfort as well as noise pollution
and making the machine destructive or reducing the life cycle of component or
mechanism bearing the rotating parts. The unbalance creates stress concentration
on bearing and other attached components and thus should be minimized as much
as possible. This procedure is referred as balancing of rotating masses and is always
kept in mind while designing the component.
While making the component, the use of large wights should be avoided to avoid
sudden jerks in apparatus. The weights should be properly tightened otherwise they
may cause damage to the person performing the experiment or person in the
vicinity of apparatus. All the weights should be fastened on the same side of
rotating disc to properly balance the apparatus.

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 2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

EXPERIMENT #4
“TO BALANCE TWO DISTURBING MASSES ROTATING AT DIFFERENT

RADII BY A SINGLE BALANCING MASS ROTATING IN THE SAME PLANE”

OBJECTIVE:
To balance two disturbing masses by a balancing mass by rotating at different radii
in same plane.
APPARATUS:
 Frame with springs
 Rotating Shaft
 Motor for Power Supply
 Disks marked with specific radii and degree slots
 Belt and Pulley
 Different Weights in lbs.
 Nuts and Bolts
PROCEDURE:
1. Frist of all arrange the apparatus.
2. Mount m1 weight on disk at outer slot at θ1 degrees.
3. Mount m2 weight on disk at outer slot at θ2 degrees.
4. The m1 and m2 weights are those for which balancing is to be done.
5. Now we will mount the balancing weight.
6. Mount mb weight on disk at outer slot at θb degrees.
7. Turn on power supply of motor and check movement of the hanging frame.
8. If there is no or very little movement then the shaft is balanced otherwise
reconsider your calculations.
9. I repeated the same process for 4 times with different weights and angles.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
Centrifugal force exerted by each mass on the wheel

2
F C 1=m1 r 1 ω

2
F C 2=m2 r 2 ω

2
F C b=mb r b ω

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 2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

Resultant centrifugal force for disturbing masses

2
H=(m1 r 1 cos θ 1+ m2 r 2 cos θ2 )ω

2
V =(m1 r 1 sin θ1 +m2 r 2 sin θ2 )ω

FCd = √ H 2+ V 2

Magnitude of balancing mass

FCd = mb r b ω2

resultant angle (θ d) of the two disturbing masses

θ d = tan
−1
( VH )
angle (θ b) at which the balancing mass must be placed

θ b = θ d + 180

m1 r1 θ1 m2 r2 θ2 H V Fb rb θd mdrd mb rb θb
Sr.
no. (degr (degr
(lb.) (in) (lb.) (in) (lb.in) (lb.in) (lb.in) (degrees) (lb.in) (lb.) (in) (degrees)
ees) ees)

1 0.5 3 30 1 5 60 3.80 5.08 6.34 53.21 6.34 2.11 3 233.21

2 0.5 4 60 0.2 3 180 0.40 1.73 1.78 77.00 1.78 0.44 4 257

3 1 4 80 1.5 3 190 -3.74 3.16 4.89 -40.20 4.89 0.98 5 139.80

4 1 3 90 1.5 4 200 -5.64 0.95 5.72 -9.54 5.72 1.14 5 170.46

THEORY:

BALANCING
Balancing is a process used in machines to eliminate the effects of static and
dynamic forces acting on the machine components. It is defined as a process for
modifying the design of machine or part in a way to reduce unbalance to an
acceptable level, the level which is sufficient to cause any catastrophic accident or
incident in machine or part.

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2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

NEED FOR BALANCING:

Whenever we make a component that executes rotational motion then the mass
distribution plays a very keen role. We try our best to achieve uniform mass
distribution so that the component can rotate freely without producing any
disturbance due to net force. To make a rotating part disturbance free, we need to
counter this net force which is produced due to the rotation. Then counterweights
are added to counter the net force and make the rotating body disturbance free.
It is to be noted that each part produces are an individual case, in that no two parts
can normally be expected to require the same corrective measures. Usually,
balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the Centre of rotation. For
a system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be close
to prevent the effect of centrifugal force.
There are two types of forces which act on machines component. These are static
forces due to the weight of the body and dynamic forces due to its acceleration.

STATIC BALANCING
A system is said to be statically balanced if the center of mass of component and
axis of rotation coincide i.e., the resultant of all the centrifugal forces action on
system is zero. This makes the object to remain stationary without any application
of braking force. A body in static balance has no tendency to rotate due to the force
of gravity.
If static unbalance is present, it can be corrected by either drilling out the material
at the place of unbalance or by adding material at 180 degrees from the unbalance
position. As amount of unbalance is unknown, the correction magnitude can be
found by hit and trial method. Static balancing can also be done by machines such
as a pendulum machines which tilts if our body is unbalance and tells us the location
and magnitude of unbalance.

DYNAMIC BALANCING

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2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

A system is said to be dynamically balanced if:

 The resultant of all the dynamic forces acting on system is zero.
 The resultant of all the couple’s acting on system is zero.
In this method, we balance the moving parts of a machine, or any other rotating
parts by rotating these parts at high speeds. When we do this, we can gain a
measurement of the unbalance within each individual rotating component.

BALANCING ADVANTAGES
 Reduces unwanted vibrations
 Reduces unwanted noise produced due to vibrations
 Lowers the danger of accidents due to constant vibrations
 Improves life cycle of the Machine
CONCLUSION:
In machines and different mechanisms fast, rotating components are present now-
a-day. When a body is revolving at a very high speed, it should be balanced.
Otherwise, it will produce vibration resulting in discomfort as well as noise pollution
and making the machine destructive or reducing the life cycle of component or
mechanism bearing the rotating parts. The unbalance creates stress concentration
on bearing and other attached components and thus should be minimized as much
as possible. This procedure is referred as balancing of rotating masses and is always
kept in mind while designing the component.
While making the component, the use of large wights should be avoided to avoid
sudden jerks in apparatus. The weights should be properly tightened otherwise they
may cause damage to the person performing the experiment or person in the
vicinity of apparatus. All the weights should be fastened on the same side of
rotating disc to properly balance the apparatus.

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 2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

EXPERIMENT #5
“TO BALANCE THREE DISTURBING MASSES BY A SINGLE BALANCING
MASS ROTATING AT SAME RADII IN THE SAME PLANE”

OBJECTIVE:
To balance three disturbing masses by a balancing mass by rotating at same radii in
same plane.
APPARATUS:
 Frame with springs
 Rotating Shaft
 Motor for Power Supply
 Disks marked with specific radii and degree slots
 Belt and Pulley
 Different Weights in lbs.
 Nuts and Bolts
PROCEDURE:
1. Frist of all arrange the apparatus.
2. Mount m1 weight on disk at outer slot at θ1 degrees.
3. Mount m2 weight on disk at outer slot at θ2 degrees.
4. Mount m3 weight on disk at outer slot at θ3 degrees.
5. The m1, m2 and m3 weights are those for which balancing is to be done.
6. Now we will mount the balancing weight.
7. Mount mb weight on disk at outer slot at θb degrees.
8. Turn on power supply of motor and check movement of the hanging frame.
9. If there is no or very little movement then the shaft is balanced otherwise
reconsider your calculations.
10.I repeated the same process for 4 times with different weights and angles.

CALCULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS:

Centrifugal force exerted by each mass on the wheel

2
F C 1=m1 r 1 ω

2
F C 2=m2 r 2 ω

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 2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

2
F C 3=m3 r 3 ω

2
F C b=mb r b ω

Resultant centrifugal force for disturbing masses

2
H=(m1 r 1 cos θ 1+ m2 r 2 cos θ2 +m3 r 3 cos θ 3)ω

2
V =(m1 r 1 sin θ1 +m2 r 2 sin θ2 +m3 r 3 sinθ 3)ω

FCd = √ H 2+ V 2

Magnitude of balancing mass

FCd = mb r b ω2

resultant angle (θ d) of the two disturbing masses

θ d = tan
−1
( VH )
angle (θ b) at which the balancing mass must be placed

θ b = θ d + 180

where,

m1 = First disturbing mass

m2 = Second disturbing mass

m3 = Third disturbing mass

r1 = Radius of rotating of disturbing mass m1

r2 = Radius of rotation of disturbing mass m2

r3 = Radius of rotation of disturbing mass m3

mb = Balancing mass

rb = Radius of rotation of balancing mass

θ1 = Angle of the disturbing mass m1

θ2 = Angle of the disturbing mass m2

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θ3 = Angle of the disturbing mass m3

FCd = Resultant centrifugal force exerted by disturbing masses

θd= Resulting disturbing angle

θb = Balancing angle

m ϴ1 ϴ2 r Fbr m
m2 m3 ϴ3 H V ϴd
Sr. 1 r1 r2 3 b mdrd b rb ϴb
(deg (lb. (deg (lb. (lb. (lb.i
No. (lb. (in) (in) (i (deg) (lb.in (deg) (lb.in) (lb. (in) (deg)
) ) ) ) in) n)
) n) ) )
13
1 1 4 30 0.75 4 0.5 4 210 -0.2 3.30 3.30 -86.6 3.304 0.80 4 90
0

13
2 0.5 4 30 0.3 4 0.2 4 210 0.27 1.52 1.54 80 3.304 0.40 4 260.0
0

3 1 5 40 1.5 5 120 0.5 5 220 -1.83 8.10 8.31 -77.24 8.31 1.67 5 178.65

4 1.5 3 50 1.75 3 130 1 3 230 -2.41 5.17 5.71 -65.01 5.71 1.14 5 178.87

THEORY:

BALANCING
Balancing is a process used in machines to eliminate the effects of static and
dynamic forces acting on the machine components. It is defined as a process for
modifying the design of machine or part in a way to reduce unbalance to an
acceptable level, the level which is sufficient to cause any catastrophic accident or
incident in machine or part.
NEED FOR BALANCING:
Whenever we make a component that executes rotational motion then the mass
distribution plays a very keen role. We try our best to achieve uniform mass
distribution so that the component can rotate freely without producing any
disturbance due to net force. To make a rotating part disturbance free, we need to
counter this net force which is produced due to the rotation. Then counterweights
are added to counter the net force and make the rotating body disturbance free.

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2019-ME-127 MOM-Lab Report ALI JAWAD NAQVI

It is to be noted that each part produces are an individual case, in that no two parts
can normally be expected to require the same corrective measures. Usually,
balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the Centre of rotation. For
a system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be close
to prevent the effect of centrifugal force.
There are two types of forces which act on machines component. These are static
forces due to the weight of the body and dynamic forces due to its acceleration.

STATIC BALANCING
A system is said to be statically balanced if the center of mass of component and
axis of rotation coincide i.e., the resultant of all the centrifugal forces action on
system is zero. This makes the object to remain stationary without any application
of braking force. A body in static balance has no tendency to rotate due to the force
of gravity.
If static unbalance is present, it can be corrected by either drilling out the material
at the place of unbalance or by adding material at 180 degrees from the unbalance
position. As amount of unbalance is unknown, the correction magnitude can be
found by hit and trial method. Static balancing can also be done by machines such
as a pendulum machines which tilts if our body is unbalance and tells us the location
and magnitude of unbalance.

DYNAMIC BALANCING
A system is said to be dynamically balanced if:
 The resultant of all the dynamic forces acting on system is zero.
 The resultant of all the couple’s acting on system is zero.
In this method, we balance the moving parts of a machine, or any other rotating
parts by rotating these parts at high speeds. When we do this, we can gain a
measurement of the unbalance within each individual rotating component.

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BALANCING ADVANTAGES
 Reduces unwanted vibrations
 Reduces unwanted noise produced due to vibrations
 Lowers the danger of accidents due to constant vibrations
 Improves life cycle of the Machine
CONCLUSION:
In machines and different mechanisms fast, rotating components are present now-
a-day. When a body is revolving at a very high speed, it should be balanced.
Otherwise, it will produce vibration resulting in discomfort as well as noise pollution
and making the machine destructive or reducing the life cycle of component or
mechanism bearing the rotating parts. The unbalance creates stress concentration
on bearing and other attached components and thus should be minimized as much
as possible. This procedure is referred as balancing of rotating masses and is always
kept in mind while designing the component.
While making the component, the use of large wights should be avoided to avoid
sudden jerks in apparatus. The weights should be properly tightened otherwise they
may cause damage to the person performing the experiment or person in the
vicinity of apparatus. All the weights should be fastened on the same side of
rotating disc to properly balance the apparatus.

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EXPERIMENT #6
“TO BALANCE THREE DISTURBING MASSES ROTATING AT DIFFERENT

RADII BY A SINGLE BALANCING MASS ROTATING IN THE SAME PLANE”

OBJECTIVE:
To balance three disturbing masses by a balancing mass by rotating at different radii
in same plane.
APPARATUS:
 Frame with springs
 Rotating Shaft
 Motor for Power Supply
 Disks marked with specific radii and degree slots
 Belt and Pulley
 Different Weights in lbs.
 Nuts and Bolts
PROCEDURE:
1. Frist of all arrange the apparatus.
2. Mount m1 weight on disk at outer slot at θ1 degrees.
3. Mount m2 weight on disk at outer slot at θ2 degrees.
4. Mount m3 weight on disk at outer slot at θ3 degrees.
5. The m1, m2 and m3 weights are those for which balancing is to be done.
6. Now we will mount the balancing weight.
7. Mount mb weight on disk at outer slot at θb degrees.
8. Turn on power supply of motor and check movement of the hanging frame.
9. If there is no or very little movement then the shaft is balanced otherwise
reconsider your calculations.
10.I repeated the same process for 4 times with different weights and angles.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Centrifugal force exerted by each mass on the wheel

2
F C 1=m1 r 1 ω

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2
F C 2=m2 r 2 ω

2
F C 3=m3 r 3 ω

2
F C b=mb r b ω

Resultant centrifugal force for disturbing masses

2
H=(m1 r 1 cos θ 1+ m2 r 2 cos θ2 +m3 r 3 cos θ 3)ω

2
V =(m1 r 1 sin θ1 +m2 r 2 sin θ2 +m3 r 3 sinθ 3)ω

FCd = √ H 2+ V 2

Magnitude of balancing mass

FCd = mb r b ω2

resultant angle (θ d) of the three disturbing masses

θ d = tan
−1
( VH )
angle (θ b) at which the balancing mass must be placed

θ b = θ d + 180

where,

m1 = First disturbing mass

m2 = Second disturbing mass

m3 = Third disturbing mass

r1 = Radius of rotating of disturbing mass m1

r2 = Radius of rotation of disturbing mass m2

r3 = Radius of rotation of disturbing mass m3

mb = Balancing mass

rb = Radius of rotation of balancing mass

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θ1 = Angle of the disturbing mass m1

θ2 = Angle of the disturbing mass m2

θ3 = Angle of the disturbing mass m3

FCd = Resultant centrifugal force exerted by disturbing masses

θd= Resulting disturbing angle

θb = Balancing angle

m1 ϴ1 m2 ϴ2 H V
Sr. r1 r2 m3 r3 ϴ 3 Fbrb ϴd mdrd mb rb ϴb
(lb. (deg (lb. (deg (lb.i (lb.i
No. (in) (in) (lb.) (in) (deg) (lb.in) (deg) (lb.in) (lb.) (in) (deg)
) ) ) ) n) n)

1 0.6 5 30 0.3 4 130 0.2 3 210 1.31 2.12 2.50 58.3 2.50 0.62 4 238.3

2 1 5 30 0.75 4 130 0.5 3 210 1.10 4.05 4.20 74.8 4.20 1.05 4 254.8

3 1 5 30 1.5 4 100 1.5 3 220 -1.3 6.90 6.96 -79.45 6.96 1.74 4 100.5

4 1.25 5 50 1.75 4 160 1.25 3 230 -4.97 4.31 6.58 -40.92 6.58 1.64 4 139.09

THEORY:

BALANCING
Balancing is a process used in machines to eliminate the effects of static and
dynamic forces acting on the machine components. It is defined as a process for
modifying the design of machine or part in a way to reduce unbalance to an
acceptable level, the level which is sufficient to cause any catastrophic accident or
incident in machine or part.
NEED FOR BALANCING:
Whenever we make a component that executes rotational motion then the mass
distribution plays a very keen role. We try our best to achieve uniform mass
distribution so that the component can rotate freely without producing any
disturbance due to net force. To make a rotating part disturbance free, we need to
counter this net force which is produced due to the rotation. Then counterweights
are added to counter the net force and make the rotating body disturbance free.

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It is to be noted that each part produces are an individual case, in that no two parts
can normally be expected to require the same corrective measures. Usually,
balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the Centre of rotation. For
a system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be close
to prevent the effect of centrifugal force.
There are two types of forces which act on machines component. These are static
forces due to the weight of the body and dynamic forces due to its acceleration.

STATIC BALANCING
A system is said to be statically balanced if the center of mass of component and
axis of rotation coincide i.e., the resultant of all the centrifugal forces action on
system is zero. This makes the object to remain stationary without any application
of braking force. A body in static balance has no tendency to rotate due to the force
of gravity.
If static unbalance is present, it can be corrected by either drilling out the material
at the place of unbalance or by adding material at 180 degrees from the unbalance
position. As amount of unbalance is unknown, the correction magnitude can be
found by hit and trial method. Static balancing can also be done by machines such
as a pendulum machines which tilts if our body is unbalance and tells us the location
and magnitude of unbalance.

DYNAMIC BALANCING
A system is said to be dynamically balanced if:
 The resultant of all the dynamic forces acting on system is zero.
 The resultant of all the couple’s acting on system is zero.
In this method, we balance the moving parts of a machine, or any other rotating
parts by rotating these parts at high speeds. When we do this, we can gain a
measurement of the unbalance within each individual rotating component.

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BALANCING ADVANTAGES
 Reduces unwanted vibrations
 Reduces unwanted noise produced due to vibrations
 Lowers the danger of accidents due to constant vibrations
 Improves life cycle of the Machine
CONCLUSION:
In machines and different mechanisms fast, rotating components are present now-
a-day. When a body is revolving at a very high speed, it should be balanced.
Otherwise, it will produce vibration resulting in discomfort as well as noise pollution
and making the machine destructive or reducing the life cycle of component or
mechanism bearing the rotating parts. The unbalance creates stress concentration
on bearing and other attached components and thus should be minimized as much
as possible. This procedure is referred as balancing of rotating masses and is always
kept in mind while designing the component.
While making the component, the use of large wights should be avoided to avoid
sudden jerks in apparatus. The weights should be properly tightened otherwise they
may cause damage to the person performing the experiment or person in the
vicinity of apparatus. All the weights should be fastened on the same side of
rotating disc to properly balance the apparatus.

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EXPERIMENT #7
“TO DETERMINE MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE,
AND VELOCITY RATIO OF WORM AND WORM WHEEL”

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the mechanical efficiency, mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of
worm and worm wheel.
APPARATUS:
 Worm and Worm Wheel
 Various weights in lbs.
 Hangers

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PROCEDURE:
1. Frist of all arrange the worm and worm wheel apparatus and lubricate it.
2. Place the drum load L on the hanger attached to worm wheel.
3. Place the effort load E on hanger attached to worm.
4. Start noting the weight on the effort hanger as the load hanger begins to rise.
5. After noting the values, use the formulas provided to calculate the
Mechanical Advantage, Velocity Ratio, and Mechanical Efficiency of the
apparatus.
6. I repeated the same process for 3 times with different weights.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Radius of effort drum = R1 =17.5 mm
Radius of Load drum = R2 = 35 mm
Number of starts of worm = S = 1
Number of teeth on worm wheel = T = 40
Distance moved By Effort = x = 2πR1 /S
Distance moved By Load = y = 2πR2 / T
Velocity Ratio = V.R.= x/y = R1T / R2S
Mechanical Advantage = M.A. = Load(L) / Effort(E)
Mechanical Efficiency = mechanical = Mechanical Advantage (M.A.)/Velocity Ratio (V.R.)

TABLE:
Applied Lifted Load mechanical
Sr. M.A.
Effort (lb) (lb) %
1 0.1 0.5 5 25
2 0.2 1 5 25
3 0.3 1.5 5 25

THEORY:
VELOCITY RATIO:
Ratio of distance through which any part of machine moves to that which the
driving part moves during the same time.
OR

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The ratio of the number of teeth of driven gear on which the effort is applied to the
number of teeth of the driver gear through which the load moves.
No. of Teeth of Driven Gear
V . R=
No . of Teeth of Driver Gear

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE:
It is the measure of the force amplification.
Load
M . A Actual=
Effort

MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY:
Measure of effectiveness with which a mechanical system is performing.
Mechanical Advantage (M . A .)
Mechanical Efficiency = mechanical = Velocity Ratio(V . R .)

GEAR:
Gear is a machine element in which teeth are cut around in different shapes with
equal spacing. By meshing a pair of gears, these are used to transmit rotations and
forces from the driving shaft to the driven shaft.

Following are various types of gears:

1. SPUR GEARS:
Spur gears are parallel shaft gears having cylindrical pitch surfaces. They have
tooth line which is straight and parallel to the shaft. They are one of the most
widely used gears that can have high accuracy with relatively easy production
processes. They have no load in the axial direction which is known as thrust
load.

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2. HELICAL GEARS:
Helical gears are parallel shaft gears having cylindrical pitch surfaces with
winding tooth lines. They are much smoother and quite than spur gears and
can transmit higher loads, making them suitable for high-speed applications.
They have a disadvantage, that they create thrust force in the axial direction.
For this reason, we must use herringbone helix gears to overcome the thrust
forces.

3. BEVEL GEARS:
Bevel gears intersecting gears which have a cone shaped appearance and are
used to transmit force between two shafts which intersect at one point. They
have a cone as its pitch surface and its teeth are cut along the cone. They can
be angular bevel gears or if they are at an angle of 90 degrees to the other
gear than they are known as miter gears.

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4. WORM GEAR:
Worm gear are used when large scale reductions are needed. It is common
for worm gears to have reduction ratios as 20:1 up to 300:1 or greater. They
have an interesting property that no other gear set has which is that the
worm can easily turn the gear, but the gear can not turn the worm. They are
used in material handling in transporting machinery, machine tools and
automobiles, etc.

GEAR TRAIN:
When two or more gears are meshed with each other to transmit power from one
shaft to another then such combination is called gear train. Nature of the gear train
depends upon the velocity ratio required and relative position of the axes of shafts.
A gear train may consist of spur, bevel, or spiral gears. Some types of gear trains are
listed below:
1. Simple gear train
2. Compound gear train
3. Reverted gear train
4. Epicyclic gear train

CONCLUSION:
The high mechanical advantage of worm and worm gear shows that it can be used
for lifting heavy loads. For proper functioning, the appropriate lubrication of the
apparatus is imperative. The weights must be slowly and gradually placed on the
hangers to avoid jerking of apparatus.

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EXPERIMENT #8
“TO DETERMINE KINETIC COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF VARIOUS PAIR
OF WHEELS”

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the kinetic coefficient of friction of various pair of wheels.
APPARATUS:
 Rotating pulley systems
 Metal Bar
 Meter Rod
 Stopwatch

PROCEDURE:
1. First of all, set the bar over the gear-driven pulleys and check for smooth
rotation of pulleys.
2. Start rotating the pulleys counterclockwise.
3. Also start the stopwatch at the same time and measure time for 10 complete
rotations.
4. Take three readings for the time for 10 rotations and find mean value.
5. Calculate the time period T using,
T avg
T=
10
6. Then measure the distance between centers of the pulleys, S.

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7. Finally, calculate the co-efficient of kinetic friction using the formula as

follows,
2
2 π ×S
μk = 2
gT
8. Repeat the experiment with pulleys of different materials and find friction in
each case.
9. Record the observations and check the effect of changing the pulley materials
on the value of co-efficient of kinetic friction.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Distance between the centers of wheel = S = 19.3 cm
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.81 ms-2
Number of oscillations = N = 10
Time for 10 oscillations = t
Time period = T = tavg/N
Kinetic coefficient of friction = µk = 2π2S/gT2

Time for 10
Material Material oscillations tavg T = tavg/N µk = 2π2S/gT2
of rod of wheel
t1 t2 t3
Cast iron 14.52 11 12.38 12.63 1.263 24.35
Steel 11.37 10.25 10.41 10.67 1.067 34.11
Steel
Aluminum 13.38 12.57 13.5 13.15 1.315 22.46
Brass 9.56 10 10.38 9.98 0.998 39.00

THEORY:
Friction is the force that opposes the motion of a solid object over another. There
are mainly four types of friction:
 Static friction
 Sliding friction
 Rolling friction
 Fluid friction

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Friction and normal force are directly proportional to the contacting surfaces, and it
doesn’t depend on the hardness of the contacting surface. With the increase in
relative speeds, the sliding friction reduces whereas fluid friction increases with the
increase in the relative speed, also fluid friction is dependent on the viscosity of the
fluid.
STATIC FRICTION:
It is defined as the frictional force that acts between the surfaces when they are at
rest with respect to each other.
The magnitude of the static force is equal in the opposite direction when a small
amount of force is applied. When the force increases, at some point maximum
static friction is reached.

Following are some examples of static friction:

 Skiing against the snow
 Creating heat by rubbing both the hands together
 Table lamp resting on the table
SLIDING FRICTION:
It is defined as the resistance that is created between any two objects when they
are sliding against each other.

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Following are some examples of sliding friction:

 Sliding of the block across the floor
 Two cards sliding against each other in a deck
ROLLING FRICTION:
It is defined as the force which resists the motion of a ball or wheel and is the
weakest types of friction.

Following are some examples of rolling friction:

 Rolling of the log on the ground
 Wheels of the moving vehicles
FLUID FRICTION:
It is defined as the friction that exists between the layers of the fluid when they are
moving relative to each other.

Following are the examples of fluid friction:

 The flow of ink in pens
 Swimming
ADVANTAGES OF FRICTION:
Friction plays a very important role in our life.
 Difficulty in walking on a slippery road is due to low friction.
 Moving on ice is also difficult due to low friction of ice.

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 Without friction, nail can’t be fixed in wood or wall. It is friction which holds
the nail.
 A horse cannot pull a cart unless friction furnishes him a secure Foothold.
 Wheels of car can not roll without friction present between road and tires.
DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION:
Despite the fact that the friction is very important in our daily life, it also has some
disadvantages like:
 Friction produces heat in parts of machines due to which useful energy is
wasted as heat energy.
 Due to friction we have to exert more power in machines.
 It opposes the motion.
 Due to friction, noise is also produced in machines.

CONCLUSION:
We need to lubricate the instrument properly to avoid friction between the rod and
the pulleys. If there is no lubrication, this will lead to abnormalities and variation in
values. Back and forth of the swing should be noted carefully and time for 10
oscillations should also be noted carefully. We also came to know about the
advantages and disadvantage of friction. Without friction our life is completely
handicap, we can’t even walk on the floor if friction is absent.

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EXPERIMENT #9
“TO STUDY THE CAM ANALYSIS MACHINE AND DRAW THE CAM
PROFILE WITH THE HELP OF DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM”

OBJECTIVE:
 To study the CAM analysis machine
 To draw the CAM profile with the help of displacement diagram
APPARATUS:
 CAM analysis machine
 Cam
 Follower
 Blank Graph Paper
 Scotch Tape
 Marker
 Ruler
 Compass
 Protector

PROCEDURE:
1. First of all, make sure that the cam should be tightly fit and there must be less
friction between the cam and follower, so that upon rotation of the shaft
there must be constant velocity.
2. Then wrap the graph paper and fix it with tape carefully so that upon making
the profile there will be no abnormality in it and all regions must be clearly
visible.

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3. After that rotate the shaft manually in one complete rotation and the marker
fitted will make the profile on the graph paper.
4. Repeat the same procedures for different cam profiles.
5. Complete the cam profile obtained on the paper, calculate the required
things such as lengths, length of dwell region and angles. The stroke length is
already known.
6. The Cam profile, my group obtained is shown below:

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Radius of follower = 7.5 mm
Radius of cam = 25 mm
Maximum Lift = 28 mm

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THEORY:
CAM AND FOLLOWER:
Cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating as well as oscillating
motion to another element known as follower. Cams rotate at uniform speeds, but
the speed of follower is predetermined and depends upon the shape and type of
the cam.
APPLICATIONS:
Cams are widely used in operating the inlet and outlet valves of internal combustion
engines, automatic attachment of machineries, paper cutting machines, spinning
and weaving textile machineries, feed mechanisms of automatic lathes etc.
TYPES OF FOLLOWERS:
Following are the types of followers:
1. Knife edge Follower
2. Roller Follower
3. Flat faced Follower
4. Spherical Faced Follower
5. Offset Follower

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF FOLLOWER:
According to the path of the motion of the follower, it is classified as:
1. RADIAL FOLLOWER
The follower whose motion is along an axis passing through the center of the
cam is known as radial follower.
2. OFFSET FOLLOWER
The follower whose motion is along an axis away from the axis of the cam
center is called off-set follower.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF FOLLOWER:
Cams can be classified into the following three types based on their shapes. They
are:
1. PLATE OR DISK CAMS:
This type of cam is formed on a disk or plate. The radial distance from the
center of the disk is varied throughout the circumference of the cam.
Allowing a follower to ride on this outer edge gives the follower a radial
motion.

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2. CYLINDRICAL OR DRUM CAM:

This type of cam is formed on a cylinder. A groove is cut into the cylinder,
with a varying location along the axis of rotation. Attaching a follower that
rides in the groove gives the follower motion along the axis of rotation.
3. LINEAR CAM:
This type of cam is formed on a translated block. A groove is cut into the
block with a distance that varies from the plane of translation. Attaching a
follower that rides in the groove gives the follower motion perpendicular to
the plane of translation.
CAM AND FOLLOWER MECHANISM:
In order to draw the cam profile for a radial cam, first of all the displacement
diagram for the given motion of the follower is drawn. Then by constructing the
follower in its proper position at each angular position, the profile of the working
surface of the cam is drawn. In constructing the cam profile, the principle of
kinematic inversion is used, i.e., the cam is imagined to be stationary, and the
follower is allowed to rotate in the opposite direction to the cam rotation.
In actual practice, radial cams are widely use. Therefore, we will discuss only the
mechanism of radial cam and follower.

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Following are some of the important terms which should be known:

 BASE CIRCLE: Smallest circle that can be drawn to the cam profile.
 TRACE POINT: Reference point on the follower and is used to generate the
pitch curve. In case of knife edge follower, the knife edge represents the trace
point, and the pitch curve corresponds to the cam profile. In a roller follower,
the center of the roller represents the trace point.
 PRESSURE ANGLE: Angle between the direction of the follower motion and a
normal to the pitch curve. This angle is very important in designing a cam
profile. If the pressure angle is too large, a reciprocating follower will jam in
its bearings.
 PITCH POINT: Point on the pitch curve having the maximum pressure angle.
 PITCH CIRCLE: Circle drawn from the center of the cam through the pitch
points.
 PITCH CURVE: Curve generated by the trace point as the follower moves
relative to the cam. For a knife edge follower, the pitch curve and the cam
profile are same whereas for a roller follower, they are separated by the
radius of the roller.
 PRIME CIRCLE: Smallest circle that can be drawn from the center of the cam
and tangent to the pitch curve. For a knife edge and a flat face follower, the
prime circle and the base circle are identical. For a roller follower, the prime
circle is larger than the base circle by the radius of the roller.
 LIFT OR STROKE: Maximum travel of the follower from its lowest position to
the topmost position.

CONCLUSION:
In this experiment, error may occur while using the cam analysis machine. Be sure to lubricate the
machine so that there is smooth movement between the follower and the cam. Make sure that
the graph paper should be fully completely wound, so that the profile will be clear and free from
any abnormality the regions must be visible such as dwell region. The marker must be tightly held
on place, and it should touch the paper during full cycle. The paper must be rolled accurately and
must not be tilted. Divide the semi-circle and the length of outstroke/return stroke into equal
number of parts.
Rotate the shaft in one complete rotation avoid any breakage during its rotation. Also, make sure
that the cam for which the profile to be obtained should be fitted tightly. While placing the cam
on the shaft of the machine, make sure that the keyway is fit accurately.

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EXPERIMENT #10
“To balance a single disturbing mass by two balancing masses all
rotating at equal radii in different planes (When the plane of disturbing
mass lies in between the planes of the balancing masses)”

OBJECTIVE:
To balance a disturbing mass by two balancing mass rotating at same radii in
different planes.
APPARATUS:
 Frame with springs
 Rotating Shaft
 Motor for Power Supply
 Disks marked with specific radii and degree slots
 Belt and Pulley
 Different Weights in lbs.
 Nuts and Bolts
PROCEDURE:
1. Frist of all arrange the apparatus.
2. Mount m1 weight on disk at outer slot at θ1 degrees.
3. The m1 weight is that for which balancing is to be done.
4. Now we will mount the balancing weights.
5. Mount mm weight on disk at outer slot at θm degrees.
6. Mount m L weight on disk at outer slot at θL degrees.
7. Turn on power supply of motor and check movement of the hanging frame.
8. If there is no or very little movement then the shaft is balanced otherwise
reconsider your calculations.
9. I repeated the same process for 4 times with different weights and angles.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

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m = Disturbing mass on plane B

r = Radius of rotation of disturbing mass
m1 = Balancing mass on plane M
m2 = Balancing mass on plane L
r1 = Radius of rotation of balancing mass m1
r2 = Radius of rotation of balancing mass m2
θ = Angle of the disturbing mass
θ1 = Angle of the balancing mass m1
θ2 = Angle of the balancing mass m2

l=7.5 in.
l 1=6 in.

l2=13.5 in.

The centrifugal force exerted by the mass m in plane B,

Fc=m ω2r
Similarly, the centrifugal force exerted by the mass m1 in the plane M,
Fc1=m1 ω2r1
and, the centrifugal force exerted by the mass m2 in the plane L,
Fc2=m2 ω2r2

Now, to find the balancing force in the plane M, take moments at the point of intersection of the
plane L and the axis of rotation. Therefore
Fc1 l2=Fc l

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m1=m×r×l/r1× l2
Similarly, to find the balancing force in the plane L, take moments at the point of intersection of the
plane M and the axis of rotation. Therefore
Fc2 l2=Fc l1
m2=m×r×l1/r2×l2
m1×r1× l2 × cosθ1 = − m×r×l × cosθ
m1×r1× l2 × sinθ1 = − m×r×l × sinθ
tanθ1 = sinθ1/cosθ1 = − m×r×l × sinθ / (− m×r×l × cosθ)
θ1 = .... + 180

m2×r2× l2 × cosθ2 = − m×r×l1 × cosθ

m2×r2× l2 × sinθ2 = − m×r×l1 × sinθ
tanθ2 = sinθ2/cosθ2 = − m×r×l1 × sinθ / (− m×r×l1 × cosθ)
θ2 = .... + 180

m r θ r1 r2 θ1 θ2
Sr.no m1 (lb.) m2 (lb.)
(lb.) (in) (deg) (in) (in) (deg) (deg)

1. 0.5 5 60 0.28 0.22 5 5 240 240

2. 1 4 80 0.56 0.44 4 4 178.6043 260

3. 1.5 3 90 0.83 0.67 3 3 178.4403 270
4. 2 4 100 1.11 0.89 4 4 181.3957 100

THEORY:

BALANCING
Balancing is a process used in machines to eliminate the effects of static and
dynamic forces acting on the machine components. It is defined as a process for
modifying the design of machine or part in a way to reduce unbalance to an
acceptable level, the level which is sufficient to cause any catastrophic accident or
incident in machine or part.
NEED FOR BALANCING:
Whenever we make a component that executes rotational motion then the mass
distribution plays a very keen role. We try our best to achieve uniform mass
distribution so that the component can rotate freely without producing any
disturbance due to net force. To make a rotating part disturbance free, we need to

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counter this net force which is produced due to the rotation. Then counterweights
are added to counter the net force and make the rotating body disturbance free.
It is to be noted that each part produces are an individual case, in that no two parts
can normally be expected to require the same corrective measures. Usually,
balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the Centre of rotation. For
a system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be close
to prevent the effect of centrifugal force.
There are two types of forces which act on machines component. These are static
forces due to the weight of the body and dynamic forces due to its acceleration.

STATIC BALANCING
A system is said to be statically balanced if the center of mass of component and
axis of rotation coincide i.e., the resultant of all the centrifugal forces action on
system is zero. This makes the object to remain stationary without any application
of braking force. A body in static balance has no tendency to rotate due to the force
of gravity.
If static unbalance is present, it can be corrected by either drilling out the material
at the place of unbalance or by adding material at 180 degrees from the unbalance
position. As amount of unbalance is unknown, the correction magnitude can be
found by hit and trial method. Static balancing can also be done by machines such
as a pendulum machines which tilts if our body is unbalance and tells us the location
and magnitude of unbalance.

DYNAMIC BALANCING
A system is said to be dynamically balanced if:
 The resultant of all the dynamic forces acting on system is zero.
 The resultant of all the couple’s acting on system is zero.

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In this method, we balance the moving parts of a machine, or any other rotating
parts by rotating these parts at high speeds. When we do this, we can gain a
measurement of the unbalance within each individual rotating component.

BALANCING ADVANTAGES
 Reduces unwanted vibrations
 Reduces unwanted noise produced due to vibrations
 Lowers the danger of accidents due to constant vibrations
 Improves life cycle of the Machine
CONCLUSION:
In machines and different mechanisms fast, rotating components are present now-
a-day. When a body is revolving at a very high speed, it should be balanced.
Otherwise, it will produce vibration resulting in discomfort as well as noise pollution
and making the machine destructive or reducing the life cycle of component or
mechanism bearing the rotating parts. The unbalance creates stress concentration
on bearing and other attached components and thus should be minimized as much
as possible. This procedure is referred as balancing of rotating masses and is always
kept in mind while designing the component.
While making the component, the use of large wights should be avoided to avoid
sudden jerks in apparatus. The weights should be properly tightened otherwise they
may cause damage to the person performing the experiment or person in the
vicinity of apparatus. All the weights should be fastened on the same side of
rotating disc to properly balance the apparatus.

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