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KG12403 CHP7

The document discusses entropy and its application to thermodynamics. It defines entropy, explains how to calculate entropy changes for different processes and substances, introduces isentropic processes and entropy balance, and establishes that the entropy of a system always increases or remains the same. Key concepts covered include entropy transfer mechanisms, entropy generation, and applying the second law of thermodynamics to closed systems and control volumes.

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Hannan adhwa
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13 views

KG12403 CHP7

The document discusses entropy and its application to thermodynamics. It defines entropy, explains how to calculate entropy changes for different processes and substances, introduces isentropic processes and entropy balance, and establishes that the entropy of a system always increases or remains the same. Key concepts covered include entropy transfer mechanisms, entropy generation, and applying the second law of thermodynamics to closed systems and control volumes.

Uploaded by

Hannan adhwa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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7.

0 Entropy
(Week 9)
Learning Outcomes
• Apply the second law of thermodynamics to processes.
• Define a new property called entropy to quantify the second-law
effects.
• Establish the increase of entropy principle.
• Calculate the entropy changes that take place during processes for
pure substances, incompressible substances, and ideal gases.
• Examine a special class of idealized processes, called isentropic
processes, and develop the property relations for these processes.
• Introduce and apply the entropy balance to various systems.

2
 Entropy Change Of Liquids And Solids
Liquids and solids can be
approximated as
incompressible substances
since their specific volumes
Since for liquids and solids remain nearly constant
during a process.

For an isentropic process of an incompressible substance:


 Entropy Change Of Ideal Gases

From the first T ds relation; From the second T ds relation;


1. Average/ Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)

General equation OR
mass basis

General equation
mol basis
OR

If a constant pressure or volume process:

0
For a constant Volume
process
0
For a constant
Pressure process

Noted that, Cp > Cv at any temperature or average temperature (table A-2)


5
2. Tabulated data Method (Exact Analysis)
We choose absolute zero as the reference
temperature and define a function s° as;

On a unit–mass basis Table A-17:Air

On a unit–mole basis Table A-18-25: other gases

6
Example
Air is compressed from an Solution:
initial state of 100 kPa and
17C to a final state of 600
kPa and 57C. Determine
the entropy change of air
during this compression
process by using (a)
property values from the air
table and (b) average
specific heats.

7
 Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases
1. Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)

From 1st isentropic relation

Setting this eq. equal to zero, we get;

From 2nd isentropic relation

8
2. Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)

Relative Pressure and Relative Specific Volume

exp(s°/R) is the The use of Pr data for


relative pressure Pr. calculating the final
temperature during an
isentropic process.

The use of vr data for


calculating the final
temperature during an
isentropic process
T/Pr is the relative specific volume vr. 9
 Entropy Balance

Entropy Change of a System, ∆Ssystem

When the properties of the system are not uniform

Energy and entropy


balances for a system.
10
 Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout

1. Heat Transfer

Entropy transfer by heat transfer:

Entropy transfer by work:

No entropy accompanies work as it crosses


the system boundary. But entropy may be
generated within the system as work is
dissipated into a less useful form of energy.
11
2. Mass Flow
Entropy transfer by mass:

When the properties of the mass change


during the process

12
 Entropy Generation, Sgen

Mechanisms of entropy
transfer for a general Entropy generation outside system boundaries can
system. be accounted for by writing an entropy balance on
an extended system that includes the system and
its immediate surroundings.
13
Closed Systems

The entropy change of a closed system during a process is equal to the


sum of the net entropy transferred through the system boundary by heat
transfer and the entropy generated within the system boundaries.

14
Control Volumes

The entropy of a substance always increases


(or remains constant in the case of a
reversible process) as it flows through a
single-stream, adiabatic, steady-flow device.
15
Example
Steam at 7 MPa and 450C Solution:
is throttled in a valve to a
pressure of 3 MPa during a
steady-flow process.
Determine the entropy
generated during this
process and check if the
increase of entropy
principle is satisfied.

16
Please Do Tutorial for Exercises
(Refer to ITEL)

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