RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

SESSION NO. 4 / WEEK NO. 5

MODULE NO. 4: THE SEXUAL SELF

1. Overview
2. Defining Sexual Concept
3. Sex, Gender and Sexual Orientation
4. Understanding Human Sexual Response
5. Diversity of Sexual Behavior
6. Sexual Difficulties: When Sex Goes Wrong
7. Understanding and Supporting Sexuality

Overview

This module will guide you in understanding one of the most crucial
aspects of human development – the sexual self. Emphasis will be given to the
nature and meaning of sexual self-concept and the factors that shape sexual
development. It will also tackle concepts underlying sexuality like sexual
orientation and gender, sexual behaviors and sexual difficulties. Suggestions on
how to improve sexual self are also provided.

This module will likewise present an opportunity for you to reflect openly
and objectively about sex without shame or taboo, using science as lens.

Study Guide

• You can complete this module at your own phase. It means you can
take every part to study depending on your capability to do so.
• This module starts with a brief overview about what the topic is all
about. It will also tell you the learning outcomes we would want you to
accomplish after completing this module. The presentation of topic
has complete resources you can check for further readings and
clarifications.
• Requirements involve learning activities and assessment which will be
provided by your professor after the discussion. Take time to study
each lesson carefully to apply these new learnings appropriately.

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Learning Outcomes

At the end of the module, you are expected to:

1. Explain the nature, concept and meaning of sexual self-concept.

2. Distinguish between sex, gender, and sexual orientation.
3. Identify behavior towards understanding of one’s sexuality.
4. Demonstrate understanding and acceptance of one’s sexual self.

Requirements

• Quiz
• Participation in the Online Class
• Learning Activities

Topic Presentation

Before you begin, kindly look at the statement made by Ms. Universe
Spain, 2018, and share your thoughts about it.

Image Source:
(https://web.facebook.com/Beingmohitkumar/posts/2101953663426453)

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Do you agree with her statement? What then, does it mean to you to be a
man or a woman? A lesbian or a gay?

Defining Sexual Concept

Your answer to the question above speaks of your sexual schema or

your general understanding about the aspect of your sex. Sexual self-
concept refers to the totality of oneself as a sexual being. It is the result of
people’s past experiences, which is presented in the current experiences and
will shape his/her future sexual orientations and behaviors. It differs across
each individual and has both positive and negative perceptions as a sexual
being.
Among the negative aspects of self-concept includes sexual anxiety,
monitoring sexuality, the fear of sexual relationships, and sexual depression
while the positive dimensions of sexual self-concept are sexual self-efficacy,
sexual consciousness, sexual optimism, motivation to avoid high-risk sexual
relationships, self-blame in case of sexual problems, management of sexual
affairs, sexual self-esteem, sexual satisfaction, and prevention of sexual
problems (Ziaei et. al., 2013).

Sex, Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Sexuality

When you are completing forms like college application forms, resume,
or a simple raffle ticket, it requires your name, address, and birthdate. Usually
it also asks for your sex or gender, such that most of the time you use the term
sex and gender interchangeably. In todays’ usage, the terms are distinct from
one another. So, what makes it different?
Sex refers to a person's biological status and is typically categorized as
male, female or intersex. There are a number of indicators of biological sex,
including sex chromosomes (XX or XY), gonads, (ovaries or testes), internal
reproductive organs (fallopian tubes, uterus or vas deferens/seminal vesicles)
and external genitalia clitoris, labia minora, vaginal orifice or penis, scrotum.
(APA, 2012). By contrast to sex, the term gender describes psychological
(gender identity) and sociological (gender role) representations of biological
sex. It is the perception of being a male or a female.
Diverse variations of biological sex however is evidenced in in intersex
people. Intersex are those born with either an absence or some combination
of male and female reproductive organs, sex hormones, or sex chromosomes.
This condition is present in people with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and
Turner’s Syndrome (Lee et. al., 2006. Although intersex individuals may have
physical limitations, they otherwise lead relatively normal intellectual,
personal, and social lives.
Gender also varies just as biological sex. Its variation is evidenced on
cisgender and transgender individuals.
Cisgender relates to a gender identity that corresponds to the
culturally determined gender roles for one’s birth sex (i.e., the biological sex
one was born with) a cisgender man or cisgender woman is thus one whose
internal gender identity matches, and presents itself in accordance with, the
externally determined cultural expectations of the behavior and roles

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considered appropriate for one’s sex as male or female (APA, Dictionary of

Psychology, 2015).
Transgender on the other hand is an umbrella term which includes
persons who do not feel they fit into a dichotomous sex structure through
which they are identified as male or female. Individuals in this category may
feel as if they are in the wrong gender, but this perception may or may not
correlate with a desire for surgical or hormonal reassignment (Meier & Labuski,
2013).
Meanwhile, in the Philippines, a vibrant community of people exists
under this broad definition of “transgender”, yet there is no widely used term
to directly corresponds to the term “transgender”. Transgender women are
commonly referred to as “bakla” (in Tagalog) or “bayot” (in Visayan).
Transgender men are understood by most as tomboy or lesbian, primarily
because only a minority of people in the Philippines understand the
difference between gender identity and sexual orientation (UNDP,
Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines (2018).

Moreover, sexual orientation according to the American Psychological

Association & National Association of School Psychologists. (2015) refers to the
sex of those to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted. Categories
of sexual orientation typically have included attraction to members of one's
own sex (gay men or lesbians), attraction to members of the other sex
(heterosexuals), and attraction to members of both sexes (bisexuals). Some
people identify as pansexual or queer in terms of their sexual orientation,
which means they define their sexual orientation outside of the gender binary
of "male" and "female" only. While these categories continue to be widely
used, research has suggested that sexual orientation does not always appear
in such definable categories and instead occurs on a continuum (Kinsey,
Pomeroy, Martin, & Gebhard, 1953; Klein, 1993; Klein, Sepekoff, & Wolff, 1985;
Shively & DeCecco, 1977). Alfred Kinsey, a pioneering sex researcher
considered sexual orientation along a scale or a continuum, with “exclusively
homosexual” at one end and “exclusively heterosexual” at the other. In the
middle were people who showed both homosexual and heterosexual
behavior (see Figure below)

Figure 1. The Kinsey Scale, designed to define the degree to which sexual orientation is heterosexual,
homosexual, or bisexual. (Source: After Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948 as cited in Feldman, R. (2006).
Understanding Psychology)

Although a person’s intimate behavior may have sexual fluidity —

changing due to circumstances (Diamond, 2009, cited in Lucas & Fox, 2020)—
sexual orientations are relatively stable over one’s lifespan, and are
genetically rooted (Frankowski, 2004, cited in Lucas & Fox, 2020).

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Sexuality refers to the total expression of who you are as a human

being, your femaleness or your maleness. Our sexuality begins at birth and
ends at death. Everyone is a sexual being. Your sexuality is an interplay
between body image, gender identity, gender role, sexual orientation,
eroticism, genitals, intimacy, relationships, and love and affection. A person's
sexuality includes his or her attitudes, values, knowledge and behaviors. How
people express their sexuality is influenced by their families, culture, society,
faith and beliefs (The Resource Center for Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention
(ReCAPP), 2020).

Understanding Human Sexual Response

Why, and under what circumstances, do we become sexually aroused? What

turns people on?

To answer this question let’s look at the basic Biology of sexual

behavior. In males, testes begin to secrete androgens, male sex hormones, at
puberty and this increases the sex drive. Men are constantly capable and
interested in sexual activities because the level of androgen production is not
dependent to a biological cycle unlike women. Women’s pattern started
when they reach maturity where their two ovaries begin to produce
estrogens and progesterone, female sex hormones. These hormones are not
produced consistently, instead it follows a cyclical pattern. They are receptive
to sex throughout their cycles, the greatest is during the ovulation period.
There are also psychological aspects of sexual excitement and it is not
related to our genitals but to the external stimuli we learned and labeled as
erotic or sexually stimulating. You will only be stimulated on the areas of your
body known to be erogenous zone if you perceived that it is touched for
example in a sexual manner and when you are receptive to sexual activity
(Goldstein, 2000 as cited in Feldman, 2008). In addition, sexual arousal is also
dependent on sexual fantasies. Sexual fantasies are any mental imagery that
is sexually arousing. Replacement fantasy is the most common where people
are fantasizing about someone other than one’s current partner (Kicks &
Leitenberg, 2001).

Phases of Sexual Response

In 1966, William Masters and Virginia Johnson published a book detailing the
results of their observations of nearly 700 people who agreed to participate in
their study of physiological responses during sexual behavior. The result of this
study showed that people’s sexual responses follow a regular pattern
consisting of four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. These
phases are arbitrarily defined, are not always clearly demarcated from one
another, and may differ considerably, both in one person at different times
and between different people.

• Excitement phase – It is the phase where an arousing stimulus prepares

the genitals for sexual intercourse. It can be stimulated by thought,
fantasy, conversation, smell, touch, taste, sound, sight, etc. In the male,

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the penis becomes erect when blood flows into it; in the female, the
clitoris swells because of an increase in the blood supply to that area,
and the vagina becomes lubricated.
• Plateau phase – A state where the maximum level of arousal is
attained, the penis and clitoris swell with blood, and the body prepares
for orgasm.
• Orgasm – It is an intense, pleasurable feeling that occurs at the end of
the Plateau phase. Orgasm is usually the most intense peak of the
sexual response cycle. It is the peak of sexual arousal, and is also
called the climax. Not all sexual experiences result in orgasm; this is
normal. In the male, the contractions expel semen, a fluid containing
sperm, from the penis—a process known as ejaculation. For women
and men, breathing and heart rates reach their maximum.
• Resolution stage – The interval after orgasm in which the body returns
to its unaroused state, reversing the

DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

What do you think are “normal sexual behavior”? How do most people
behave sexually? Is there a sexual revolution?

These are questions about sexual behaviors. What is considered

sexually normal behavior depends on culture, social rules and regulations,
time and place. It may take diverse forms and much of what was considered
as “unnatural”, “sinful”, or “lewd” before is more often likely accepted in
contemporary society. Take a look at some of the common sexual behaviors
based on the study conducted by Kinsey Pomeroy, & Martin (1948):

Masturbation or Solitary Sex - This is sexual self-stimulation, often using the

hand to rub the genitals or with the aid of a
device. Long time ago, it is considered to result
in a wide array of physical and mental
disorders, ranging from hairy palms to insanity.
However, it is also considered as the most
frequently practiced sexual activities. Both
males and females masturbate with men
considerably more often than females. Some
experienced feelings of guilt and others
considered their behaviors as perverted
(Arafat & Cotton, 1974, cited in Feldman,
2008), experts view it as healthy, legitimate,
harmless sexual activity. It is also considered as
a means of learning about one’s own sexuality
and a way of discovering changes in one’s
body.

Heterosexuality - Sexual attraction and behavior directed to the

other sex. The focus is on the act of male-
female intercourse, but heterosexual behavior

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also involves kissing, petting, caressing,

massaging and other forms of sex play.

Premarital sex - Sex before marriage is considered as wrong in

most culture, however, 60% of Americans said
that premarital sex is okay, with more women
between ages 15 and 19 have had engage in
this activity over last decades. (Jones, Darroch
and Singh, 2005, cited in Feldman, 2008). The
view that premarital sex is permissible for males
but not for females or “double standard” has
been succeeded by a new view like what they
called as “permissiveness with affection” – that
this act is permissible for both men and women
if it occurs within a long term, committed, or
loving relationship (DeGaton, Weed, & Jensed,
1996;Hyde, 2006).

Marital & extramarital sex Sex in marriage or marital sex is considered to

be the number one standard by which marital
bliss is measured. However, most couples are
still concerned whether they are having too
little, too much or wrong kind of sex. Study
shows that married couples practices a varied
pattern of sexual intercourse and that this
activity continues into late adulthood although
the frequency of intercourse declines as
people aged. Meanwhile, extramarital sex is a
sexual activity between a married person and
someone who is not his or her spouse and a
high degree of disapproval for this activity is
apparent with nine out of ten people saying
that it is “always” or “almost always” wrong.

Homosexuality and Sex with same sexual-sex partners. While the

bisexuality majority of people identify as heterosexual
(attraction to opposite-sexed individuals), there
is a sizable population of people within the
United States who identify as either
homosexual (same-sex attraction) or
bisexual (attraction to both sexes). Research
suggests that somewhere between 3% and
10% of the population identifies as homosexual
(Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948). No
explanation for why people become
homosexual has been confirmed; among
the possibilities are genetic or biological
factors, childhood and family influences, and
prior learning experiences and conditioning.

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However, no relationship exists between sexual

orientation and psychological adjustment.

Transsexualism Trans-sexualism is a part of broader category

known as transgenderism. It encompasses not
only transsexuals but also people who view
themselves as a third gender, transvestites
(those who dress in clothes for the other
gender) or others who believe that traditional
male-female gender classifications
inadequately characterize themselves.
Other emerging sex trends
Different Sex trends that have emerged includes partner swapping,
orgies, use of toys, sexual fetishism, sexual conversation in chat rooms, and
group sex.
• Partner swapping or “swinging” is the act of couples
agreeing with others to get intimate. It is when wives allowing
the husbands / partners a go ahead to get it from friends or
vice versa.
• Orgies – Parties where people engage in unrestrained
intimacy with each other, both strangers and known people.
• Pornography / Use of toys – Pornography, representation of
sexual behavior in books, pictures, statues, motion pictures,
and other media that is intended to cause sexual
excitement. Further, to make sex activity more pleasurable,
inventors developed toys like dildos and flashlights.
• Sexual fetishism – intimacy fixated to specific body parts or
non-human objects that are otherwise considered non-
sexual, like foot and lingerie fetishism.
• “Online” sex – participating in sexual conversations and acts
with the use of technology with people across the world.
• Group sex – One man, several women and vice versa trend
of sex activity.

Meanwhile in the Philippines based on the study conducted by Elmer

G. de Jose (2013) among Filipino adolescents, data revealed that they still
hold conservative attitude towards sex. They considered sex as sacred and
should only be enjoyed in the context of marriage, in as much as they
believed that virginity is also important both for men and women upon
marriage. Further disagreement was also evident on the following aspects:
premarital sex, multiple sex, casual sex, pornography, cohabitation, same-sex
relationship, petting, and female masturbation. These findings reflect the
generally traditional cultural mores about premarital and non-marital sexual
activity. This conservative attitude may be influenced by strong religious
beliefs and deep-rooted cultural values. As a predominantly Christian
country, adolescents consider sex as between married couples as morally
and legally acceptable. Premarital sex, pornography, prostitution, nudity,
cohabitation and similar variants are still considered illegal and taboo.

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Clearly, sex and sex-related behavior are influenced by culture,

expectations, attitudes, beliefs, and the state of medical and biological
knowledge in a given period.

Sexual Difficulties: When Sex Goes Wrong

People not only engage in sexual behaviors for the purpose of

pleasure and reproduction. In some cases, personal difficulties, like anxiety,
embarrassment, shame, anger, depression and psychological problems and
long-lasting consequences stem from problems related to sex. Here are some
of cases when sex goes wrong:

• Rape - Rape is an act by which one person forces another person to

submit to sexual activity. Often the victim is acquainted with the rapist.
The motivation for rape is only sometimes sexual gratification. More
frequently it is power, aggression, or anger.

• Childhood sexual abuse – Data showed that most of the sexual

abused on children is carried out by a relative or an acquaintance.
The most vulnerable age for being molested is between 7 and 13, and
the abusers tend to be about 20 years older than the victim and about
90% of the abusers are men (Wolfe, 1999, Finkelhor, Ormrod, & Turner,
2005, cited in Feldman, 2008).

• Sexually transmitted Infections (STDs) - Sexually transmitted diseases

(STDs) are infections that are passed from one person to another
through sexual contact. The causes of STDs are bacteria, parasites,
and viruses. (Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Information from CDC,
2020). Here are some of the common types of STDs:

o Chlamydia - a disease that in women initially produces

no symptoms and in men causes a burning sensation
during urination and a discharge from the penis. Once
diagnosed, chlamydia can be cured with antibiotics,
most often azithromycin or doxycycline (Ku et al., 2002;
CDC, 2004a).

o Genital herpes - Genital herpes is an STD caused by two

types of viruses. The viruses are called herpes simplex virus
type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).
Oral herpes caused by HSV-1 can be spread from the
mouth to the genitals through oral sex while you can get
genital herpes by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with
someone who has the disease. You will not get herpes
from toilet seats, bedding, or swimming pools, or from
touching objects around you such as silverware, soap, or
towels. Herpes sores usually appear as one or more

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blisters on or around the genitals, rectum or mouth. The

blisters break and leave painful sores that may take a
week or more to heal. There is no cure for herpes.
However, there are medicines that can prevent or
shorten outbreaks. One of these anti-herpes medicines
can be taken daily, and makes it less likely that you will
pass the infection on to your sex partner(s).

o Gonorrhea - Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease

(STD) that can infect both men and women. It can cause
infections in the genitals, rectum, and throat. It is a very
common infection, especially among young people
ages 15-24 years. You can get gonorrhea by having
vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has
gonorrhea. A pregnant woman with gonorrhea can give
the infection to her baby during childbirth. Symptoms
include, a burning sensation when urinating; A white,
yellow, or green discharge from the penis/vagina; painful
or swollen testicles (although this is less common) and
vaginal bleeding between periods for girls. Anyone who is
sexually active can get gonorrhea. Gonorrhea can
cause very serious complications when not treated, but
can be cured with the right medication.

o HIV/AIDS - HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus.

It harms your immune system by destroying the white
blood cells that fight infection. This puts you at risk for
serious infections and certain cancers. AIDS stands for
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is the final
stage of infection with HIV. Not everyone with HIV
develops AIDS. HIV most often spreads through
unprotected sex with a person who has HIV. It may also
spread by sharing drug needles or through contact with
the blood of a person who has HIV. Women can give it to
their babies during pregnancy or childbirth. There is no
cure, but there are many medicines that fight HIV
infection and lower the risk of infecting others. People
who get early treatment can live with the disease for a
long time.

o HPV - Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common

sexually transmitted infection in the United States. There
are many different types of HPV. Some types can cause
health problems including genital warts and cancers. You

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can get HPV by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with

someone who has the virus. It is most commonly spread
during vaginal or anal sex. HPV can be passed even
when an infected person has no signs or symptoms. Some
health effects caused by HPV can be prevented by the
HPV vaccines.

o Genital warts - Another common STI is genital warts

(caused by human papilloma virus). Genital warts are
small, lumpy warts that form on or near the penis or
vagina. The warts are easy to diagnose because of their
distinctive appearance. They look like small cauliflower
bulbs. They usually form about two months after exposure
and can be treated with a drug called metronidazole
(Cothran & White, 2002, cited in Feldman, 2008).

o Syphilis - If untreated, syphilis may affect the brain, the

heart, and a developing fetus, and can even be fatal.
Syphilis first reveals itself through a small sore at the point
of sexual contact. In its secondary stage, it may include a
rash. Syphilis can be treated successfully with antibiotics if
it is diagnosed early enough.

o Trichomoniasis - (or “trich”) is a very common sexually

transmitted disease (STD). It is caused by infection with a
protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. The
parasite passes from an infected person to an uninfected
person during sex. In women, the most commonly
infected part of the body is the lower genital tract (vulva,
vagina, cervix, or urethra). In men, the most commonly
infected body part is the inside of the penis (urethra).
Trichomoniasis can be treated with medication (either
metronidazole or tinidazole). These pills are taken by
mouth.

Most STDs affect both men and women, but in many cases the
health problems they cause can be more severe for women. If a
pregnant woman has an STD, it can cause serious health problems for
the baby.

Sexual Problems – Among the major sexual problems reported by males

are:
• erectile dysfunction - The inability of a male to achieve or maintain an
erection.

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• premature ejaculation - The inability of a male to delay orgasm as

long as he wishes.
• inhibited ejaculation - The inability of a male to ejaculate when he
wants to, if at all.

For females, the major problem is anorgasmia, or a lack of orgasm.

Both men and women may suffer from inhibited sexual desire.

Understanding and Supporting Sexuality

The following suggestions are given for you to provide some guidance
on how you can make conscious, satisfying, healthy and respectful choices
regarding relationships and sexuality:

1. If you are struggling with your sexuality get support from someone you
trust. Don’t feel pressured and stressed to put a label on your sexuality.

2. Topics and discussions of normal expressions of sexuality such as

masturbation, relationships, contraception, sexually transmitted
diseases, and safe sex practices must be a part of your everyday
conversations with other people in your life.

3. Respect and understand boundaries or limits in sexual relationships.

Women should believe in their rights to set limits and communicate
those limits clearly, firmly, and early on while men should know that a
woman who says no to sex activity is not rejecting them but is rejecting
a specific act at a specific time.

4. Be aware that sex offending behaviors like rape, sexual assault and
other forms of sexual abuse is wrong, it hurts other people and it has
legal and emotional consequences that may affect the quality of life
of the offender and the victim.

5. Follow safer sex practices.

6. Consume only and share information on sexuality that is scientifically

accurate, nonjudgmental, age-appropriate and complete.

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De Jose, E. (2013). Filipino Adolescents’ Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors: Results

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Sci-Hub | Filipino Adolescents’ Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors: Results from a

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St. Amand, C. M., & Labuski, C. (2013, February 16). The Demographics of the
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http://recapp.etr.org/recapp/index.cfm?fuseaction=pages.LearningA
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