POSIX

The Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX;

Portable Operating System
IPA: /ˈpɒz.ɪks/[1]) is a family of standards specified by the IEEE
Interface (IEEE 1003)
Computer Society for maintaining compatibility between operating
systems.[1] POSIX defines both the system and user-level Abbreviation POSIX
application programming interfaces (APIs), along with command Status Published
line shells and utility interfaces, for software compatibility Year started 1988
(portability) with variants of Unix and other operating Latest IEEE Std 1003.1-
systems.[1][2] POSIX is also a trademark of the IEEE.[1] POSIX is version 2017
intended to be used by both application and system developers.[3] 2017
Organization Austin Group (IEEE
Name Computer Society,
The Open Group,
Originally, the name "POSIX" referred to IEEE Std 1003.1-1988,
released in 1988. The family of POSIX standards is formally ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC
designated as IEEE 1003 and the ISO/IEC standard number is 22/WG 15)
ISO/IEC 9945. Related ISO/IEC 9945
standards
The standards emerged from a project that began in 1984 building Domain Application
on work from related activity in the /usr/group association.[4] programming
Richard Stallman suggested the name POSIX to the IEEE instead interfaces
of former IEEE-IX. The committee found it more easily
Website posix.opengroup
pronounceable and memorable, and thus adopted it.[5]
.org (https://posix.o
pengroup.org)
Overview
Unix was selected as the basis for a standard system interface partly because it was "manufacturer-neutral".
However, several major versions of Unix existed—so there was a need to develop a common-denominator
system. The POSIX specifications for Unix-like operating systems originally consisted of a single document
for the core programming interface, but eventually grew to 19 separate documents (POSIX.1, POSIX.2,
etc.).[6] The standardized user command line and scripting interface were based on the UNIX System V
shell.[7] Many user-level programs, services, and utilities (including awk, echo, ed) were also standardized,
along with required program-level services (including basic I/O: file, terminal, and network). POSIX also
defines a standard threading library API which is supported by most modern operating systems. In 2008,
most parts of POSIX were combined into a single standard (IEEE Std 1003.1-2008, also known as
POSIX.1-2008).

As of 2014, POSIX documentation is divided into two parts:

POSIX.1, 2013 Edition: POSIX Base Definitions, System Interfaces, and Commands and
Utilities (which include POSIX.1, extensions for POSIX.1, Real-time Services, Threads
Interface, Real-time Extensions, Security Interface, Network File Access and Network
Process-to-Process Communications, User Portability Extensions, Corrections and
 Extensions, Protection and Control Utilities and Batch System Utilities. This is POSIX
1003.1-2008 with Technical Corrigendum 1.)
POSIX Conformance Testing: A test suite for POSIX accompanies the standard: VSX-PCTS
or the VSX POSIX Conformance Test Suite.[8]
The development of the POSIX standard takes place in the Austin Group (a joint working group among the
IEEE, The Open Group, and the ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 15).

Versions

Parts before 1997

Before 1997, POSIX comprised several standards:

POSIX.1: Core Services (incorporates Standard ANSI C) (IEEE Std 1003.1-1988)

Process Creation and Control
Signals
Floating Point Exceptions
Segmentation / Memory Violations
Illegal Instructions
Bus Errors
Timers
File and Directory Operations
Pipes
C Library (Standard C)
I/O Port Interface and Control
Process Triggers
POSIX.1b: Real-time extensions (IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993, later appearing as librt—the
Realtime Extensions library)[9]
Priority Scheduling
Real-Time Signals
Clocks and Timers
Semaphores
Message Passing
Shared Memory
Asynchronous and Synchronous I/O
Memory Locking Interface
POSIX.1c: Threads extensions (IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995)
Thread Creation, Control, and Cleanup
Thread Scheduling
Thread Synchronization
Signal Handling
POSIX.2: Shell and Utilities (IEEE Std 1003.2-1992)
Command Interpreter
 Utility Programs

Versions after 1997

After 1997, the Austin Group developed the POSIX revisions. The specifications are known under the
name Single UNIX Specification, before they become a POSIX standard when formally approved by the
ISO.

POSIX.1-2001 (with two TCs)

POSIX.1-2001 (or IEEE Std 1003.1-2001) equates to the Single UNIX Specification, version 3 minus
X/Open Curses.[10]

This standard consisted of:

the Base Definitions, Issue 6,

the System Interfaces and Headers, Issue 6,
the Commands and Utilities, Issue 6.
IEEE Std 1003.1-2004 involved a minor update of POSIX.1-2001. It incorporated two minor updates or
errata referred to as Technical Corrigenda (TCs).[11] Its contents are available on the web.[12]

POSIX.1-2008 (with two TCs)

Base Specifications, Issue 7 (or IEEE Std 1003.1-2008, 2016 Edition) is similar to the current 2017 version
(as of 22 July 2018).[13][14]

This standard consists of:

the Base Definitions, Issue 7,

the System Interfaces and Headers, Issue 7,
the Commands and Utilities, Issue 7,
the Rationale volume.

POSIX.1-2017
IEEE Std 1003.1-2017 (Revision of IEEE Std 1003.1-2008) - IEEE Standard for Information Technology
—Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX(R)) Base Specifications, Issue 7 is available from either
The Open Group or IEEE and is, as of 22 July 2018, the current standard. It is technically identical to
POSIX.1-2008 with Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 applied. A free online copy may still be available.[13]

Controversies

512- vs 1024-byte blocks

POSIX mandates 512-byte default block sizes for the df and du utilities, reflecting the typical size of blocks
on disks. When Richard Stallman and the GNU team were implementing POSIX for the GNU operating
system, they objected to this on the grounds that most people think in terms of 1024 byte (or 1 KiB) blocks.
The environment variable POSIX_ME_HARDER was introduced to allow the user to force the standards-
compliant behaviour.[15] The variable name was later changed to POSIXLY_CORRECT .[16] This variable
is now also used for a number of other behaviour quirks.

POSIX-oriented operating systems

Depending upon the degree of compliance with the standards, one can classify operating systems as fully or
partly POSIX compatible.

POSIX-certified
Current versions of the following operating systems have been certified to conform to one or more of the
various POSIX standards. This means that they passed the automated conformance tests[17] and their
certification has not expired and the operating system has not been discontinued.[18][19]

AIX[20] OpenServer[25]
HP-UX[21] UnixWare[26]
INTEGRITY[22] VxWorks[22]
macOS (since 10.5 Leopard)[23][24] z/OS[20]

Formerly POSIX-certified
Some versions of the following operating systems had been certified to conform to one or more of the
various POSIX standards. This means that they passed the automated conformance tests. The certification
has expired and some of the operating systems have been discontinued.[18]

EulerOS (exp. 2022)[27] QNX Neutrino[31]

Inspur K-UX (exp. 2019)[28] Solaris (exp. 2019)[32]
IRIX (defunct 2006)[29] Tru64 (defunct 2010)[33]
OS/390 (defunct 2004)[30]

Mostly POSIX-compliant
The following are not certified as POSIX compliant yet comply in large part:

Android (Available through Android NDK) NetBSD

BeOS (and subsequently Haiku) Nucleus RTOS
Contiki NuttX
Darwin (core of macOS and iOS) OpenBSD
DragonFly BSD OpenSolaris[36]
FreeBSD[34] PikeOS RTOS for embedded systems with
illumos optional PSE51 and PSE52 partitions; see
Linux (most distributions) partition (mainframe)
LynxOS PX5 RTOS[37]
MINIX (now MINIX3) Redox
MPE/iX[35] RTEMS – POSIX API support designed to
IEEE Std. 1003.13-2003 PSE52
 SerenityOS VSTa
Stratus OpenVOS[38] VMware ESXi
SkyOS Xenix
Syllable Zephyr[40]
ULTRIX[39]

POSIX for Microsoft Windows

Cygwin provides a largely POSIX-compliant development and run-time environment for
Microsoft Windows.
MinGW, a fork of Cygwin, provides a less POSIX-compliant development environment and
supports compatible C-programmed applications via Msvcrt, Microsoft's old Visual C runtime
library.
libunistd, a largely POSIX-compliant development library originally created to build the
Linux-based C/C++ source code of CinePaint as is in Microsoft Visual Studio. A lightweight
implementation that has POSIX-compatible header files that map POSIX APIs to call their
Windows API counterparts.[41]
Microsoft POSIX subsystem, an optional Windows subsystem included in Windows NT-
based operating systems up to Windows 2000. It supported POSIX.1 as it stood in the 1990
revision, without threads or sockets.
Interix, originally OpenNT by Softway Systems, Inc., is an upgrade and replacement for
Microsoft POSIX subsystem that was purchased by Microsoft in 1999. It was initially
marketed as a stand-alone add-on product and then later included it as a component in
Windows Services for UNIX (SFU) and finally incorporated it as a component in Windows
Server 2003 R2 and later Windows OS releases under the name "Subsystem for UNIX-
based Applications" (SUA); later made deprecated in 2012 (Windows 8)[42] and dropped in
2013 (2012 R2, 8.1). It enables full POSIX compliance for certain Microsoft Windows
products.
Windows Subsystem for Linux, also known as WSL, is a compatibility layer for running Linux
binary executables natively on Windows 10 and 11 using a Linux image such as Ubuntu,
Debian, or OpenSUSE among others, acting as an upgrade and replacement for Windows
Services for UNIX. It was released in beta in April 2016. The first distribution available was
Ubuntu.
UWIN from AT&T Research implements a POSIX layer on top of the Win32 APIs.
MKS Toolkit, originally created for MS-DOS, is a software package produced and maintained
by MKS Inc. that provides a Unix-like environment for scripting, connectivity and porting Unix
and Linux software to both 32- and 64-bit Microsoft Windows systems. A subset of it was
included in the first release of Windows Services for UNIX (SFU) in 1998.[43][44]
Windows C Runtime Library and Windows Sockets API implement commonly used POSIX
API functions for file, time, environment, and socket access,[45] although the support remains
largely incomplete and not fully interoperable with POSIX-compliant implementations.[46][47]

POSIX for OS/2

Mostly POSIX compliant environments for OS/2:

emx+gcc – largely POSIX compliant

POSIX for DOS

Partially POSIX compliant environments for DOS include:

emx+gcc – largely POSIX compliant

DJGPP – partially POSIX compliant
DR-DOS multitasking core via EMM386 /MULTI – a POSIX threads frontend API extension
is available

Compliant via compatibility layer

The following are not officially certified as POSIX compatible, but they conform in large part to the
standards by implementing POSIX support via some sort of compatibility feature (usually translation
libraries, or a layer atop the kernel). Without these features, they are usually non-compliant.

AmigaOS (through the ixemul library or vbcc_PosixLib[48])

eCos – POSIX is part of the standard distribution, and used by many applications. 'external
links' section below has more information.
IBM i (through the PASE compatibility layer)[49]
MorphOS (through the built-in ixemul library)
OpenVMS (through optional POSIX package)[50]
Plan 9 from Bell Labs APE - ANSI/POSIX Environment[51]
RIOT (through optional POSIX module)
Symbian OS with PIPS (PIPS Is POSIX on Symbian)
VAXELN (partial support of 1003.1 and 1003.4 through the VAXELN POSIX runtime
library)[52]
Windows NT kernel when using Microsoft SFU 3.5 or SUA
Windows 2000 Server or Professional with Service Pack 3 or later. To be POSIX
compliant, one must activate optional features of Windows NT and Windows 2000
Server.[53]
Windows XP Professional with Service Pack 1 or later
Windows Server 2003
Windows Server 2008 and Ultimate and Enterprise versions of Windows Vista
Windows Server 2008 R2 and Ultimate and Enterprise versions of Windows 7
albeit deprecated, still available for Windows Server 2012 and Enterprise version of
Windows 8

See also
Single UNIX Specification
POSIX signal
POSIX Threads
C POSIX library
IBM Common User Access – User interface standard
Portable character set, set of 103 characters which should be supported in any POSIX-
compliant character set locale
Real-time operating system
Interix – a full-featured POSIX and Unix environment subsystem for Microsoft's Windows NT-
 based operating systems
TRON project – alternative OS standards to POSIX

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External links
"The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, 2018 edition IEEE Std 1003.1™-2017" (http
s://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/). The Open Group/IEEE.
"POSIX Certification home" (https://posix.opengroup.org). The Open Group/IEEE.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=POSIX&oldid=1213588970"