Design and Implementation of Energy Efficient

Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review

Runali Ramesh Patil . Dr.(Ms).A.P.Thakare
MTech Student,Electronics & Communication Engineering Professor, Electronics & Communication Engineering
Priyadarshini Bhagwati College of Engineering Priyadarshini Bhagwati College of Engineering
Nagpur,India Nagpur , India

Abstract— Integrating architectural resources from Wireless traditional protocols of the TCP/IP stack not well suited.
Sensor Networks (WSNs) with advanced multi-objective On the other hand, unlike other networks, WSN are
optimization techniques and modern communication designed for specific applications. These applications
infrastructure often results in efficient load optimization and range from small size healthcare supervision systems to
energy conservation. Addressing the design, routing, energy- large scale environment monitoring. Thus, any WSN
efficient deployment methods, and multi-objective optimization deployment has to satisfy a set of requirements that differs
of WSNs requires individual consideration. We explore various from one application to another. As a consequence, energy
methodologies, including clustering, gateway discovery
saving techniques usually trade-off lifetime maximization
management, load calculation, and load relocation, to illustrate
the process of load optimization. These methodologies are
with other optimization objectives.
tailored based on input variables, desired outcomes, objectives, Wireless sensor networks consist of individual sensor
and network limitations. Once cluster gateways are established, nodes, also called motes, deployed in a given area that
careful selection of strategies for optimizing traffic distribution cooperatively collect and carry data to a main entity in
is crucial. Numerous constraints must be taken into account order to monitor physical or environmental conditions.
during load optimization in WSNs. Leveraging a cluster-based The main entity, also denoted as base station or sink, can
load distribution approach within a heterogeneous network, such
be connected to an infrastructure or to the Internet through
as distributing ongoing gateway transmissions among cluster
nodes, can significantly enhance the multi-objective
a gateway, which allows remote users to access the
optimization of WSNs. Furthermore, a collaborative wireless collected data. The main advantage of wireless sensor
sensor network protocol, based on the LEACH architecture, networks lies in the ability to deploy a lot of tiny
offers promising avenues for enhancing network efficiency and autonomous motes without any pre-established
performance. infrastructure (see Figure 2.1). After the deployment,
motes gather information from the physical world, and
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, clustered wireless according to a defined communication protocol, they
sensor networks, load computation, traffic distribution, cooperate to deliver data towards the sink through single-
optimization hop or multi-hop communications

I. INTRODUCTION
In Recent advances in wireless communications and
Micro-Electro-Mechanical systems have enabled the
development of wireless sensor networks (WSN) which
are expected to be one of the most promising technologies
in the near future. Wireless sensors are small, low-cost
and battery-operated devices whose sensing capabilities
enable them to retrieve information from their
environment. They can be deployed in a large number to
detect events of interest or send periodic reports about
their surroundings. This makes them attractive for a Fig. .1 Architecture of a simple WSN.
plethora of applications where remote monitoring abilities Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks The mere fact
are required. For example, kinematic sensors can be used that a plethora of applications in our daily lives require the
to remotely supervise elderly patient. In agriculture, assistance of WSNs showcases the importance of this fast
untethered motes can be deployed to sense relevant growing technology. The application areas of WSNs
parameters influencing the crop, like temperature, include military applications, environment monitoring,
humidity and luminosity. In these contexts, energy- logistics support, robotics applications and so on
constrained sensor nodes are expected to operate (Arampatzis et al. 2005).WSN applications falls into two
autonomously in unattended area for long period of time. major categories: monitoring and tracking. A variety of
Nevertheless, it may be cost-prohibitive to replace indoor and outdoor environmental monitoring applications
exhausted batteries or even impossible in hostile use WSNs. Other monitoring applications are power
environment. It is therefore necessary to develop energy- monitoring, factory and process automation, seismic and
aware solutions to increase the lifetime of sensor structural monitoring, inventory management and
networks. The design of energy-efficient wireless sensor wellness monitoring. Tracking applications include habitat
networks is, however, a very challenging issue. On one tracking, vehicle tracking and so on. Figure 1.9 represents
hand, energy-constrained sensors are resource-limited in an overview of sensor applications. WSNs are an integral
terms of memory and computational capacities, which part of defence applications. Military applications use
prevent the use of complex algorithms and makes sensor networks for the entire control and management of
all sorts of surveillance and targeting applications. They them the vital role is played by the network layer as it
are widely used for observing the activities of the performs routing; the operation which consumes more
regiments and battle fields, arms and ammunitions, energy The communication process devours more energy
exploration of opposing forces and terrain, assisting equalled to that of sensing and processing. If any sensor
guidance systems for intelligent ammunition, assessment, nodes go out of power the connectivity of the network
revealing and investigation of nuclear, biological and fails, and the intent of the deployment may become futile.
chemical attacks. Some of the various commercial Efficient use of the available resources is very much
applications of sensor networks include inventory essential to retain and prolong the lifetime of the network.
management which includes quality checking and Adopting an energy efficient routing strategy can save
monitoring, estimating the material fatigue, controlling energy to a great extend thereby enhancing the lifetime of
robots and creation of smart environments, security the WSNs fields.
surveillance in factories, chemical and gas industries,
vehicular tracking and safety monitoring and so on. Smart II. LITERATURE REVIEW
home environments are going to be quite common in the MacQueen, An article titled "Energy Efficient Hybrid
near future. The application of WSNs is inevitable for Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks" was published in
creating such infrastructure 2018 by M. S. Islam Rubel and colleagues. Improving
WSNs' energy efficiency was the main goal of this
project. We may calibrate different combinations of
distance and RE to acquire EE outcomes thanks to their
hybrid technique for CH selection. picking CHs using
distance alone does not provide satisfactory results, but
picking them using RE produces better results than
another approach. This protocol suggests using CH
selection to send data from the cluster to the sink in an EE
way. This lowers the power needed to send packets from a
node in the cluster to the receiver. When compared with
the original LEACH and its derivatives, the performance
of this protocol in terms of energy efficiency is improved
Vipul Narayan et al. (2020) proposed “An Energy
Efficient Two-Tier Cluster-Based Protocol” to split the
network into multiple layers . In this approach, sensor
Fig.2 Overview of WSNs Applications networks territory is divided into distinct regions. The
surrounding nodes collect and transmit data to the CH.
8 Advantages and Limitations of WSNs In WSNs, the The CHs broadcast data collaboratively to the BS. The
tiny size of the sensor nodes helps to embed and install ability to accomplish the work is contingent on the RE in
them easily in environments or in machineries. They find
the nodes and CHs. This procedure increases the RE of
immense applications in monitoring and tracking
the nodes and CHs. The results of the simulation of the
applications. There are no specific infrastructure
requirements for WSNs. Because of this WSNs are ideally suggested protocol indicate that the creation of multi-
suited for applications where human mediation is unsafe layered cluster regions with adjustable network and node
or inconceivable. Moreover, the cost component is sizes, in conjunction with the Sleep and Wakeup concept,
moderate and the fact that enormous applications utilize enhances the longevity of the network and reduces
WSNs is a confirmation for its prominence. But the small network overhead. The longevity of the network does not
size imposes stringent restrictions in memory, processing exhibit a positive correlation with the increase in the
and the power resources in WSNs. The lifetime of the number of nodes.
WSNs is dependent on the battery capacity. Hence Piyush et al. (2021) presented a comprehensive analysis of
efficient use of available resources is required for existing clustering protocols . The analysis was made
prolonging the lifetime. Another disadvantage of WSNs is based on their network architecture and the methodologies
related to security. It is complex to configure and has less used to accomplish clustering processes. The protocols are
speed compared to wired networks. The performance of compared based on their characteristics and clustering
the networks can be degraded because of obstacles in the approaches to determine their proficiency. This work
path, coverage, signal attenuation etc. which is also a examines the purpose, important characteristics,
major drawback. drawbacks, and benefits of various clustering algorithms
Need for Energy Efficient Routing Extensive research to provide researchers with a broader understanding of the
had been carried out over many years to address the clustering field, which will aid them in their future
possible collaboration among sensors in the various research endeavors.
activities like sensing, data gathering and processing. As C. Rajashekar et al. (2021) proposed "Hierarchical
the WSNs have unique features, innovative techniques to Clustering based Spatial Sampling of Particulate Matter
extend the lifetime of the network are of utmost Nodes in IoTNetwork ." Determining the optimal quantity
importance. The large number of sensor nodes and the of nodes required to effectively capture an environmental
environment restrictions of the deployed area based on the parameter within a specific geographic region poses a
application, impose many restrictions for the strategy and challenging task. The present study introduces a
management. Each layer in the WSN protocol stack is framework that utilizes hierarchical agglomerative
responsible in reducing the energy consumption. Among clustering and cluster representation based on
geographical distance to achieve the stated objective. The the selection of cluster heads, which is determined by a
framework that has been proposed aims to streamline the ratio between the energy consumption rate of individual
process of eliminating extraneous nodes from an IoT sensor nodes and the mean energy consumption rate of the
network that is currently in operation. This is achieved by corresponding region. The probability of electing a cluster
carefully selecting nodes that are deemed optimal, head in each round is determined by the relative energy
considering the target reconstruction error that is (RE) of individual sensor nodes, with the aim of balancing
associated with the spatially interpolated map. The present the workload and prolonging the operational lifespan of
study employs a methodology to scrutinize the data the sensors. The simulation results indicate that the 2-level
obtained from an IoT network consisting of ten nodes that heterogeneity model resulted in a significant extension of
measure particulate matter (PM) on the premises of IIIT lifetime when compared to HCR, ERP, ModLEACH, D-
Hyderabad, located in India. The comparative analysis of MSEP, and DDEEC procedures. Specifically, the model
the proposed methodology and the brute force approach demonstrated a 130%, 151%, 167%, 175%, and 215%
reveals that the latter imposes a less stringent limitation on increase in lifetime, respectively, for each of the
the reconstruction error. The results indicate that the aforementioned procedures. In instances of three-level
suggested approach exhibits comparable performance to heterogeneity, the longevity of the network is enhanced by
the brute force technique in relation to the reconstruction 123%, 150%, 163%, and 218%, respectively, in
error, albeit with substantially reduced computational comparison to HCP, ModLEACH, hetSEP, and hetDEEC.
requirements. AbdelkaderBenelhouri et al. (2023) presented the
C. Rajashekar et al. (2021) proposed "Maximum “Evolutionary Gateway-based LoadBalanced Routing (E-
Frequency based Adaptive Sensing for Particulate Matter GLBR) algorithm for efficiently identifying CHs .” The
Nodes in IoTNetwork .” In most monitoring applications algorithm under consideration is founded on the
that utilize the IoT, data may exhibit gradual fluctuations, optimization method of a genetic algorithm, which
albeit with inconsistent patterns of variation. incorporates a novel fitness function that considers four
SalarShahryari et al. (2022) proposed "High-throughput significant parameters. The primary objectives of this
and energy-efficient data gathering in heterogeneous algorithm are to improve the process of CH selection,
multi-channel wireless sensor networks using genetic reduce the range of energy transmission, enhance the
algorithms ." This article proposes a solution for the stability and lifespan of the network, and augment the
requirement of the Multi-Channel (MC) protocol for the coverage of the WSN. The evaluation of the suggested
WSN. Previous multi-channel techniques exploited algorithm is conducted by means of a simulated
channel resources using one or more radio sensors. The comparison with the latest pertinent methodologies in the
old method yields low throughput and substantial channel MATLAB simulator. The findings of the simulation
switching overhead. However, the latter is more expensive suggest that the adoption of the established evolutionary
due to the installation of several radios per node. The strategy leads to a reduction in the EC rate of the network
proposed article bridges this gap by applying the MC and an enhancement in the throughput of the wireless
technique to heterogeneous WSNs. It is postulated that network. This study demonstrates that, across multiple
certain supernodes are equipped with multiple radios. The network scenarios, this approach exhibits superior
nodes function as CHs and bear the responsibility of performance compared to other examined methods.
transmitting the data collected by conventional sensors to Energy-Dependent Cluster Formation (EDCF),
the BS. In addition, it enhances network efficiency by Evolutionary Routing Protocol (ERP), Distance-
equitably distributing the detected interference across the Incorporated Modified Stable Election Protocol (D-
network. During the second phase of the proposed MSEP), and EE Weighted Clustering (EEWC) all see
methodology, the selection process involves identifying their network coverage and stability periods extended by
the suitable CH and channel for every normal node. The 55%, 43%, 26%, and 12%, respectively.
utilization of multiple channels to attain a substantial
throughput has been demonstrated through comprehensive III. METHODOLOGY
simulations of the proposed technique. The above flow chart describes the overview of the
AbdelkaderBenelhouri et al. (2022) offered "An Improved project; initially the user has to give the input which is in
Gateway-Based EnergyAware Multi-Hop Routing the form of number of nodes. For the nodes generated,
Protocol for Enhancing Lifetime and Throughput in their positions and energies are randomly assigned and
Heterogeneous WSNs." They also noted that the method displayed. Once the nodes are deployed, the base station
reduces energy depletion per transmitted bit to the base sends out HELLO packets and determines the position of
station by 48.6 percent and overall error correction by advanced nodes and creates a concentric cluster around
21.6 percent. The present study involves the division of them. Using the cluster head selection algorithm cluster
the network into several segments, wherein the initial heads are selected among the nodes. These cluster heads
segment comprises sensor nodes that establish direct broadcasts the advertisement message to all its
communication with the BS. The sensors situated at the neighboring nodes and thus clusters are formed. DRAND
core of the network transmit their data to the gateway, (distributed randomized time slot assignment algorithm)
where data fusion is performed prior to its transmission to method is used; it allows several nodes to share the same
the BS. The residual nodes are partitioned into two frequency channel by dividing the signal into different
equivalent areas, and in each area, sensor nodes are time slots. The cluster head aggregates the data from all
grouped together, with a primary node performing the role the nodes in the cluster and this aggregated data is
of CH. The fundamental aspect of this approach involves
transmitted to the advanced node which in turn re routes 6. A. K. R. Vipul Narayan, A.K. Daniel, “Energy Efficient
the information to the base station. Two Tier Cluster Based Protocol for Wireless Sensor
Network,” International Conference on Electrical and
Electronics Engineering (ICE3), IEEE Xplore 2020, E-
ISBN:978-1-7281-5846-4, doi:
10.1109/ICE348803.2020.9122951.
7. S. C. PiyushRawat, “Clustering Protocols in Wireless
Sensor Network: A Survey, Classification, Issues, and
Future Directions,” Computer Science Review, Volume
40, May 2021, 100396, doi:
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8. C. Rajashekar Reddy; S. Chaudhari, “Hierarchical
Clustering based Spatial Sampling of Particulate Matter
Nodes in IoT Network,” IEEE Xplore, 2021 8th
International Conference on Future Internet of Things and
Cloud (FiCloud), doi: 10.1109/FiCloud49777.2021.00036.
9. C. Rajashekar Reddy, Siddharth De, Sachin
Chaudhari, “Maximum Frequency Based Adaptive
Sensing for Particulate Matter Nodes in IoT Network,”
IEEE Xplore, 2021 IEEE 7th World Forum on Internet of
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10. A. T. SalarShahryari, LeiliFarzinvash, Mohammad-Reza,

IV. CONCLUSION Feizi-Derakhshi, “HighThroughput and Energy-Efficient
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