479

Vapour Power Cycles

VAPOUR POWER CYCLES

12
...
°°°°°°0 Combustion gases
to stack
Electric Cooling
Turbine tower
Boiler generator
12.1 SIMPLE STEAM
PoWER CYCLE Steam
Condenser
cycle continuously
converts heat by the burnina
(enerEy released ac
Fuel
into work (shaft work), in which a working fuid repeatedly performs a succe fuel)
A power
Warm water
of processes. The components of a simple vapour power plant are chon wn in Air
Fig. 12.1(a). In the vapour power cycle the working fuid, which is water, dergoes
the schematic of a simple steam power n LPump
a change of phase. Figure 12.1(b) gives Cooled water
the cycle. Heat is transferred to water in the boiler fron Feedwater
working on vapour power Makeup water
external source (furnace, where fuel is continuously burnt) to raise steam, the hih pump
pressure, high temperature steam leaving the boiler expands in the turbine to produce
Fig. 12.1 (a) Components of a simple vapour power plant
shaft work, the steam leaving the turbine condenses into water in the condenser
(where cooling water circulates), rejecting heat, and then the water is pumped back
to the boiler. Figure 12.2 shows how a unit mass of the working fluid, sometimes in
the liquid phase and sometimes in the vapour phase, undergoes various external heat High pressure, high
temperature steam
and work interactions in executing a power cycle. Since the fluid is undergoing a
W
cyclic proces, there will be no net change in its internal energy over the cycle, and Furnace
consequently the net energy transferred to the unit mass of the fluid as heat during SOurce)
the cycle must equal the net energy transfer as work from the fluid. Figure 123
shows the cyclic heat engine operating on the vapour power cycle, where the workIng Boiler Generator
substance, water, follows along the B-T-C-P (Boiler-Turbine-Condenser-Pump) path, Turbine
interacting externally as shown, and converting net heat input to net work oupu
continuously. By the first law,
River
E Onet2 Wnet Air Combus- (Sink)
Condenser
and tion
Cycle Cycle fuel products
Or
e-Q- WT- Wp
where O1 heat transferred to the working fluid (kJ/kg) Condensate 2Circulating
pump
pump
O2 =heat rejected from the working fluid (kJ/kg)
WT work transferred from the working fluid (kJ/Kg)
High pressure water
Wp
p W o r k transferred into the working fluid (kJ/kg)
Simple steam power plant
Fig. 12.1 (b)
 Vapour Power Cycles.... 481
...Engineering Thermodynamics

approachin
the pump is, in each case,
saturated liquid (state 3). Steam
be given by expands
power cycle
would
atically
adiabatica in the turbine from state 1
to state 2 (or 1' to 2', or 1"
The efficiency
of the vapour
aW-W _ - unly
eversib.
anueaving the
l e a v i n g the turbine
condenses to water in the
the
steam

ssure frofrom state: 2 (or 2', or 2") to state condenser reversibly

Ncycle o2'), pressure

3, the water at state 3 is then

b o i l e r at state 4
Q2
constant

al the reversibly and adiabatically, and the water is heated

WT Wp pumped
to
to
to form steam reverSibly at constant pressure from state 4 to state 1
boiler

(in
the
o r l'or1").
1 kg 1 kg
1 kg H20
1 kg
H20 H20
H20 Wr
State change
State change State change
State change from 2 to 3 from 3 to 4 Turbine
Boiler
from 4 to 1 from 1 to 2 (in condenser) (in pump)
(in turbine)
(in boiler) 1
a heat engine cycle
One kg H20 executing
Fig. 12.2
Condenser
AWr
Cooling water

H20 Q2 Sink
Source (River or sea) Pump Wp
(Funace) T2
H2O/
T P
Fig. 12.4 A simple steam plant

WP
Cyclic heat engine
Far a simple nuclear power plant, the boiler is replaced by a nuclear reactor
(Fie. 12.4 a) where heat released by nuclear fission is utilised in the generation of
steam. Other features of theplant are similar to a conventional steam plant (Fig. 12.5).
Cyclic heat engine with water as the working fluid
Fig. 12.3
H20
=1- (12.1)

12.2 RANKINE CYCLE Wr

For each process in the vapour power cycle, it is possible to assume a hypothetical Steam
Nuclear turbine
which represents the basic intended operation and involves
no reactor
or ideal process
extraneous effects. For the steam boiler, this would be a reversible constant pressure
would be a
heating process of water to form steam, for the turbine the ideal process
reversible adiabatic expansion of steam, for the condenser it would be a reverSIDIe
constant pressure heat rejection as the steam condenses till it becomes saturated ir
uid, and for the pump, the ideal process would be the reversible adiabatic compresSIo Condenser
C.W.
of this liquid ending at the initial pressure. When all these four processes are 1aca
reversible cycle. r
()
tne cycle is an ideal cycle, called a Rankine cycle. This isina cycle has
12.4 shows the flow diagram ofthe Rankine cycle, and: Fig. 12.5, the to
been plotted on the p-v, T-s, and h-s planes. The umbers on the plots correspon Wp
Pump
the numbers on the flow diagram. For
any given pressure, the steam apP but the
' "

Turbinemay be dry saturated (state 1) wet (state 1), or superheated(sta A simple nuclear power plant
Fig. 12.4(a)
 Vapour POwer Cycles

48.
2 ..Engineering Thermodynamics

ofthe iRankine cycle is ther given by

asSumed to be carried ous
effñiciency

Rankine cycle
is a Stea
of analysis the equation to each of
tha Wnel W-W2 _h-h)-(h-hs)
For purposes
flow operation.
Applying
the steady
flow energy
neglecting
changes in inetic
kinet and potent rOcesses
tential energy,Ono
n
h-ha
(12.6)
m a s s of
fluid, and terms of the propertie.
the basis of
unit
c a n be
evaluated in of the ftuid Thepumph aandles liquid water which is incompressible, i.e., its density or specific
heat quantities tle change with an increase in pressure. For reversible adiabatic
chan.
the work and little
undergoes

of the general property relation,

volume
compression, by the
ion. by use

Tds dh-vdp, ds =0
P 1 dh vdp
and
in specific
olume iis
volume negligible
change
Since
Ah-vAp
P2 h4-h v3 (P1 -P2)
or
2' 2 m'kg and p is in bar
2 fvis in ha-h3 vs (P1 -P2)x 10° Jkg (12.7)
quite small compared to the turbine work and is
work 1s
(b) Tsually, the pump
Then h4=h3, and the cycle efficiency approximately becomes
(a) etimes neglected.
sometir

of the Rankine
The efficiency
in
cycle is presented graphically
12.6. Thus Q2
the T-s plot in Fig.
2 is proportional to 1564, O, is
area
2 2
proportional to 2563, and Wnet
area

S 1 - 2 ) is proportional to area
(c) 1234 enclosed by the cycle.
The capacity of a steam plant is
Rankine cycle p-v, T-s and h-s diagrams often expressed in terms of steam
Fig.12.5 on

rate, which is defined as the rate of

steam flow (kg/h) required to produce Fig. 12.6 a, Wnet and Q are proportional to
For 1 kg fuid
unit shaft output (1 kW). Therefore, areas

The SFEE for the boiler (control volume) gives

ha+1 h 1kg 1kJ/s
(12.2) Steam rate IkW
- h -h4 W -Wp kJ
3600 kJ
The SFEE for the turbine as the control volume gives kg (12.8)
W-Wp kWs W-Wp kWh
h Wrth2 (12.3)
WT hi-h2 alternatively as heat rate which is the
Cycle
rate
efficiency is sometimes expressed
O heat input (O1) required to produce unit work output (I kw)
Similarly, the SFEE for the condenseris
3600 3600 kJ
h = Oa+hs (12.9)
(12.4) Heat rate W-Wp Teycle kWh
O h2-hs
and the SFEE for the pump gives reversible steady-flow
From the equation Wrev v dp, it is obvious that the
h+ W- ha (12.5
W- ha-hs
 Vapour Power Cycles...485|
*0...Engineering Thermodynamic

volume of fluid flowi

associated with the specific
the larger the reversible worrough
work is closely
device. The larger
the specific
volume,
Therefore, every effort
device.
should be roduced
made to
or vork and heat
at quantities are the measured values for the
consumed by the steady-flow small as le
possible during a
compressio keep ere
the
fro the
from corresponding quantities of the ideal cycle.actual cycle,
the specific of
volume a
input and
fluid as

as large as possible, du during an process to

expansion pro which
are
different

minimise the work to

maximise the work
output.
plants (Chapter 13), the pressure rise in the
In steam or gas power
to the pressure drop
in the turbi we the neglect pump or P4
handles ressure
compressor is equal ha p4 Pi
components. In steam power plants, the pump
pump the
losses in various other
which has a very small specific volume, and the turbine handles vapour, whose liqui P1
times larger. Therefore, the work output of the
specific volume
is many
the work input to
the pump. This is one of the reason turbineis
much larger than for t
power plants power generatione
in electriC
overwhelming popularity of steam P2
the steam exiting the turbine back to the hh 4S
If we were to compress let P3
condenser in order to "save the ho 1e3h.ut bat d 2s 2
before cooling it first in the el
pressure rejected,
we would have to supply all the work produced by the turbine back to the comro
pressor.
In reality, the required work input would be still greater than the work output of the
losses present in both processee Fig. 12.8 Various losses on T-s plot
turbine because of the irreversibilities or energy
Example 12.1).

ACTUAL VAPOUR CYCLE PROCESSES 12.3.1 Piping Losses

12.3
The processes of an actual cycle differ from th0se of ideal cycle. In actual cycle Pressure drop due to friction and heat loss to the surroundings are the most important
conditions might be as indicated in Figs. 12.7 and 12.8, showing the various losses. piping losses. States 1 and 1 (Fig. 12.8) represent the states ofthe steam leaving the
The thermal efficiency of the cycle is boiler and entering the turbine respectively, I'-l" represents the frictional losses, and
- I shows the constant pressure heat loss to the surroundings. Both the pressure
Qjoss drop and heat transfer reduce the exergy or availability of steam entering the turbine.
P>P A similar loss is the pressure drop in the boiler and also in the pipeline from the
O Qjoss pump to the boiler. Due to this pressure drop, the water entering the boiler must be
to a much higher pressure than the desired steam pressure leaving the boiler,
Turbine W< (h,- h2) pumped
and
< (h-h2s) this requires additional pump work.
Boiler

12.3.2 Turbine Losses

ne losses in the turbine are those associated with frictional effects and heat loss to
Surroundings. The steady flow energy equation for the turbine in Fig. 12.7 gives
P P4 Condenser PaP2
h h+ Wr+Qoss
W h-h;-Qloss (12.10)
Pump For the
versible adiabatic the path will be 1 -2s. For an ordinary real
bine the heat loss is small,expansion,
Cioss
ioss turbin and Wr is hy - hz, with Q equal to zero. Since actual
furbine work is less
than the versible ideal work output, h2 is greater than h2
W (h-h,)> (has-ha) Howeve
I t there is heat loss to the surroundings, h2 will decrease, accompanied by

Fig. 12.7 Various losses in a steam plant

 ...Engineering Thermodynamic
Vapour Power Cycles..o
487
heat loss is large,
the end state of steam foom the turbir
decrease in entropy. If the
a
that the entropy increase due Je to frictiona
may be 2'. It may
so happen

balances the entropy decrease

due to heat loss, with the result that the
the initial effects tbineu 4C
exna
sion isandneith
fnni
are cqual, but the
entropies of steam in the expansion process
reversible. Except for very
small turbines, he
heat loss from
adiabatic nor

generally negligible. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is defined turbines is 4R

h-h 3R3C
rh-hs h-h (12.11)
where H is the actual turbine work, and (h1 - h2) 1S the isentropic e n t h o .
(a)
the turbine (i.e., the ideal output). drop in (D)
4CT -
12.3.3 Pump Losses
The losses in the pump are similar to those of the turbine, and are primait
the ireversibilities associated with fluid friction. Heat imarily dueto
transfer is usually
The pump efticiency is defined as negligit
4RY
2s
Wp h4-h (12.12)
where Wp is the actual pump work.
(c)
12.3.4 Condenser Losses
Fig.12.9 Comparison of Carnot and Rankine cycles
The losses in the condenser are usually small. These include the loss of
pressure and
the cooling of condensate below the saturation
temperature.
12.5 MEAN TEMPERATURE OF HEAT ADDITION
12.4 COMPARISON OF RANKINE AND CARNOT CYCLES In the Rankine cycle, heat is add-
ed reversibly at a constant
pres-
Although the Carmot cycle has the maximum possible efficiency for the given limits sure, but at infinite
temperatures.
of temperature, it is not suitable in steam IfTm is the
power plants. Figure 12.9 shows the mean temperature
Rankine and Carnot cycles on the T-s of heat addition, as shown in
in the turbine, the constant
diagram. The reversible adiabatic expansion Tm
temperature heat rejection in the condenser, and the Fig. 12.10, so that the area under 4s
reversible adiabatic compression in the and 1 is equal to the area
pump, are similar characteristic features under 5 and 4S
of both the Rankine and Carnot 6, then heat added
cycles. But whereas the heat addition process n
the Rankine cycle is reversible
reversible and isothermal. In
and at constant pressure, in the Carnot cycle it 18 e h-ha Tm 1-4)
Figs. 12.9 (a) and 12.9 (c), Q2 is the same in botn un ml Mean temperature of
cycles, but since Q is more, nCamot is greater than heat addition Fig.12.10 Mean temperature of heat addition
7Rankine- The two Carnot cye
Fig. 12.9(a) and 12.9 (b) have the same thermal efficiency. Therefore, in Fig. 12.70
aso, NCamot
Rankine Butthe Carmot cycle cannot be realised in practise becauseand -has
pump work [in all the three S1S4s
cycles (a), (b), and (c)] is very large. Whereas in trom dince Q2 =
Heat
(C)it is impossible to add heat at infinite
pressures and at constant tempri = T2 (-S4s)
rejected h2-h3
=

state 4c to state 1, in
(b), it is difficult to control the quality at 3c, so that insearopic
compression leads to saturated liquid state. R a n k i n e 1 - 1 2 - s 4 )

T-4)
 489
0 . . . E n g i n e e r i n g Thermodynamics Vapour Power Cycles..
result of which the longevity of the blades
as a

IRankine 1m (12.13
surtaces,

erosion of blades in the later

stages
decreases. From a
of the turbine, the maximum
rejection. The
lower is the T for
conside
t at turbine exhaust is not allowed to
at the turbi
content
exceed 15%, or the quality
where 7 is the
temperature of heat Rankine
of the
cycle. But the lo. given Tm moIsture
85%.
below
It is
85% desirabl.
able that most of the turbine
expansion should take place
Thissctibeing
cable
efficiency
will be the of the surroundings
fall ase o
orr vapour region.
the higher is the temperature
1o
single
phase

temperature of heat rejection the

in Therefore, with
the maxim
fixed temperature
at the turbine
Ranmkine Tmi)only Team,
temperature of
max

mean temperature
of heat addition, the higher wit (12.14) . the
minimum
inlet,t h em i n

heat ejection, and the minimu

The higher the
steam at the
turbinee (Prma
efficiency. ity of
the the maximur
The effect of increasing ust being fixed,
he turbine in-
haust

at constant at the
initial temperature eam
pressure

on cycle efficiency
is fixed (Fig. 12.13).
pressure gets
12.11. When the let also drawn from 2s,
shown in Fig. vertical
line P2
to 1, The
initial state changes from 1 and
X2 the
Intersects
I and 1 is higher fxed by 72
fixed by material, at 1,
2 X2 0.85
Tm between Ts line,
between 4s and 1. So the maximum steam
than Tm which gives
super-heat at
increase in the at the turbine inlet. The
an
pressure
ne
Fig. 12.13 Fixing of exhaust quality, maximum
constant pressure increases the in the expansion
ireversibility temperature and maximum pressure in
mean temperature of heat
addition
however, not been Rankine cycle
S
process has,
and hence the cycle efficiency. considered.

The maximum temperature or Fig. 12.11 Effect of superheat on mean

steam that can be used isfixed from temperature of heat addition 12.6 REHEAT CYCLE
metallurgical considerations (i.e.,
the materials used for the manufacture of the components which are subjected to lfa steam pressure higher than (P)max (Fig. 12.13) is used, in order to limit the
high-pressure, high-temperature steam like the superheaters, valves, pipelines, inlet quality to 0.85, at the turbine exhaust, reheat has to be adopted. In that case all the
steam after partial expansion in the turbine is brought back to the boiler, reheated
stages of turbine, etc.). When the maximum temperature is fixed, as the operating
steam pressure at which heat is added in the boiler increases from pi to
p2 Fig combustion
by gases andthen fed back to the turbine for further expansion. The
12.12), the mean temperature ofheat addition increases, since T between 7s and5 fow, T-s, and h-s diagrams for the ideal
Rankine cycle with reheat are shown in
is higher than that between 4s Fig.12,14. In the reheat cycle, the expansion of steam from the initial state I to the
and 1. But when the turbine condenser pressure is carried out in two or more steps, depending upon the number
of reheats used. In the first
inlet pressure increases from 1
T max expands in the high pressure (HP) turbine
step, steam

Pi to p2, the ideal expansion rom the initial state to

approximately the saturated vapour line (process 1-2s in
The steam is then resuperheated (or reheated) at constant pressure in
line shifts to the left and g 12.14.
the moisture content at the
2
ne inboler (process 2s-3) and the remaining expansion (process 3-4s) is carried
ur the low pressure (LP) turbine. In the case of use of two reheats, steam is
turbine exhaust increases supetheated twice at two different constant pressures. Toprotect thereheat tubes,
P
(because x6,X2). If the kainis not allowed to expand deep into the two-phase region before it is taken for
moisture content of steam in
the later stages of the turbine ng because in that case the moisture particlesinsteam while evaporating
is higher, the entrained water Aeave behindsoliddeposits inthe form of scale which isdificultto remove.
6s 2s low reheat pressure may bring down Tm andhence, cycle efficiency Again,
particles along with the Trh Teheat pressure increases the moisture contentat turbine exhaust. Thus, the
vapour coming out from the Dpowe Dressureis1s optimised.Theoptimum reheat pressurefor most
S
of the modern
nozzles with high velocity| Fig. 12.12 Effect of increase of pressure Fig. about 0.2 to 0.25 of the initial steam pressure. For the cycle in
strike the blades and erode on n 12.14, for 1 kg of steam
cycle
...Engineering Thermodynamics Vapour PowerCycles. 491

P,
WT Q hhes+ hy-hz,
Ohas-hs
Wr h1-h2st hy-ha
L.P
H.P
Turbine
Wp hos-hs
Turbine

Boler Generator W-We h-h, th-ha,)- (h,

reheaterB P3
-hs) (12.15)
h-h6s+ h -hm
Ps.
3600
6s
Steam rate =

h-hs +h -has)- (hos -hs)kg/kWh (12.16)

Condenser enthalpy is in kJ/kg.
where
Since higher pressuresaare used in a reheat cycle,
pump work may be appreciable.
the high pressure pi been used without reheat, the ideal
Rankine cycle would
haveon
b 4's -5-6s. With the use of reheat, the area
ed to the basic cycle.
It is obvious that net work 2s-3-45-4's has been
6s Pump output of the plant increases
withreheat, because (ha- h4s) greater than (hs hs), and hence the
is -

steam rate
ases, Whether the cycle efficiency improves with reheat
(a)
decreas

temperature of heat addition in

depends upon whether
3 t t
mean
process 2s-3 is higher than the mean
nerature of heat addition in process 6s- 1. In practise, the use of reheat only gives
asmall increase in cycle efficiency, but it increases the net work output by making
nossible the use of higher pressures, keeping the quality of steam at turbine exhaust
within permissible limit. The quality improves from x4s to xs by the use of reheat. .
a

By increasing the number of reheats, still higher steam pressures could be used, but
LS
P3
the mechanical stresses increase at a higher proportion than the increase in
pressure,
because of the prevailing high temperature. The cost and fabrication dificulties will
P2 also increase. In that way, the maximum steam pressure gets fixed, and more than two
reheats have not yet been used so far.
4'sx'4s4S X4S In Fig. 12.14, only ideal processes have been considered. The irreversibilities in
S
the expansion and
(b) compression processes have been considered in the example given
later.
tts
12.7 IDEAL REGENERATIVE CYCLE
Critical
point
Order to increase the mean temperature of heat addition (Tmi), attention was so
ar confined to increasing the amount of heat supplied at high temperatures, such as
asing superheat, using higher pressure and temperature of steam, and using re-
heat.
P2
mean temperature of heat addition can also be increased by decreasing the
n t of heat added at low temperatures. In a saturated steam Rankine cycle (Fig.
4s .
4's .
, a considerable part of the total heat supplied is in theliquid phase when heat-
up water from 4 to 4', at a
tempera lower than T1, the maximum temperature
X 4s_

the cycle. For

tershould
s maximum eficiency, all heat should be supplied at T1, and feedwa-
(c)
enter the boiler att state
s
4'. This may be accomplished in what is known as
Fig.12.14 Reheat cycle
 4*...Engineering ThermodynomicS Vapour Power Cycles.. 49
12.8 REGENERATIVE CYCLE - 1 (h1 -h2) +(1- m) h3) + (1 -m
-ma) (h3-ha) kJ/kg
+
Wps
(12.18)
the feedwater enters the boiler at WP1+ Wp2
regenerative cycle, empersa Wp=
In the practical
12.17), and it is heated by
steam extracted
hure dm-m2) (h6- hs) *(l-mi) (hs-h7) +1 (h1o-ho) kJ/kg
between 4 and 4' (Fig. the regenerative cycle with sot diate
ith saturated steam (12.19)
flow diagram of
stages ofthe
turbine. The
corresponding 7-s diagram are
sho wn 1 1 (h1- h1o) kJ/kg
at the inlet to the turbine, and the
For every kg of steam entering
the turbine, leta Figs.12.1 2 -(1-mi m2) (h4- hs)
=

kJ/kg
(12.20)
and 12.19, respectively. turbine where the pressure
m kg stea (12.21)
the
stage of is P2, and
be extracted
from an
intermediate

state 8] by: mixing in heater -%-W2

7- - .
it is used to heat up
feedwater [(1 -m) kg at 1. The Cycle efficiency,
(1-m) kg ofsteam nands
turbine
then expands in the turbir p2from pressure (state 21
maining
when m2 kg of steam
is extracted for
for heating feed
heating
water 3600
pressure (state 3)
p3 remaining stages ofthe. in heater Steam rate kg/kW h
2. So (1-m -m2) kg steam of then expands in the
turbine to Wr-Wp
condensed into water in the condenser, and then pumped:
pressure ps,gets
where it mixes with m2 kg of steam
extracted at pressure P3. en (1 -m)k heater 2,
Then
In the Rankine cycle operating
Dankine cycle
from
operating at the given pressures, pj and p4, the heat addition
tate 6 to state 1. By using two
state
extracted nreoater at ve been stages of regenerative feedwater
is pumped to heater I
where it mixes with mi kg of steam
The resulting 1kg of steam is then pumped to the boiler where heat from an evt ofeedwater enters the boiler at state 10, instead of state 6, and heat addition is,
erefore, from state 10 to state 1. Therefore,
source is supplied. Heaters
1 and 2 thus operate pressures p2 and pa resnei
at

of steam and m2 extracted from the turbine are such that at 4

The amounts mj (Tm1)with regeneration = 4A0
from each of theheaters, the state is saturated liquid at the respective presie The (12.22)
cycle are as follows: S-S10
heat and work transfer quantities of
the

1 kg
P1. Isat ana (7m1)without regeneration g =

(12.23)
S-S6
W
Since (Twith regeneration>(7m1/without regeneration
Turbine
Generator
the efficiency of the regenerative
cycle will be higher than that of the Rankine cycle.
The energy balance for heater 2 gives
Boiler
P4 h 2+(l- mi) hg= lh9
m kg
makg hg-hs (12.24)
P2 Pa (1-m -m2)kg ha-hs
Condenser The energy balance for heater 1 gives
C.V. CV.
mah +(1-mi -m) hg =(1-m,) hy
Heater-1 7 1-m Heater-2 or
m2(1-m)h-h6 (12.25)

Pump 1
rom Eqs. (12.24) and (12.25), and mz m
2.25) can also be written alternatively as
can be evaluated. Equations (12.24) and

10 (1-my) h9-hs) m (h2-ho)

=

WP3 WP2 Wp
-Pump 3 Pump 2 (-m -m) (h7 -hs)= ma (h3 -h;)
EnergyBy gain of feedwater Energy given off by vapour in condensation
Heaters have been ssumed to be adequately insulated, and there is no heat gain from,
Or
Fig. 12.18 Regenerative cycle flow diagram with two feedwater heaters heat loss to, the
surroundings.
 70..Engineering Thermodynamics Vapour Power Cycles...497
2.17) and
of Eqs. (12. (12.31) can be
arity noticed. It is seen that the stepped
1 A
5-6-7-8-9-10 approximates the ideal
a greater number
that
of regenerative
cycle in
hus the heating of feedwaterstages
Kg
12.1 would give closer
10 P1
kg (1-m1) kg
Fig. 12.20). Thu
Fig.
by steam
a
approximati0n
'bled' from the turbine, known
Kg neration, carnotises the Rankine cycle.
P2 a sr e g e r

m2k (1-m-m2) kg
P3
6(1-m-ma)kg
P4

(a)

1 kg
10 P1 Loss in work
2 output Fie. 12.20 Regenerative cycle with many stages offeedwater heating
9 P2 1 kg
3" The heat rejected Q2 in the cycle decreases from (h4 - hs) to (h4- h5). There
is also loss in work output by the amount (Area under 2-2+ Area under 33"
1g 1kg 4), as shown by the hatched area in Fig. 12.19 (b). So the steam rate
Area under 4-4').
P4 4
increases by regeneration, 1.e., more steam has to circulate per hour to produce unit
incre.

S
shaft output.
The enthalpy-entropy diagram of a regenerative cycle is showm in Fig. 12.21.
(b)
Fig. 12.19 Regenerative cycle on T-s plot with decreasing mass offuid
P1
(b) Regenerative cycle on Ts plot for unit mass offluid Critical point o2

Path 1-2-3-4 in Fig. 12.19 represents the states of a decreasing mass offuid 1 Kg p3
For 1 kg of steam, the states would be represented by the path 1-2-3 4'. From m 1K g
<

4
Eq. (12.18),
W-hi-hz) + (1 - m) h2-hs) + (1 - m1 -m2) (hs -ha) 10 m 23 "

8
33
(h-h2) +(hz-h3) * (hy-h4) (12.26)
where (-m) (h2 -hs)= 1 (h-hy) (12.27) 6 m2)kg
5 (1-m1
(12.28)
(1-m-m) (h3 -h,) =1 (h3"-hs)
fuid. 1ne
The cycle 1-2-2-3-3"4-5-6-7-8-9-10-1 represents 1 kg of working
heat released by steam condensing from 2 to 2' is utilised in heating up
the waer
Fig. 12.21 Regenerative cycle on h-s diagram
from8 to 9.
(12.29)
14h-hz) =(hg-hg) 12.9 REHEAT-REGENERATIVE CYCLE
Similarly, (12.30) The effect
the vaporisation pressure is high.
1(hy-hy)-1(h-h) rol alone
of ng of steam is adopted when of the cycle is very small. Regeneration or
on the thermal efñciency
From Eqs. (12.26), (12.29) and (12.30) eat has a marked effect
eating up of feedwater by:steam extracted from the turbine with both. Figures
W (h-hs)-(h2-h2)-(h3r-h3) (12.3) ycle eficiency. A modern steam power plant is equipped
(h1-ha)-(ho-hg) - (h7- hg)
 498
. E n g i n e e r i n g Thermodynamics
Vapour Power Cycles... 499

the flow and T-s diagrams of a steam plant withrreheat and three balance of heater
Thee n e r g yb a l a n c e
1, 2, and 3 give
12.22 and 12.23 give

stages of
feedwater heating.
Here
mh +(1-m)hi =1 xha
+(1 -my) (h -h3) +(1-m) (h-h.
(h-h)
W= +(1 - m-m>) (hs -h6) + (1 - m-m2-m3) (h6- mohs +(1-m -m2)h1=(1-m)h12
Wp=(1 -m -m2 -m3) (h9 -g)
*(l-m1 -m>) (h kJkg mah +(1-m1 m2-ma)ho= (1 -

mi -mz)h1o
+ 1h1s-h4) kJ/kg which m, m2, and m3 can be evaluated
+(1 -m) h3-hi2) from

h-hs)+(1 -m,)h4-hs)kJ/kg 12.10 FEEDWATER HEATERS

anu
(1-mi -m2-m,) (h7 -hs) kJ/kg e iheaters are of two
Feedwater types, viz. open heaters and
closed
ontact-type heater, the extracted or bled steam is allowed heaters. In an open
to mix with
1 kg
Wi or
Coleave the heater at a common temperature, as shown
and b o t h
feedwater,
in Figs. 12.18 and
L.P In a closed heater, the fluids are kept
Boiler H.P 12.22.

Eig, 12.24). The feedwater flows throughseparate, and not allowed to mix
Turbine Turbine the
togd steam condenses on the outside of the tubes in tubes in the heater and the
the shell. The heat released
(1-mi)k9 toBo exuensation is transferred to the feedwater through the walls of the tubes. The
by condensati

mKg densate (saturated water at the steam extraction

m kg J
(1-m-m2-ma) kg er drip, then passes through a trap into the nextpressure), sometimes called the
lower pressure heater. This, to
Reheater
Heater Heater ms kg ne extent, reduces the steam required by that heater. The trap
passes only liquid and
Our. The drip from the lowest pressure heater could
Heater
n0 vapoul
similarly be trapped to the
1 andenser, but this would be throwing away energy to the condenser cooling water.
To avoid this waste, a drip pump feeds the drip directly into the feedwater stream.
eefojo 1 kg
LQLG Q
1 NPA Wrs WP2 WP1

Fig. 12.22 Reheat-regenerative cycle flow diagram

Turbine
Boiler

(1-m-m2)kg
(1- mi) kg
1 kg
15 m 1 kg
5V m Kg

/14 3
(1-m1-m2) Kg m1 Ciosed
Closed HO
Closed heater
m2 kg heater
. umdensate
12
ma Kg
w
I(my +m2E
10 Trap Trap ko9
(1-m1-m2-ma)kg
TOJO5
)Drip pump
7 m
heaters
Fig.12.23 Ts diagram of reheat-regenerative cycie Fig. 12.24 Regenerative cycle flow diagram with closed feedwater