Astronomy $ Cosmology

Luminosity
-

Luminosity is an absolute measure of the total power

of the electromagnetic radiation emitted star
by a

Note It the total emitted per unit time

: is
energy
It is denoted by symbol L
It is scalar quantity
"
units Watts CW ) or Js

Radiant Flux
Intensity
The emitted star out directions
energy by a moves in all .

This light illuminates an

ever-increasing area as it moves

out from the star .

If is absorbed and the is emitted

no
energy energy
then at distance d from the
uniformly in all directions ,

star the will be spread over the surface area

,
energy
of sphere This area
. is
given by the expression 41172
and since total second is the Luminosity
energy per
14 then the second
,
energy passing per
through unit area is
given by 44^-5

Radiant flux intensity can

simply be called flux
intensity .

It is also called apparent brightness /observed brightness

It denoted
is
by symbol F
Units =D Wm
-2
 fluxintensity/fluxintensity?
Radiant
Define
It is defined radiant
power (Luminosity)
as
passing
normally through a
surface per unit
area.

F low
y inverse
is square
=

-
Brightness equation

E-*
FAz

E*=E
Question
The of
luminosity the sun is 3.9x10"W. The
earth
orbits
the at
a
sun mean of 1.5x100km.
distance
flux
Calculate the radiant of the sun, near
intensity
to earth.

Solution

F
y
=

lon
= 1.4
=
xo it
Question
radiant
The flux
intensity
at earth due to sun's radiation
is 1400Wm?The mean orbital ratic about the sun
of Earth and mats are 15x100km and 1.3x100km
respectively.
Determine the radiat flux of the
intensity sun at
Mar's
surface
Solution Earth=(toe
Sun=> Earth Sun)
= Mars

=
F

-
Fiar 595-46
=

Fraud wi
1400
exo"s"
=

L 3.96x10w
= F 595.46Wm 600Wm
=

Lightyear

Itis the distance travelled by right

in a vacuum

in a time of one year.

light
1 year =
3.0x100 x 365 x 24 x
60x60

light year
I
9.4608x10"m
=

I ly = 9.5 N0*m 9.5x10km

=
 Standard candles

A standard candle is a class of stellar object which

has a known luminosity and whose distance can

be determined by calulatisn its radiant flux

using
intensity and luminosity .

Luminosity of six
brightest stars

"
s hsun = 3.83×10 W

"
Lsirius = 25 Lsun = 9.58×10 W

L = 1100 ↳ an =
4.21 ✗ 1029W
canopies
"
[ = / '
5 ↳ un
= 5-75×10 W
Alpha centauri

( =
170 ↳ = 6.51 ✗ 1028W
Arcturus un

1.53 1028W
Lnega =
40 ↳an = ✗

s
 Wien's displacement lane .

There is a link between the observed wavelength

of light and temperature .

Examples
:S
= Increase the temperature of the filament clamp ) by
increasing the current in the filament At first the filament
.

,
will
dull cooler reddish
glow red when it is
,
then orange ,
and

eventually whitish blue -

as it
gets hotter .

when a steel rod is heated

very strongly ,
at first it glows
dull ted .
As
heating continues , brightness of the glow
the
increases and the colour changes from dull net to orange .

The rod is radiating energy to its

surroundings
as

E- M R The
-
.

brightness of the glow depends on the rate

at which emitted ( the intensity and the
radiation is

colour seen depends on the relative intensities of the

wavelengths of the emitted radiation .

Experiments show that

at any particular temperature
an object emits radiation with a continuous range of
wavelengths and that the intensity and the spread of
,

wavelengths emitted depends on the temperature of

the object
.

Things to know

Black body radiation refers to the spectrum of light

emitted heated object ( example toaster filament lamps
by an :
,
 Black
body : It is an idealized physical body that absorbs
all incident EMR regardless of frequency or
angle
of incidence The name
.

blade .

body is given
b/c
it absorbs all colours of light .

Note : Any object which emits radiation will have higher

temperature than its
surrounding environment

Carbon blade absorbs 99% of incident radiation

( man made object which closely resembles blade body)
A star can be modelled as a black body

¥µfÉ
*

⑨sÉ
observed
wavelength
observed wavelength
<

ax ax

observed
wavelength
*
8

M¥
ax

It can be seen that :

at all temperatures radiation
,
is emitted over a continuous
range of wavelengths
the peak of the graph moves towards shorter wavelengths
as
temperature increases
the higher the temperature the greater
,
the power
radiated .

The wavelength that we observe is '

the wavelength
corresponding to max Intensity for a
giventemperature .

The wavelength corresponding to the maximum intensity

of emission at
any temperature is
given the symbol
✗ max -

Wien's displacement law

✗
max
✗
IT

✗
¥
=
max

where T= temperature in Kelvin LK)

b = Wien's displacement constant 12.898×15 'm K)
empirically ←
Question deduced .

The wavelength of the peak intensity of radiation

emitted Sun 51ohm
by is .

Calculate a value for the surface temperature of

the sun .

Solution
✗
max
=¥ 510×10-9=2.89-+8×153
F- 5682.4K ~~ 5700K
Question
Rigel and Betelgense are two
stars in the constellation
of Orion. wavelengths for the peak
The of
intensities
emission radiation from Rigel and from
of
Betelgene
are 24onm and 878nm respectively
surface
Calculate temperature of each of the
stars

station

Lel Betelgense
/max /max
I I
= =

240x8* 2.848x18 878x189

8x18
-
=

T 12075K
=
- 12000 3300.7kx3380K
T=

Note: By just comparing wavelength me can determine

Rigel has higher temperature as maxfor Rigel
is smaller as compared to Imax for Betely eus
 X
↳
Limit
- I

18 X
(xmat,

480
410

3608

Question solution

75000K I4800K

Imax 580x102=
/max=725x109m

b TY max
=
b T Xmax
=

=(5000) 1880x154) (4000) (725x104

=

b 2.9x183mK
=

b 2.9x18K
=

Since the is constant,

product we can the
say
relationship
is valid
 Question 8 solution

✗max
f-
=

29×1-0-3 8285 -7K 8300K

÷a
F- = = a

, 350×10-9

Stefan -

Boltzmann lane
The luminosity of a star does depend just on the
not

surface temperature of the star .

Luminosity also depends

on the physical size of the star ( its radius .

For example ,
the super red giant star KY Cygni has
a
surface temperature of 3500K but its luminosity
is Loo ooo times that of our sun . KX Cygni is
cooler than the sun
,
but its large surface area
makes it
very luminous .

The
luminosity of
depends on two factors
a star :

- its surface thermodynamic temperature (T) ( in kelvins

-
its radius Lr ) ( in metres )
In 1879 physicist Josef Stefan developed an expression
,

for Luminosity ( L) of a star

For a spherical object of radius r emitting black

body radiation at thermodynamic temperature T
,

its luminosity 14 is
given by the expression

2=4 A- or'T
" Stefan -
Boltzmann law

Stefan Boltzmann constant

0=5.67×10-8
-

where Wm-2×-4 ( experimental

value
)
✓ Empirically
Deduced
Wien's displacementdam and Stefan-Boltzmann dam
are used together to determine stellar rati;
↳ rating of star

Question
The
surface temperature of the sun is 5800K and
wavelength of light
at peak intensity
is soonm.

wavelength at peak intensity

The for Siring B -

is 120nm. The of this

luminosity star is 0.056
of the sun. The
times that of the sun
luminosity
is 3.83 x102 W.
the
calculate radius of Sirius-B

1:Use
Step laws
wins displacement to calculate the
temperature Sirius B
of -

-max maxT constant (b)

I
2 - >
=

(500)(5800) (120) (T)

=

T24167k
=

=24000K

Step
2:Use the Stefan-Boltzmann law to calculate
the rating of Sirius B -

L 4πe
=
T4

0.056x 3.83x102 415.67x10822416264

=

r 9.4x10m
=

Note:Siring B -

is roughly the size of our Earth!It is a

very hot star, but

not
very luminous ble ofits
small

size.
 F
=
Duestion
taken of
Measurements the
star Sirius give its
luminosity (as 1.6x02ow with its
intensity
maximum at 240nm. Determine a value for the
rading of siring

fation

/max 1 =

=> T1=

T Imax

gi)"
L YzrT r
rT* r)"
= =

r 1.5x10"m
=

Question
The of the
luminosity star Aldebaran is 520 times that of the
Sun. The wardength of lightat
peak for Aldebaran
intensity
is T4oum and the mandength of light at
peak intensity
for the Sun is form.

as Explain whether Aldebaran is cooke or bother than the sun.

↑ Imax x 1
TH
Linea's displacementlaw)
=?
ForAlderbaran max (of 740um) is
greater than Imax
lotsoom) of sun, so
accorting to win's displacement
law, will be
Temperature
its has, so it
will be cooler
as
compared to sun.
h) Calculate

baran
L:458 rTY

= r
r
= =

resebaran:
" Bunxse)"
resoaran=if" xse)"
"x
-

-"-
Visobaran 49.94 0
=
=

5
 Solution

⑰Imax
1
=

=>T =

8x=3947.2K
T 4000K
=

⑰ L:44882T4

r=
+

a)"
=

r =
3.3x10"m

9.5x10m -is I light year

3.3x10m 3.4 x0 light

is
-
year
 ⑬
25

12 (a) A star has a luminosity that is known to be 4.8 × 1029 W. A scientist observing this star finds
that the radiant flux intensity of light received on Earth from the star is 2.6 nW m–2.

(i) Name the term used to describe an astronomical object that has known luminosity.
Standard candle
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Determine the distance of the star from Earth.

F
s
=

3.8x10
6
r==
-

3.8x108
distance = ...................................................... m [2]

(b) The Sun has a surface temperature of 5800 K. The wavelength mmax of light for which the
maximum rate of emission occurs from the Sun is 500 nm. -
--

The scientist observing the star in (a) finds that the wavelength for which the maximum rate of
emission occurs from the star is 430 nm.
-

(i) Show that the surface temperature of the star in (a) is approximately 6700 K. Explain
your reasoning.

Xmax
-I (5800(500) (i) (430)
=

T 6740k=6700K
=

[2]

(ii) Use the information in (a) and (b)(i) to determine the radius of the star.
e n

L=4Yor2TY

4.8x10 45156x18%52167004
=

m
r 1.8 x 10
=

1.8x18"
radius = ...................................................... m [2]

[Total: 7]

->
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9702/04/SP/22
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1 The radiation emitted from an asteroid is monitored and the following spectrum
obtained.

÷
!"#$"%$&'()*+,-(.–2

I
1

I
1
I
1
I
0 20 40 60 80

-"/010'2%3,4.

(a) (i) State the wavelength at which the peak radiation flux from the asteroid occurs.
(1)

Wavelength of peak radiation flux = 16am

.................................................

(ii) Use the data to estimate the temperature of the asteroid.

(2)
✗ max
¥
__

. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.898×10-3
T=¥a
. . . . . ............................................................................................

,
= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=

16×10-6
181.125k
....................................................................................

. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Temperature of asteroid = 180k

.........................................................................
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(b) The asteroid is in a circular orbit, of known radius, about the Sun. The average
speed of the asteroid cannot be determined directly.
-

State the two extra data values that you would need in order to calculate the orbital
period of the asteroid.
(2)

1 massof the sun

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Gravitational constant
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) This asteroid is about 1.5 × 1011 m from the planet Jupiter.

=
Calculate the magnitude of the gravitational field strength of Jupiter at this distance.
mass of Jupiter = 1.9 × 1027 kg
(2)

⑥ 67×15 ) ( 1.9×167 563×10-4 / kg

"

8
Gtf 2
= =
. . . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

( 1.5×10
"
)2
. . . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
•
'
5- 6×15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gravitational field strength of Jupiter = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nkj

(Total for Question = 7 marks)

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* The Sun behaves as an approximate black-body radiator with peak energy radiation
occurring at a wavelength of 5.2 × 10–7 m.
(a) (i) Show that the Sun has a surface temperature of about 6000 K.
(2)
F-
Ena =

£¥L?I¥ = 5570k a Goook

.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,
.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) The radiation received from the Sun at the top of the atmosphere is
1.37 kW m–2. Show the Sun’s luminosity is about 4 × 1026 W.
Distance from the Sun to the Earth = 1.49 × 1011 m
(2)
F- 1.37×101 2-
¥-2
.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

411-1149×1612
.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"
2=3.82×10 w
.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Hence calculate the radius of the Sun.

(2)
Stefan -
Boltzmann law
.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

"
1=4/1-6 FT
.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

'm
7.46×10
Ñ
.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

t= ??¥✗
=
=

.............................. ............................................................. . . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Radius = . . . . . . . . . . . 746
....................................................
✗ 108m
?⃝
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(b) The huge power output of the Sun is due to nuclear fusion reactions taking place
within its core. State and explain the conditions necessary for fusion to occur.
(3)

.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High temperature $
pressure needed
.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

to overcome electrostatic repulsion and bring

.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

nucleic close enough to fuse to form a

.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

larger nuclei
.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question = 9 marks)

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The Earth can be considered to be a black body radiator at a temperature of 25 C.

radius of Earth = 6380 km > luminosity Is convert
~
(a) Calculate the total power radiated from the Earth.
(2)
4
L = 41T or it
. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

L = 41T (5.67×10-8)
. . . . . ............................................................................................
(6380×1051298)"
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

"
L = 2.29×10 W
. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total power radiated = 2.29×10 "W

................................................................

(b) Calculate the wavelength of the peak energy radiation for the Earth.
(2)
"
✗
f- 2-8-2%10
-

max -

=
. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

✗ max =
9.72×10
-

tm
. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wavelength of the peak energy radiation =

9.72×15 'm
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum in which this wavelength is found.
(1)
Infra-red
. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question = 5 marks)

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The planet Mars has a mean distance from the Sun of 2.3 1011 m compared with the
Earth’s mean distance from the Sun of 1.5 1011 m.
Sun’s radiation flux at distance of Mars
(a)
a Calculate the ratio .
Sun’s radiation flux at distance of Earth
(2)

=⑤:÷):-(
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

04253
Emacs
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

f-Earth
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ratio = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0-43
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) With reference to your answer in (a), comment on the suggestion that Mars could be
capable of supporting life.
(2)

Radiant flux intensity at surface of mars is about

............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

half that on earth Due to this

............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mars
.
will
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

have cold climate ( dike

............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .we
have on
poles earth) on
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

so it will be difficult to sustain life

............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

on mass .

(Total for Question = 4 marks)

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Question

(ii)
* Show that a peak wavelength of 2.00 m corresponds to a black-body
temperature of about 1500 K.
(2)

. . . . . . ............................... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
>
✗ max
22.8×7,9-115
F-
by 1450K a 1500K
=
. . . . . . ............................... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=

. . . . . . ............................... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . ............................... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii)
)µ The coals have an average radius of 2.5 cm. Assuming that each coal behaves
as a black-body radiator, calculate the rate at which energy is radiated from each
coal at a temperature of 1500 K.
=(3)
. . . . . . ............................... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

"
L= 41T of T
(2.5×10-511450)
. . . . . . ............................... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
. . . . . . ............................... 41T (5-67×10-8)
=............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

L 1970

Wiig
. . . . . . ...............................=
............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . ............................... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . ............................... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) The graph shows the shape of the spectrum for radiation emitted from a
black-body radiator at 1500 K. Add a second curve to show the shape of the
spectrum for a temperature of 2000 K.
(2)

Relative higher
intensity curve with peaks
shifted over to left

0
Wavelength

(Total for Question = 12 marks)

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A student is constructing a spreadsheet to calculate the radius R of some stars.

To obtain the radius, the surface temperature T of the star must first be calculated. She is
given values for the stars’ luminosities L and the wavelengths λmax at which peak energy
emission occurs. Part of the spreadsheet is shown, A is the surface area of the star.

A B C D E

1 λmax / 10–7 m T / 103 k L / 1027 W A / 1019 m2 R / 109 m

2 6.85 4.23 0.039 0.2 0.41

3 5.74 5.05 0.384 1.04 0.91

4 3.56 8.14 3.385 1.36 1.04

(a) Write an equation to show how the value in B2 is calculated. F- b-

Xmax (1)
B2
=2B9¥{
. . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Show that the value in D2 is about 0.2

(2)
" "

|
g¥=
L 41T or'T
= A = 0.039×1-0
. . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

=4ñr
'
T" y
or
(5.67×10-914.23×18)
. . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

L = A 01-4
. . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A =L-148×15%2=0.2148×10
" "
m
. . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The student was given the luminosity values to enter into column C.
Describe how astronomers could determine the luminosity of a star.
(2)
One
way of doing this is to use
brightness
. . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

equation F- 2=411-5 F
¥p
. . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

where F= brightness ( flux

observed
intensity
. . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question = 5 marks)

D= distance to star
.
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Rigel A in the constellation of Orion is one of the brightest stars in the sky. It is a
massive blue variable star with an intensity peak at a wavelength λmax of 0.25 m.
a n the a es below, sketch a graph of the intensity of radiation emitted by igel
against the wavelength of that radiation.
(2)

Hi
Intensity

0
t . .
0^25 0.50 0-75 1
Wavelength / m
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b he graph below shows how λmax varies with temperature T for a black body radiator.

0.70

0.60 - - - - - -
- -

y
l

l
0.50
l

l
0.40 l
λmax / m

0.30 l
- -
-
- l - - - -
- -

I
'
0.20
l t

0.10 1 i
I 1

0.00 ! !
0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000 22500 25 000
T/K

(i) Use the graph to estimate the surface temperature of Rigel A.

(1)
11500K
. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ii Show that the graph is consistent with Wien’s law.

(3)

max
✗ ✗ 1- Xma✗T= constant
"
. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

÷:*
. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Imax 0.25mm ✗ 0.6mm

Y¥ÉÉjggj
-_ __
. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .max
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1- = 11500K F- 4750k
. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Imax 1- = 2.875×10-3 tma✗T= 2.85×18

. . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
>
= 2.9×10-3 a- 2-9×15
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Question
(c) In addition to finding the distances to stars astronomers are interested in determining
•
the temperatures of stars.
The spectrum of star A is shown below.
radiation flux

¥
I
±
–

–
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 / m

Use data from the graph to determine the surface temperature of star A.
(3)
F-
¥ =

2,81%-110-3=2898 K a 2900K
. . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,
. . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Temperature = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question = 12 marks)

 Standard candles

A standard candle is a class of stellar object which

has a known luminosity and whose distance can

be determined by calulatisn its radian flux

using
intensity and luminosity .

To measure distance ,
the radiant flux intensity (F)

on earth ( observed / apparent brightness is measured .

If the actual luminosity LL) of the star or

galaxy can be found ,

then the distance can be
calculated ,
but the difficulty is in the determination
of the luminosity One in which this problem
way
.

is overcome is the use of stars known as

Cepheid variables .

A whose radius varies

Cepheid variable star is a star periodically .

The varying radius of the star causes the temperature of

the star to consequently the luminosity varies
change and
,

periodically . The period of this variation of luminosity land

also the star's brightness observed from the Earth)
ranges
from 1- to 100
day days .

Cepheid stars first identified

variable were
by
Henrietta Swan Leavitt in 1908 She discovered .

more luminous Cepheid had longer periods and ,

other astronomers extended her work to show

that there is a relationship between the
period of star's variation and its luminosity .
 f larger phase

smaller
← phase

since Cepheid of
all
given period have the same
a

luminosity a Cepheid's luminosity LL ) can be estimated

,

from the period of the variation of brightness .

Hence the distance to the star is found after

measuring
F.
So Cepheid variables alone completely change our
understanding
of universe and how far away different objects were
,
which
also allowed to understand the shape
us of our

and shape of other galaxies and eventually

galaxy
prove that the universe was expanding .

Question
The luminosity ( L) of a Cepheid variable is estimated
from its period to be 4.6×10"W .
Its radiant
flux intensity ( observed brightness ) F measured on
earth is 1.3×10-23 Wm
-2

Determine the distance of the Cepheid variable

from earth .

Solution
F- 2-
'

Yñd

4.6×1015
>
13×10-2 =

41T£

D= 5.3×10'°°m

95×10 'm
"
I light year
5.3×10 'm
'
560 light years
 Question
"
↳ un
=
3.83×10 w

a state two factors that affect radiant flux intensity

from a star ?

Luminosity Cy
distance (d)

b The radiant flux intensity F of light from a lamp

of distance 10cm is 0.32 W/ m2 . Calculate
F from the same lamp at a distance of
15cm .

Solution

E-
¥, %¥%→
F-

F- 1.42 w/m2
0.32 =

4¥01)
c- 0.1281T W
 ✓

at F ✗
¥
✓ ¥

Cepheid variables method does not work for galaxies

containing no Cepheid variables

other standard candles supernovae

Type IA supernovae

Type IA supernovae stars implode rapidly towards the

end of their lives and scatter matter and energy
,

out into space . This implosion event can be

brighter than the The luminosity
galaxy itself .
of the star at the time of implosion is

always the same . From this,

astronomers can
can estimate the star's distance from the earth .

¥5
⇐
Importance of Cepheid variables

First variable star was Delta Cephei in 1784

Before 1908
,
the only way of measuring distance to stars

parallel method ( the

was
displacement or the change
in the apparent position of the object when viewed
from tens different point of views)
Parallax method was restricted to only too light years .

C when the angles become to small our atmosphere

to interfere with the measurements)
begins
Just the radius of milky way is 50 ,
ooo light years
(this meant we could only observe 0.2% of milky
way)
After the discovery of Cepheid variable
,
we can measure distance of
more than 20 million light years
.

Note :
other unit for measuring distances in
space is parsec ( I
parsec =-3 262
.

lightyear )

so Cepheid variables alone completely change our

understanding
of universe and how far away different objects were
,
which
also allowed to understand the shape
us of our

and shape of other galaxies and eventually

galaxy
prove that the universe was expanding .
Question
The luminosity ( L) of a Cepheid variable is estimated
from its period to be 4.6×10"W .
Its radiant
flux intensity ( observed brightness ) F measured on
earth is 1.3×10-23 Wm
-2

Determine the distance of the Cepheid variable

from earth .

Solution
F- L

4.6×1015
>
13×10-2 =

41T£

8=5.3×10'°°m

95×10 'm
"
I light year
5.3×10 'm
'
560 light years
 Question
"
↳ un
=
3.83×10 w

a state two factors that affect radiant flux intensity

from a star ?

Luminosity Cy
distance (d)

b The radiant flux intensity F of light from a lamp

of distance 10cm is 0.32 W/ m2 . Calculate
F from the same lamp at a distance of
15cm .

Solution

E-
¥, %¥%→
F-

F- 1.42 w/m2
0.32 =

4¥01)
c- 0.1281T W
 ✓

at F ✗
¥
✓ ¥

Cepheid variables method does not work for galaxies

containing no Cepheid variables

other standard candles supernovae

Type IA supernovae

Type IA supernovae stars implode rapidly towards the

end of their lives and scatter matter and energy
,

out into space . This implosion event can be

brighter than the The luminosity
galaxy itself .
 Leavitt
Hypothesis
This relationship

Importance of Cepheid variables

First variable star was Delta Cephei in 1784

Before 1908
,
the only way of measuring distance to stars

parallel method ( the

was
displacement or the change
in the apparent position of the object when viewed
from tens different point of views
Parallax method was restricted to only too light years .

C when the angles become to small our atmosphere

to interfere with the measurements)
begins
Just the radius of milky way is 50 ,
ooo light years
(this meant we could only observe 0.2% of milky
way)
After the discovery of Cepheid variable
,
we can measure distance of
more than 20 million light years
.
 Big Bang Theory
The
Big Bang theory is currently the accepted theory
of how the universe was created The .

theory
states that originally an the matter in the
universe was created from a single tiny ,

infinitely hot and dense point which exploded

,

and to enlarge rapidly and is still expanding

began
today .

early stages after the Big Bang

At
,

fundamental particles (such as Ovaries leptons ) ,

and forces ( such as

strong forces gravitation) ,
came
into existence .

Subsequently expansion let to

,

cooling and formation of atoms ,

stars $
galaxies .

that
we know universe is
expanding b/c
of Doppler Redshift
The doppler Redshift is describe
a term use to
the increase in the observed wavelength of
the electromagnetic waves due to the recession
the
of source we can see.
this
happening
with light when we look at distant stars .

The light
appears to be stretched towards the
Pet end of the spectrum b/c the star is
receding (moving away) from us This redshift .

of spectral lines from distant galaxies implies

that all
galaxies are from heading away
us i e
-

the universe in
expanding - This
observation Hubble
was made
by Edwin .
Doppler Red shift
#
✗
=c¥

fo =

¥
1- ¥ a- v
-

to Ct ✗ or
CX =

Cto to V
CX -
=

to =
wavelength of C (✗ - Xo ) =
to V
stationary colour ( in tab
f- = Observed frequency
( from start

X-÷
|
c-

f-
= =

I
f. fc fv
+

?÷ I
=
c
=

f. a -
f, = fu

f =
I
 Hubble's Law

Hubble's observation were not restricted to just the

expansion of universe He also .

concluded that
galaxies further away from earth are heading at
a much higher speed as compared to the
galaxies which were nearer .

of
The recessional speed (v ) a galaxy is
directly
proportional to its distance (d) from us .

v ✗ d

Hod recessional speed of the

v= v=
galaxy
D= distance of the
galaxy
( from earth )
Ho = Hubbies constant
↳ C
Empirically determined
Ho = 2.4×10-1851
Units
-
'

Ho
I
i

÷
-

s
line of
Best fit

f
Ftse The distant
more a
galaxy ,

faster it recedes
away .

→ Gradient = Ho