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PLANNING PREMISES AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR HOSPITAL

LABORATORY

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 VOLUME-8, ISSUE-5, MAY-2019 • PRINT ISSN No. 2277 - 8160

Original Research Paper Medical Science

PLANNING PREMISES AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR HOSPITAL
LABORATORY

Singh M M Assoc Prof, Commanding Officer, 322 Field Hospital C/o 56 APO
Professor and HOD, Dept of Hospital Administration, Mahatma Gandhi University
Pramod Kumar* of Medical Sciences and Technology, Jaipur *Corresponding Author
Keerti Bhusan
Professor-Healthcare Management, Chitkara University , Chandigarh
Pradhan
A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where clinical pathology tests are carried out on clinical
ABSTRACT specimens to obtain information about the health of a patient to aid in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of
disease1. Laboratory construction, whether new construction, expansion, or renovation project, it is not only simple to buy the reasonable
equipment, but also comprehensive consideration of the overall planning laboratory, rational layout, and graphic design, as well as
electricity, water, air, ventilation, air puri cation, safety, environmental protection, infrastructure and basic conditions2.

KEYWORDS : Laboratory planning, rational layout, modular design, safety

INTRODUCTION Ÿ Blood Bank involves the testing of blood specimens in order to
A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where provide blood transfusion and related services.
clinical pathology tests are carried out on clinical specimens to Ÿ Molecular diagnostics DNA testing may be done here, along
obtain information about the health of a patient to aid in diagnosis, with a subspecialty known as cytogenetics.
treatment, and prevention of disease. Modern medicine is Ÿ Reproductive biology testing is available in some laboratories,
increasingly dependent on laboratory services for the prevention, including Semen analysis, Sperm bank and assisted
diagnosis and control of diseases; Medical laboratory services reproductive technology.
generate patient related information that enhances care and are an
important link in the chain process of medical care. Fundamental to
the process of laboratory facility planning is an understanding of
some basic design principles that ensure future adaptability.
Laboratories must have the exibility to adapt to future, as-yet-
unknown changes in technology and scienti c processes. Modular
design is by no means a cookie-cutter approach but rather a
simpli ed approach to achieving a wide range of goals in laboratory
design. Medical laboratories vary in size and complexity and so offer
a variety of testing services. More comprehensive services can be
found in acute-care hospitals and medical centers, where 70% of Fig 1: General layout of a modern hospital laboratory work
clinical decisions are based on laboratory testing3. station

Functions4
The functions of laboratories are manifold. Amongst the important
functions are
Ÿ Provision of comprehensive and accurate analytical test results
Ÿ Assistance in con rming/rejecting a diagnosis, prognosis and
follow up therapy.
Ÿ Detecting disease
Ÿ Training and research

Departments
In hospitals and other patient-care settings, laboratory medicine is Fig 2 : Clinical laboratory room with automated analyzers.
provided by the Department of Pathology, and generally divided
into two sections, each of which will be subdivided into multiple Classi cation of lab
specialty areas. The two sections are1: The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) codes give three
Ÿ General Pathology - involves a mixture of anatomical and classi cations for labs depending upon the amounts of ammable
clinical pathology specialties in the one Unit and combustible chemicals that are stored.
Ÿ Anatomic pathology: areas included here are histopathology,
cytopathology, and electron microscopy. Laboratory Classi cations
Ÿ Clinical pathology, which typically includes the following Class A
Ÿ High Hazard
areas:
Ÿ 10 to 20 gal. of various ammable or combustible liquids
Ÿ Clinical Microbiology: This encompasses several different
allowed
sciences, including bacteriology, virology, parasitology,
immunology, and mycology.
Class B
Ÿ Clinical Chemistry: This area typically includes automated
Ÿ Intermediate Hazard
analysis of blood specimens, including tests related to Ÿ 5 to 10 gal. of various ammable or combustible liquids allowed
enzymology, toxicology and endocrinology.
Ÿ Hematology: This area includes automated and manual Class C
analysis of blood cells. It also often includes coagulation. Ÿ Low Hazard

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VOLUME-8, ISSUE-5, MAY-2019 • PRINT ISSN No. 2277 - 8160
Ÿ 2 to 4 gal. of various ammable or combustible liquids allowed Locations
Laboratory should preferably be situated on the ground oor in
5
NABL classi cation close proximity to the ambulatory and acute patient care areas as
Ÿ Small Laboratory: A laboratory receiving up to 100 patients per well as in-patient areas.
day
Ÿ Medium Laboratory: A laboratory receiving up to 101-400 Space Requirements
patients per day Extent of automation and type of technology used are the main
Ÿ Large Laboratory: A laboratory receiving above 400 patients space determinant in a laboratory. Rule of thumb is 5-7.5 sq. ft/bed
per day or 0.7-0.8 m2 / bed.

PLANNING PREMISES AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) speci ed the area required for
Functional Areas (req as per ISO 15189:2007 & NABL ) hospital lab7 :
2
Ÿ 50 bed hospital area = 25 m
2
The Lab Unit will consist of the following Functional Areas6: Ÿ 100 bed hospital area = 60 m
2
Ÿ Entry/ Reception area with patient waiting Ÿ 200 bed hospital area = 103 m
Ÿ Specimen collection area including patient toilets ( this area Or area can be counted by the number of the beds, 0.7-0.8 m2 / bed.
may also be located remotely in Ambulatory Care areas); the
collection area shall have a workbench, space for patient
seating and hand washing facilities
Ÿ Specimen Reception registration and sorting area
Ÿ Laboratories, which may include specialists laboratories
Ÿ Support areas, including Clean-up, Sterilisation area, Storage
areas for reagents, appropriate storage for ammable liquids,
general supplies, refrigerated storage for slides and reagents,
disposal facilities for contaminated waste.
Ÿ Refrigerated blood storage
Ÿ Staff Areas including Offices, Meeting Rooms, Staff Room,
Lockers and Toilets.

Functional relationship diagram of a Lab Unit6

Fig 3 : Functional relation in lab unit

Fig 5: Layout of Standard hospital lab
Number of laboratory units - The nature and type of healthcare
Department in Lab
facility, volume of tests and available resources should determine
Histopathology - Electron Microscopy Room8
whether a central laboratory is sufficient or sub units are required in
acute and ambulatory patient care units.
A separate room shall be allotted for tissue processing with a fume
hood for handling osmium tetroxide.
FLOW DIAGRAM OF LABORATORY SERVICES
The ow diagram of laboratory services is essential to plan the
A separate dust-free facility, with air-conditioning shall be available
location of lab.
for preparation of specimen and performing electron microscopy.
The electron microscopy room shall have:
Ÿ Facilities in place for temperature control and chilled water
supply
Ÿ Insulated cabling kept away from the work areas
Ÿ Proper seating available to allow for optimal ergometric
positioning of the person using the microscope
Ÿ Dark room with adequate ventilation.
Ÿ Warning light on the door of the dark room indicating usage.

Cytopathology
The laboratory shall have a dedicated space for FNAC procedure.

Microbiology9
A separate biological safety cabinet, certi ed at least annually to
ensure that lters are functioning properly and that air ow rates
meet speci cations, must be available for mycobacteriological work
and for mycological work.

Fig 4 : Flow diagram of laboratory services The laboratory performing fungus culture shall be equipped with

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 VOLUME-8, ISSUE-5, MAY-2019 • PRINT ISSN No. 2277 - 8160
heating and cooling (BOD) incubator to meet with the Ceilings
environmental conditions for the isolation of fungi. Ceilings such as washable lay-in acoustical tiles (Mylar face with
smooth surface or equivalent) should be provided for most
SUPPORTIVE SERVICES10-11 laboratory spaces. Open ceilings are acceptable provided minimal
Lighting ducting and piping is present and all exposed surfaces are smooth
Natural light should be used for providing the requisite illumination. and cleanable.
Fixtures should be positioned to provide uniform, shadow-free and
glare-free illumination of the laboratory bench top. The light Windows and Window Treatment
required is as under Windows should be non-operable and should be sealed and
Ÿ Reception areas and stores : 200 lux caulked. Window systems that use energy-efficient glass are
Ÿ Offices : 400 lux recommended. Treatments should meet all functional and aesthetic
2
Ÿ Working places : 600 lux (1 lux = 11 lumen/m ). needs and standards.

General lighting for laboratories should be uorescent xtures. Corridors

Fluorescent light xtures should be directly above and parallel to Width should be 2m to 2.5 m to facilitate movement of patients
the front edge of the laboratory bench to prevent shadows. including those on wheelchairs.
Essential equipment should be on emergency power backup
systems and uninterrupted power supply (UPS). Benches14
Height for counter top should be 750-mm and 900 mm for
Electricity12 standing works. Depth of wall tables 700 mm. The height of
The laboratory shall ensure that adequate electrical service is competently reached overhead table cupboards should be 1500
available so that there is no interruption in power supply that may mm. Length of bench needed for each technician ranges from 1.6 m
lead to compromise of stored data. All computers, peripherals, to 1.8 m. Each lab bench should have lab sink with swan neck
equipment and communication devices should be supported in ttings with facilities (cool & hot water supply). In planning the
such a way that service is not likely to be interrupted. The laboratory under bench units, adequate knee space should be left at intervals
shall have procedures in place to ensure the integrity of refrigerated for the convenience of workers. The bench tops are to be seamless
and/or frozen stored samples/reagents/consumables in the event and acid / alkali resistant .
of an electrical failure. The use of exposed cables should be
minimum. Department wise distribution of electricity load is
illustrated in table 2.

Floors
It should be of materials that may be cleaned and disinfected easily.
Floor materials should be non-absorbent, skid-proof, resistant to
wear, and resistant to the adverse effects of acids, solvents, and
detergents. Materials may be monolithic (sheet ooring) or have a
minimal number of joints such as vinyl composition tile (VCT) or
rubber tile. Floor materials should be installed to allow for
decontamination with liquid disinfectants and to minimize the
potential spread of spills. They should be acid, alkaline and salt
resistant. Seamless or self leveling Epoxy ooring is preferable. The Fig 6 : Length & Height of benches in Lab
load bearing capacity of the oor should not be less than
500kg/sqm. Labs handling radio-isotope should have 2000 kg/sqm. Service Spines
The vibrating equipment exerts a load of two or three times its static
weight, hence requires a high load bearing capacity. It may be In order to satisfy the servicing demands of said procedures as well
desirable to have some sections of oor isolated from their as to allow for the rearrangement of working position under bench
surroundings to prevent vibration from one piece of equipment storage and each of repair and maintenance the bench services
affecting other equipment13. should be run in a spine behind and completely independent of
benches themselves. This should permit easy access to service pipe,
Wall electrical ttings, plumbing and other ttings in service pipes.
Wall surfaces should be free from cracks, unsealed penetrations, and
imperfect junctions with ceiling and oors. Materials should be Plumbing
capable of withstanding washing with strong detergents and The plumbing systems should be coordinated with the laboratory-
planning module. A piping distribution method (i.e. mains, risers,
disinfectants and be capable of withstanding the impact of normal
and branch lines) should be designed to accommodate easy service
traffic14.
isolation and system maintenance while minimizing disruption to
laboratory functions. Piping systems should be designed for
Doors
exibility and have redundant components to provide reliable and
Laboratory doors should not be of less than 1m wide. Some double continuous operation. Adequate uid temperature, pressure, and
doors of total width of 1.50 m should be constructed one of the volume should be delivered to required lab functions through
doors in these may be 1.0 m width and the other of 0.50 m. Vision conservatively sized pipe mains. Future capacity allowances need to
panels are recommended for all laboratory doors. In laboratories be considered in building designs. Emergency isolation valves
where the use of larger equipment is anticipated, wider/higher should be conveniently located on branch lines so that segments
doors should be considered. Laboratory doors should be recessed can be taken offline quickly in the advent of failures15.
and swing outward in the direction of egress. Door assemblies
should comply with all appropriate codes. Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) Sinks
laboratories should have doors that are self-closing and have locks. Laboratories must have a sink for hand washing. The sink may be
Laboratory doors are considered high-use doors. All hardware manually, hands-free, or automatically operated. Biosafety Level 2
should be appropriately speci ed to withstand this type of use. (BSL-2) laboratories should have the sink located near the exit door.
Light commercial grade hardware will not be speci ed. All When a separate tissue culture room is located within a main lab
appropriate hardware to meet security, accessibility, and life safety room, there should be a hand washing sink located inside the tissue
requirements should be provided. culture room16.
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 VOLUME-8, ISSUE-5, MAY-2019 • PRINT ISSN No. 2277 - 8160
Vacuum Systems
Vacuum pump systems will have hydrophobic (water-resistant)
lters on the suction side, with the exhaust to the outside of the
facility. Vacuum system exhaust should be vented to the outside of
the building and not re-circulated to the mechanical room. A
sampling port may be needed to sample exhaust. Filter housing
should be designed for easy replacement of the lter, with
maximum protection for maintenance employees from possible
contamination.

Vacuum systems should be protected with appropriate ltration

(0.2 micron hydrophobic lter or equivalent) to minimize the
potential contamination of vacuum pumps. Filters should be
located as close as possible to the laboratory in order to minimize
Fig 7 : Laboratory Sink potential contamination of vacuum lines. Some mechanism for the
decontamination of lters should be incorporated in the design of
Emergency Showers and Eyewash Stations17 the vacuum system.18
At least one emergency shower and eyewash station should be
available in each laboratory. These emergency showers and Ventilation
eyewash stations should be tapped to the laboratory water supply. Mechanical ventilation system is required with 10-15 air changes
When installing showers, the pull handle should be located in direct per hour in areas where ferns are expected and 4-8 air changes in
proximity to the shower head. Safety showers should be no more other areas. Systems should have adequate ventilation capacity to
than 25 feet from the chemical fume hood or other area where control fumes, odors, and airborne contaminants, permit safe
corrosive chemicals will be used. An eyewash station must be operation of fume hoods, and cool the signi cant heat loads that
readily available in all Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) laboratories. When a can be generated in the lab.
tissue culture room is located within a main lab room, the eyewash
station should be installed next to the hand washing sink located Laboratory HVAC systems should utilize 100 percent outdoor air,
inside the tissue culture room. conditioned by central station air handling systems to offset
exhaust air requirements. Laboratory supply air should not be re-
Emergency Eyewash should have following criteria circulated or reused for other ventilation needs. Laboratories
Ÿ Water remains on without use of hands (hands to hold eyes containing harmful substances should be designed and eld
open) balanced so that air ows into the laboratory from adjacent (clean)
Ÿ Goes from off to on in one second or less spaces, offices, and corridors. This requirement for directional
Ÿ Large and easy to operate controls air ow into the laboratory is to contain odors and toxic chemicals,
Ÿ Delivers 0.4 gal of water per minute i.e., negative pressurization. Air supplied to the corridor and
Ÿ Water nozzles 33 to 45 inches above oor adjacent clean spaces should be exhausted through the laboratory
Ÿ Visible sign to achieve effective negative pressurization. Laboratories should
Ÿ Checked and ushed weekly remain at a negative air pressure in relation to the corridors and
other non-laboratory spaces. Laboratory air should ow from low-
Emergency Shower should have following criteria hazard to high-hazard use areas. Administrative areas in laboratory
Ÿ Opens in one second buildings should always be positive with respect to corridors and
Ÿ Water remains on without use of hands laboratories.19
Ÿ Delivers 30 gal of water per minute
Ÿ Easy to locate and accessible controls Table 1: HVAC for Hospital Laboratory
Ÿ Head at 84" from oor Temp. Humidity Air- changes / Pressure Relation Bio. Med.
Ÿ Adjustable water supply Hrs, Fresh Air-F, Ship to Adjacent Eqpt. Load
Ÿ Visible sign Recirculated-R Areas
Ÿ Checked and ushed weekly 22°±2°C Up to 6-8/h – R Histology, 20000 W
60% Microbiology,
Pneumatic tube transport system Virology, Mycology
The transportation of sample requires a reliable solution that Mobid Anatomy- N
ensures a safe and efficient delivery. Rapid sample delivery systems,
usually pneumatic tube system (PTSs), have been installed in Gas Cylinders
hospitals to transport blood specimens from the phlebotomy site to If gas cylinders are to be placed in the lab, they should be properly
the core laboratory and deliver patient reports to clinicians secured to a vertical surface or counter out of the way of traffic in the
Transport of samples for blood gas analysis via a modern pneumatic space. Appropriate space for such cylinders should be provided
tube system is safe when samples are correctly prepared. The use of within the laboratory to minimize potential hazards associated with
rapid sample delivery systems can signi cantly reduce the the use of these cylinders and to maximize usable laboratory space.
turnaround times (TATs) of results, which account for approximately
40% in the laboratory median TATs. Flammable Chemicals and Waste Storage
Flammable-chemical storage cabinets should be placed in each
laboratory and meet applicable re safety requirements.
Flammable storage cabinets should not be located near exit
doorways, stairways, or in a location that would impede egress.
Space should be allocated in each laboratory for storage of chemical
waste.20

Biosafety levels in laboratory21

Biosafety levels are more important today with the expanding
usage of DNA Ampli cation. The Center for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have
Fig 8: Pneumatic tube transport system categorized the requirements of the four levels.

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 VOLUME-8, ISSUE-5, MAY-2019 • PRINT ISSN No. 2277 - 8160
Biosafety Levels travel. Fire protection and re detection equipment should not be
Ÿ BSL 1 - Infectious agents not known to cause disease in healthy obstructed.
adults
Ÿ BSL 2 - Infectious agents associated with human disease. Ability Hazard Communication Signage
to infect through autoinoculation, ingestion, and mucous Each laboratory should have a signage holder for prominently
membrane exposure displaying hazard communication information at the entrance door.
Ÿ BSL 3 - Infectious agents with potential for aerosol transmission. Individual labs should have signage holders that are consistent with
Effects may be serious or lethal the type used by other laboratories within each department or
building.
Ÿ BSL 4 - Infectious agents which pose high risk of life-threatening
disease, aerosol transmitted lab infections, or agents with
Alarm and Monitoring Systems
unknown risk of transmission
The increasing sophistication and ne control of laboratory
instruments and the unique quality of many experiments demand
Fire Extinguishers closely monitored and alarmed systems that can be connected to
The distribution of re extinguishers is speci ed by re code. For individual pieces of equipment or temperature-controlled rooms.
example, a re extinguisher must be within 30 feet of a ammable Several excellent monitoring systems are available for this purpose.
liquid storage area. Extinguishers should be conspicuously located They can be connected to a central monitoring facility at several
where they will be readily accessible in the event of re. They should levels of observation or can be used internally within a laboratory
be located close to the exits from an area and along normal paths of setting.
SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION WITH ELECTRICITY LAOD
AREA SQ MTR Scale of lighting Lighting Fan Load Total Load Total
Watts / Sq mtr load in watts @14Sqm / Of Load in
Fan (80 W) Fan(w/fan) Watt
General
1. Reception & Registration 10.50 4.6 48.3 1.00 80 128
2. Specimen collection and 21.00 4.6 96.6 2.00 160 257
distribution
3. Waiting Rooms 28.00 9.2 130 2,00 160 288
4. Toilet for male and female 7.00 4.6 32.2 32
(2X3.5)
5. Office, record & computer 21.00 4.6 96.6 2.00 160 257
room
6. Stores Chemical 17.50 4.6 80.5 1.00 80 161
7. Stores Acid 3.50 4.6 16.1 1.00 80 96
8. Stores General 7.00 4.6 32.2 1.00 80 112
9. Stores-in-charge 10.50 4.6 48.3 1.00 80 128
10. Staff changing 7.00 4.6 32.2 1.00 80 112
11. Staff toilets for doctors 3.50 4.6 16.1 1.00 80 96
12. Staff toilets for staffs 3.50 4.6 16.1 1.00 80 96
13. LPG Bank ( if no piped gas 10.50 4.6 48.3 48
(PNG) avlb)
Deptt of Morbid Anatomy, 1571
Histology & cytology
14. Histology Laboratory
(a) Grossing and processing 21.00 9.2 193.2 2.00 160 353
(b) Section cutting and staining 21.00 9.2 193.2 2.00 160 353
15. Specimen store (for storage of 10.50 4.6 48.3 48
specimen, blocks & slides)
16. Microphotography Room 10.50 4.6 48.3 1.00 80 128
17. FNAC Room 14.00 9.2 128.8 1.00 80 209
Dept. of Microbiology & 2662
Bacteriology
18. Bacteriologist with laboratory 14.00 9.2 128.8 1.00 80 209
19. Bacteriology laboratory 14.00 9.2 128.8 1.00 80 209
20. Mycology lab 10.50 9.2 96.6 1.00 80 177
21. Media Rooms
(a) Media Kitchen 10.50 9.2 96.6 1.00 80 177
(b) Media storage and plate 10.50 9.2 96.6 1.00 80 177
pouring
(c) Sterilizing room 10.50 9.2 96.6 1.00 80 177
22. Incubator Room 3.50 9.2 32.2 1.00 80 112
23. Cold Storage 3.50 4.6 16.1 16
Department of
Immunology
24. S.T.S laboratory 14.00 9.2 128.8 1.00 80 209
25. Laboratory for Other 10.50 9.2 96.6 1.00 80 177
Serological Work
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 VOLUME-8, ISSUE-5, MAY-2019 • PRINT ISSN No. 2277 - 8160
Department of
Haematology
26. Haematology laboratory 17.50 9.2 161.0 1.00 80 241
27. Stool, Urine examination with 10.50 9.2 96.6 1.00 80 177
28. (a) Specimen Cubicle 10.50 9.2 96.6 1.00 80 177
Department of Chemical
Pathology
29. Chemical laboratory No. 1 21.00 9.2 193.2 2.00 160 353
30. Photometry, Chromatography 14.00 9.2 128.8 1.00 80 209
& Electrophoresis and other
electronic equipment room.
Equipment Cleaning
Section
31. Wash up and preparation 17.50 4.6 80.5 1.00 80 161
Room
32. HP sterilizer Room 10.50 9.2 96.6 1.00 80 177
33. Sterile Storage 7.00 4.6 32.2 1.00 80 112
34. Janitor's Closet 3.50 4.6 16.1 16
Photography & Illustration,
Pathology Museum &
Training of Laboratory
Technician Section
35. Pathology Museum 10.50 9.2 96.6 1.00 80 177
36. Library & common Room 21.00 9.2 193.2 2.00 160 353
37. Classroom for trainees 21.00 9.2 193.2 2.00 160 353
TOTAL 514.50 6808 W
AREA OF FUTURE 51.45
EXPANSION 10%
Plinth Area for Circulation 169.78
Factor 30%
Plinth Area required 735.73
CONCLUSION 19. NCCLS. Laboratory Design: Proposed Guidelines. NCCLS document GP18-P (ISBN 1-
56238-261- 6). NCCLS, 771 East Lancaster Ave., Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, 1994.
Laboratories are process intensive centers and are vital service in 20. Parks, David G.. Disability and the Laboratory. Laboratory Medicine. Vol. 29, No. 12, pp
patient care delivery. It is thus essential that the complex task of 778- 781; Dec. 1995
planning laboratories should receive due consideration on all 21. US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Biosafety in Microbiology and Biomedical
Laboratories. 3rd Edition. Washington, DC: Public Health Service, US Government
facets. The laboratory building is a complicated system, in the Printing Office; 1993.
modern laboratory, advanced scienti c instruments and superior
sound lab is to enhance the level of modern technology, a
prerequisite for the growth of scienti c research. Laboratories are
expensive buildings and must be designed to evolve with the
continual shifts in scienti c discovery and advances in technology.

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