Ana Albino Tembe

Elisa Nhachungue

Ildafonsa Perreira

Odete Mnguele

Paulino Zita

Year 2

Reprodution

Degree in Night Shift Biology Teaching

Teacher:

Luísa Almeida Meque

Universidade Pedagógica de Maputo

May, 2023
 Ana Albino Tembe

Elisa Nhachungue

Ildafonsa Perreira

Odete Mnguele

Paulino Zita

Year 2

Degree in Night Shift Biology Teaching

The Scientific work related to

the subject of English, to be
delivered to the Faculty of
Earth and Environment
Sciences, for evaluation
Universidade Pedagógica de Maputo purposes under the guidance
of the teacher Luísa Almeida
May, 2023
Meque.
 Index ( Pags)

Introduction ………….………………………..............…...........……….... ( 1 )

Reproduction ..…..……………………....………...........…………….…… ( 2 )

Types of reproduction . .………………....……..............…….…….……... ( 2 )

Sexual Reproduction …………………………....................…………….... ( 3 )

Reproduction in Plants …………………………….….……………………( 3 )

Reproduction in Animals …………….............…………………………… ( 3 )

The advantages of Sexual Reproduction …………………………….….… ( 3 )

The difference between sexual and asexual reproduction ………………… ( 4 )

Levels of reproduction ……………………………………………………. ( 4 )

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………… ( 5 )

Bibliography ………………………………………………………………. ( 6 )
Introduction
The present work is related to the subject of English. It will focus on reproduction as the
principal topic. Whereby, the aim is to bring the definition, the difference between
sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction, types of reproduction: asexual and
Sexual Reproduction Diagram, the advantages of Sexual Reproduction and levels of
reproduction.

And therefore, the work follows the following sequence: Introduction, Development
and Conclusion.
Reproduction

1. Reproduction is a biological process by which an organism reproduces an offspring

that is biologically similar to the organism. Reproduction enables and ensures the
continuity of species, generation after generation. It is the main feature of life on earth.
Or in other hand, Reproduction is the process of producing offspring that are
biologically or genetically similar to the parent organism.

2. Reproduction is a process by which organisms replicate themselves. In a general

sense, reproduction is one of the most important concepts in biology, it means making a
copy, a likeness, and thereby providing for the continued existence of species. The
reproduction is often considered solely in terms of the production of offspring in
animals and plants, the more general meaning has far greater significance to living
organisms.

3. Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new

individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents.
Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists
as the result of reproduction.

The reproduction has its types and the modes of reproduction in plants and animals.

Types of Reproduction

There are basically two types of reproduction:

1. Asexual Reproduction
2. Sexual Reproduction

1. Asexual reproduction refers to the type of reproduction in which only a single

organism gives rise to a new individual.

The asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes, and therefore, the
offsprings produced are genetically identical to the parent. The organisms produced by
asexual reproduction are less diverse in nature. This type of reproduction is practised
widely by unicellular organisms.
The process involves rapid population growth and no mate is required for the process.
However, a lack of genetic diversity makes organisms more susceptible to diseases and
nutrition deficiencies.

Asexual reproduction is further divided into different types which are:

a) Binary Fission;
b) Budding;
c) Fragmentation;
d) Sporogenesis.

a) Binary Fission: In this, the cell splits into two each cell carrying a copy of the
DNA from the parent cell. For eg., amoeba.

b) Budding: In this, a small bud-like outgrowth gives rise to a new individual. The
outgrowth remains attached to the organism until it is fully grown. It detaches
itself and lives as an individual organism. For eg., hydra

c) Fragmentation: In this, the parent organism splits into several parts and each
part grows into a new individual. For eg., Planaria

d) Sporogenesis: In this type of reproduction, a new organism grows from the

spores. These can be created without fertilization and can spread through wind
and animals.

2. Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves the production of an

offspring by the fusion of male and female gametes.

Here we have a Sexual Reproduction Diagram bellow:

Therefore, in sexual reproduction, male and female gametes are formed to produce an
offspring. These gametes are either formed by the same individual or by different
individuals of the opposite sex.

This process is usually slow and complex compared to asexual reproduction. The
organisms so produced are genetically diverse. Thus, they can evolve along with the
changing climatic conditions. Humans and many multicellular organisms exhibit a
sexual mode of reproduction.

Reproduction in Plants

Plants reproduce by sexual and asexual means. Vegetative reproduction is the main
mode of plant reproduction. Roots such as a corm, stem tuber, rhizomes and stolon
undergo vegetative propagation.

Diagram of Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Sexual reproduction in plants takes place through pollination in which the pollen grains
from the anther of a male flower transfer to the stigma of the female flower.

Sexual Reproduction in Plants Diagram

A few plants produce seeds without fertilization and the process is called apomixis.
Here, the ovule or the ovary gives rise to new seeds.

Reproduction in Animals

Animals reproduce sexually as well as asexually. Sexual reproduction involves the

fusion of male and female gametes. This process is known as fertilization. Fertilization
can be external or internal. External fertilization is the process in which the male sperm
fertilizes the female egg outside the female’s body. On the contrary, in internal
fertilization, the fusion of male and female gametes takes place inside the body of the
female.

Asexual reproduction involves reproduction processes such as binary fission, budding,

fragmentation, etc. The organisms have no reproductive systems and therefore no
formation of male and female gametes takes place.

Thus, we see how beneficial reproduction is to continue life on earth.

The advantages of Sexual Reproduction

The advantages of sexual reproduction are:

a) Variations: Due to recombination and crossing over, sexual reproduction brings
about variations in species. Variations are essential for the individuality and evolution
of species.
b) Better adaptability: Increased variability due to sexual reproduction helps in better
adaptability of species.
c) Evolution: It helps in the evolution of species.
 The difference between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction

The differences between Sexual and Asexual reproduction are:

Sexual Asexual
Two parents take part Single parent
Offspring are genetically identical to each other and to their
Variation occurs in offspring
parent
Fertilization takes place No Internal fertilization or External fertilization
Gametes are involved No gametes
Mixing of hereditary material No mixing of hereditary material

Levels of reproduction

a) Molecular replication
b) Molecular reproduction
c) Cell reproduction

Molecular reproduction

The sequence of bases in a DNA molecule serves as a code by which genetic

information is stored. Using this code, the DNA synthesizes one strand of ribonucleic

acid (RNA), a substance that is so similar structurally to DNA that it is also formed

by template replication of DNA. RNA serves as a messenger for carrying the

genetic code to those places in the cell where proteins are manufactured. The way in
which the messenger RNA is translated into specific proteins is a remarkable and
complex process.

Cell reproduction

The chemical constituents of cytoplasm (that part of the cell outside the nucleus) are not
resynthesized from DNA every time a cell divides. This is because each of the two
daughter cells formed during cell division usually inherits about half of the cellular
material from the mother cell, and is important because the presence of essential
enzymes enables DNA to replicate even before it has made the enzymes necessary to do
so.

Cells of higher organisms contain complex structures, and each time a cell divides the
structures must be duplicated. The method of duplication varies for each structure, and
in some cases the mechanism is still uncertain. One striking and important phenomenon
is the formation.
 Conclusion

After the elaboration of this research work on Reproduction, I can confirm that
Reproduction has an important role because it enables and ensures the continuity of
species, generation after generation and it is the main feature of life on earth.

And, in asexual reproduction, an organism can reproduce without the involvement of

another organism, and then is not limited to single-celled organisms. The cloning of an
organism is a form of asexual reproduction. By asexual reproduction, an organism
creates a genetically similar or identical copy of itself.

Therefore, this work is extremely important for the society, as it is from it that we can
take advantage of the reproduction in the world.

I didn't have many difficulties in the elaboration of the work, since the information
necessary for the elaboration of the work was a lot and my reading was enough to
extract the essential.
 Bibliography

Kissin DM, Adamson GD, Chambers G, De Geyter C (2019-07-04).

Reproductive Technology Surveillance. Cambridge University Press.

John Maynard Smith. The Evolution of Sex 1978.

Bernstein, H.; Hopf, F.A.; Michod, R.E. (1987). The molecular basis of the
evolution of sex". Adv Genet. Advances in Genetics. 24: 323–370

Simpson, Michael G. (2019). Plant Reproductive Biology. Plant systematics

(3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Academic Press. pp. 595–606.

Lively, C. M.; Morran, L. T. (July 2014). The ecology of sexual reproduction.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 27 (7): 1292–1303.

Allogamy. Stedman's Online Medical Dictionary (27 ed.). 2004.

Available in:

• Https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction

• Https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ Reproduction

• Https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/soil-erosion-and-degradation

• Www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/12-053.htm