Related Literature

Presented in this section are related literature that have significance to

the present study. The cited literature are being discussed to support the bearing

of the problem.

An effective monitoring system must be implemented in such areas. A presence

system based on radio frequency identification (RFID) offers us

a solution that covers, for example, the presence of

a proxy server. This makes registration easier, faster and more

secure than the traditional method. This system is intended for use in
various educational institutions, corporate offices, government institutions, etc. Staff or

students simply need to insert their RFID card or tag into the reader and their

attendance is recorded for the day. In addition, the recorded attendance data is more

accurate because the system is synchronized with a real-time clock.

Both systems optimize attendance tracking with RFID technology, but our study is

more adapted to school environments, focusing on parent

communication, while Koppikar et al.'s system al seems to be designed

for broader organizational use without additional communication features.

Foreign

According to Fatangare M. et.al,1 (2020) The number of applications based

on RFID (Radio frequency identification) has increased recently. The purpose of

this framework is to make it simple for the teachers in charge at a school or

institution to keep track of understudy monetary transactions and to facilitate

participation and attendance. The card will be utilized for currency,

identification, security, document storage, and student tracking. The task, which
includes a card with an RFID issued to each understudy, is designed to encourage

completion by understudies or personnel. RFID is appropriate in a number of

sectors, including transportation, healthcare, agriculture, and community

development. Electronic passive and dynamic labels with user-appropriate

information are used in RFID technology to rearrange preset remote identifiable

proof.

According to this article, the main goals of employing RFID technology in

the educational setting are to make administrative chores for instructors simpler

and to enhance student management.

According Sihombing , et., al.2(2019) RFID use for precise student

tracking. The development of attendance tracking and regulating. Integrated with

a microcontroller from Arduino Uno and sensor to read the RFID tags on

students. A single student ID from the database is mapped to each tag's singular

identification (ID). We conducted our testing in a classroom at the Universitas

Sumatera Utara's Department of Computer Science. The outcome indicates that,

on average, it takes around 40 seconds to record the attendance of a class of 50

pupils, as opposed to around 200 seconds (3.33 minutes) when using a

traditional method. The equipment was also capable of recording flawlessly

during our test.

The result of the study findings demonstrated that compared to

conventional techniques, adopting RFID technology for attendance recording

greatly reduced the time needed. The traditional approach took approximately

200 seconds (3.33 minutes) to record the attendance of a class of 50 pupils, while

the new method took approximately 40 seconds. The technology employed in the
study was also capable of accurately recording attendance throughout the

testing. The potential advantages of RFID technology for student tracking and

attendance management, including increased effectiveness and accuracy, are

highlighted in this paper.

According to Putra, et.,al3,(2021) After students have manually signed the

form, the lecturer can insert the data regarding student attendance. But in the

fourth industrial revolution, it was necessary to transform digital data in

education. Taking the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology as

an illustration. The RFID student attendance prototype was created as a fix for

SIMAKAD's issues with entering student attendance data. With the addition of

Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities, the results of reading student IDs will be

communicated immediately across the internet and saved in a database server,

allowing RFID technology to identify each student while they are enrolled in

college. The database can be used directly by professors to track class

attendance.

According to Putra et.,al. Using the Radio Frequency Identification to

monitor the attendance with the additional internet of things for reading

students ID’s and saved in a database server. It can immediately identify and can

track class attendance.

According to Mishra, et., al,4 (2015) RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)

is one of the reliable and fast means of identifying any material object. a quick

and accurate method for locating any physical thing. They have several key

advantages over barcodes, including the ability to read wirelessly, the capacity to

store more data, the ability to be more robust, and the use of non-line-of-sight
technology. Whereas barcode or optical card readers are worthless under

difficult environmental conditions, RFID tags can read in any environment. When

the card is brought close to the RFID module, it reads the card information,

compares it to the information in the program memory, and then displays

approved or illegal entrance.

The aforementioned literature is relevant to the study, The sentence

makes a passing reference to RFID technology's use in access control. An RFID

module (reader) reads the data from an RFID card when it is brought close to it

and compares it to information in its program memory. With the aid of this

comparison, the system is able to decide instantly whether to grant or prohibit

access. Researchers frequently investigate the use of RFID technology in various

security and authentication contexts, access control being only one of the many

real-world uses of the technology.

According to Ujanawe, et., al.5(2022) The purpose of technical

advancements in colleges and universities is to increase student security. In

order to match the student's RFID to an RFID saved in the database, a micro

controller mounted to the classroom door uses RFID and GSM technology. When

a user reads a card on an RFID reader, the student is identified and verified. For

the entrance, they must line up. In this instance, using RFID technology, the

attendance checking is mechanized. SMS alerts are sent to parents and

executives. Automating the monitoring of attendance by using RFID cards to

monitor attendance and alert parents when a student or member of the staff

enters or exits the building.

 According to the findings of the literature. the goal of technological

developments in colleges and universities is to improve student security. The

study put into place a system that compares an individual student's RFID card to

the RFID data stored in the database using GSM and RFID technologies. By giving

parents and the appropriate authorities real-time updates on attendance, this

tool improves communication. This journal places a strong emphasis on the

application of RFID technology to automate attendance monitoring, improve

student security, and enhance communication between educational institutions,

parents, and executives.

According to Liu et., al.6 (2014) This study describes the use of radio-

frequency identification (RFID) technology for real-time remote body

temperature monitoring. An accompanying program can pinpoint the precise

location of the person wearing the relevant sensor. Radio-frequency

communication is utilized to broadcast the temperature data, and the RFID chip's

internal integrated temperature sensor is used to measure and detect the human

body's temperature.

This study focuses on the use of radio-frequency identification (RFID)

technology for real-time remote body temperature monitoring, The study

conducted by Liu the technology offers precise temperature monitoring and real-

time tracking of people by utilizing RFID chips with built-in temperature sensors

and radio-frequency transmission. This technology has the potential to be used

in a variety of industries, including healthcare, where ongoing body temperature

monitoring is essential for the early identification of anomalies or disorders.

 According to Arulogun et., al. 7 (2013) In this study, an attempt is made to

use RFID technology to address the ongoing issue of tracking lecture attendance

in underdeveloped nations. The study's developed and implemented use of RFID

for student attendance monitoring can eliminate time-consuming manual

attendance collection and give educational administrators the chance to record

statistics from face-to-face classes for the distribution of appropriate attendance

scores and for making additional managerial decisions.

This study focuses on developing and implementing an Radio frequency

identification for the student attendance monitoring. This system uses RFID tags,

which are small electronic devices that can be attached to students belonging.

Arulogun found out that RFID system was very effective. It was able to need for

manual attendance collection, which is a time consuming. The system also

allowed educational administration to collect data on student attendance in face

to face classes.

According to Shoewu et., al.8(2015). The RFID tag may be implanted in

the person's ID card depending on how the admissions program verifies student

identification. The teacher must top her RFID tag first to start a new session

(hour). This starts a new attendance session during which the pupils can top

once to increase their attendance. The results of this study, which involved

sixteen (16) students, show that the average execution time for the RFID - based

attendance was lowered to 3.85 seconds, compared to the manual method's

average execution time of 17.26 seconds. The RFID module operates in the

125Khz frequency range. When a tag moves in close proximity to it, the module

detects it, extracts its unique serial number, and sends this code to the micro-
controller, which matches it to the right individual and increases that person's

attendance.

This study focuses on the implementation of an Radio frquency

Identification-based attendance using RFID tags that can be implanted in a

person’s ID card. This study highlights for automating attendance tracking in

educational settings. In comparison to manual techniques, the device records

attendance in a more efficient and precise manner by embedding RFID tags in ID

cards and using RFID modules and micro-controllers.

According to Beaaver,9 (2016). Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

chips have been rising in popularity because of their usefulness and convenience,

and have now made their way into the ID cards of universities. An RFID chip is an

identification device that, when powered by some nearby source, sends out a

signal with information that was stored in the chip. Physical security solutions

using RFID operate similarly to locks and keys, when the key is an RFID chip.

RFID chips don't have a distinct pattern; instead, they have an identifying code

that the lock can read. Additionally, some RFID chips cover this code with a

sequence of encryptions. According to RFID estimates from 2014, it is realistic to

assume that a lot more institutions will follow the rising trend of RFID adoption.

But this comfort might come at the expense of safety. On college campuses, the

usage of RFID technology in ID cards could pose a severe security risk.

In this article said, University, ID cards now use Radio Frequency

Identification (RFID) chips, which are growing in popularity. Small gadgets called

RFID chips can transfer data when they are energized by a nearby source. RFID

chips serve the same purpose as lock keys in the context of physical security
solutions. The lock can read an identification code from the chip. One important

mentioned is that RFID chips do not have a distinct pattern like tradional keys;

instead, they rely on the identifying code stored within them. To enhance

security, some RFID chips include a sequence of encryption to protect the code

from unauthorized access. However, the convenience and popularity of RFID

technology in ID cards also raise concern about safety and security on college

campuses. While RFID adoption in on the rise, it is important to consider

potential security risks associated with the technology.

According to Saste, et., al.10(2023) The tags, sometimes known as student

ID cards, hold data that has been electronically saved. These tags use

electromagnetic induction to power them and read them over short distances (a

few meters), and then they function as passive transponders to emit microwaves

or UHF radio waves (electromagnetic radiation at high frequencies). Other tags

use a local power source, like a battery, and can operate over distances of

hundreds of meters. Unlike a bar code, a tag can be embedded in a track item and

is not required to be in the reader's line of sight.

In this paper the main benefit of RFID is that it is a safe, contactless

technology that is in high demand right now. The need for management staff at

any educational institution to develop a safe, effective, and precise tracking

system for their students is becoming more and more pressing. These tags will

make it possible for them to have a single card that has all of a student's

information, simplifying their work.

According to De La Cruz, et., al.11(2019, June). The trends in the mobile

technology era offered a lot of convenience way in terms of communication to

various users. In the past few years, the information spread thru various ways

such as posting to the bulletin board, public places a the likes and specially to the

students and parents, it is common to them to go the nearest bulletin of

information for the update.The system used RFID reader that will trigger the

turnstile to open and send SMS to the parents toward the system unit with the

use of GPRS Modem. The system used RFID TAG to trigger the turnstile device

that will send SMS to the parents informing their time in and time out. The

system runs on Windows 7 and 8 environments due to the drivers’ compatibility

issue, and was developed in Visual Studio C# programming language and SQL

Server 2012.

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According to Kariapper et., al.12 (2019) The time and attendance

systems help to monitor the employers and students working and attending time.

Educational systems are struggling with the traditional system. It affects the

pedagogical activities considerably. The traditional system is encountering many

problems, and there is a need for a robust technological solution. This study

focuses on building a two-factor prototype with RFID, IoT, and machine learning

techniques. A microcontroller, GSM module, RFID tag, an RFID reader are used

for first step verification. A camera with Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional

Network (MTCNN) model is used for a second verification. When both are okay,

students will get the attendance. If it fails, parents will get a notification about

the student’s attendance. When the prototype is developed as a complete system,

the educational system will be getting higher advantages.

 The study shows the benefits of RFID technology over antiquated paper-

based methods, emphasizing its enhanced accuracy, performance, security, and

dependability. Organizations can use the advantages of RFID technology while

addressing particular needs for their applications by implementing a hybrid

model.

According to Ajami, et., al.13(2013). Radio frequency identification (RFID)

systems have been successfully applied in areas of manufacturing, supply chain,

agriculture, transportation, healthcare, and services to name a few. However, the

different advantages and disadvantages expressed in various studies of the

challenges facing the technology of the use of the RFID technology have been met

with skepticism by managers of healthcare organizations. The aim of this study

was to express and display the role of RFID technology in improving patient

safety and increasing the impact of it in healthcare.

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According to Haibi, et.,al.14(2022, January 05).Radio Frequency

Identification (RFID) is a technology that not only serves to identify objects but

also communicates other information, allowing the real-time monitoring of

objects at each step in a mobile object network and the reporting of information

on their current status. RFID has become one of the most promising research

areas and has attracted increasing attention. This interest sparks a huge amount

of literature in the field of RFID. However, the research has been conducted from

different perspectives and, as a result, has led to a growing body of knowledge

dispersed in different fields. To fill this gap, we carried out a systematic mapping
study (SMS) based on a well-established research methodology from the medical

and software engineering scientific communities, which aims to study and

identify the approaches used, quantity and quality of publications, types of

research, and publication trends that shaped the field of RFID research over the

past two decades.

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According to Liu, Xingmao.15(2022). Radio Frequency Identification

(RFID) technology comes from radar technology. It is a fusion of radio technology

and radar technology. This paper expounds the basic principles of RFID

technology development based on the research of related literature, and

emphatically analyzes the actual application of this technology in modern society

and the forecast of its future development trend. Radio Frequency Identification

(RFID) is a wireless communication technology that can identify specific targets

through radio signals and read and write related data without the need to

establish mechanical or optical contact between the identification system and the

specific target. The research results show that at present, RFID technology is

mainly used in the three major fields of payment, supply chain, and anti-

counterfeiting. Due to its advantages of fast broadcast rate, high stability, and

strong repeatability, it will be widely used in the field of the Internet of Things in

the future.

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Local

According to Dellosa16 (2012) The goal of this study was to create a

student recorder that used radio frequency identification to keep track of when

students arrived on campus. The walk-through metal detector, testing, and

evaluation of RFID have all been done to observe its operation. The created

software is capable of capturing and storing the ID number, serial number, name,

course, and college as well as the entry type, log date, and time. Additionally, the

developed program may take pictures of students and visitors that come onto

school property. Additionally, the responses from the students indicated that the

appointed guards adopt proper procedures, particularly while tapping the ID.

The guards can determine whether the holder is legitimate based on the

information displayed.

This study is an evaluation of an RFID which the students walks through a

metal detector and to keep on track when they arrived at school. To avoid issues

like inside fights and stolen properties.

This journal written by Morallo17 (2015) entitled. “A study was designed

to establish an electronic attendance and logging using short messaging and

radio frequency identification (RFID). The pupils will utilize an RFID card system

to check the service (SMS). Use RFID technology to track attendance, record time,

and prevent unauthorized entry in and out of the main entrance. The LPU-

LAGUNA SEALS project was developed in this study with five main goals in mind:

(1) use the student RFID chip in the IDs as a gate pass; (2) send daily SMSs to

parents about the student entry and exit time record; (3) effectively manage and

monitor student attendance and logs via intranet and internet; (4) provide
printed reports and electronic files of attendance and logs; and (6) implement

the project in the school. Utilizing both RFID and SMS technology, the project was

deployed effectively, resulting in effective management of student attendance and

logs that give campus security and useful information management.

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According to Canlas et.al,18(2023). Businesses from every sector in the

world require to be cost-efficient and organized. With the rise of IoT or Internet

of things, a variety of systems can be created in order to aid businesses with the

use of small devices that are connected to a core system such as Raspberry Pi.

The monitoring of attendance is a huge part of everyday business, like when

employees log their attendance every day for work. Teachers take attendance of

their students in schools every day. Many of them still use the traditional way of

doing the attendance with the use of pen and paper. To usher them into the

modern world, the researchers have utilized IoT technologies to create an

attendance system that is capable of reading RFID tags, detecting face mask, and

body temperature. To make things organized, a user interface was created in

order to track data in real-time. Data such as names, contact, numbers, and email

addresses, are all important in the everyday operations of a business. Based on

the findings of this research, it is suggested that the digitization of the traditional

method of taking attendance greatly improves the efficiency, cost-reduction, and

overall morale of a business.

 Based on the results of this study, it is proposed that digitizing the

conventional approach to taking attendance considerably enhances a business's

effectiveness, cost-reduction, and general morale.

According to Del Rosario,19(2012), The purpose of this system is to

monitor the arrival and departure of Polytechnic University of the Philippines

students. The students will use their RFID card (Radio Frequency Identification)

to enter in the school premises. The RFID reader will detect if the RFID card is

registered on the database of the school. The function of SMS (Sort Message

Service) Advisory is it will give the parents the information regarding the time of

the arrival and departure of their children in the PUP campus even though they

are at home.

This study implementation of this RFID-based student monitoring system

at PUP offers several benefits. It enhances security that only authorized

individuals can enter the school premises. It also provides parents with real-time

information about their children’s where abouts, promoting safety and peace of

mind. Additionally, the announcement features help in effective communication

and ensures that important information reaches all stakeholders.

According to Calo, et., al.20(2021, December). Faculty attendance in

schools are monitored based on Daily Time Record (DTR) which captures a daily

time-in and time-out of teachers in and out of the school campus using various

technologies and methods, however there is a scarcity of studies in monitoring

faculty attendance in the actual bounds of the classroom. Hence, this study aimed

to develop an In-Classroom Faculty Attendance Monitoring System based on

Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) with

captured image cross-verification mechanism.

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According to Bantayan, N.21(2015, May 1). A prototype of precision

forestry that integrates radio-frequency identification (RFID) and geomatics is

described where parameters of forest growth like diameter, height and crown

size can be collected on a regular basis using an RFID system, trees are

geolocated and the data are stored in a geodatabase. Individual trees are fitted

with RFID tags and read by an RFID scanner. The data can be fed into a

geodatabase of a GIS application that allows spatially-explicit monitoring and

visualization. In the proposed system, a two-fold objective is prescribed, namely:

conservation and production where trees and other flora are monitored for long-

term ecological forest growth and dynamics in the former and tracking of logs

from the time of harvest until the transport to the primary wood processing

plant in the latter. An RFID-enabled tracking system for Philippine forestry will

improve the verification of the origin of harvested products, thus, substantially

reduce illegal logging by ensuring that logs are sourced from certified

plantations. This pioneering precision forestry is the first to combine RFID and

geomagnetic.

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 According to Dalmacio, et,. al.22(2023, May)A campus-based monitoring

system employing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is designed

and implemented in this article. By tracking staff and student movements across

the school, the suggested system seeks to improve the security and safety of a

university campus. The system utilized RFID tags that are linked to personnel

and student ID cards and are scanned by RFID readers placed in several well-

chosen places across the campus. The gathered information is then sent to a

centralized server, where it is processed and analyzed using an algorithm

designed to identify unusual movement or behavior patterns. The study's

findings demonstrate how well the suggested approach works to track personnel

and student movements across the campus. The technology has the ability to

recognize unusual movement or behavior patterns and provide warnings that

may be utilized to enhance campus security and safety. Moreover, the system may

provide insightful data on personnel and student mobility and behavior that can

be utilized to enhance campus administration and planning.

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According to Yumang, et.,al.23(2017). Attendance checking can be tedious

as there are hundreds or even thousands of students to be checked every day

whether they attend class or not and instances where checking attendances

manually just makes it worse. This design aims to create a method of checking

the attendances of students without the use of the traditional pen and paper

method. The design made use of the RFID tags within the school ID of the

students, Raspberry Pi as the processing unit of the system, and an android

application that operates the entire system. The results include successes in the

functionalities of the design including registration of students and checking of

the attendance itself. It can be concluded that the design's effectiveness enables

the professor to check the attendance of the students without the use of the pen

and paper method.

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According to Biag, Carla Allyxzandra C.24 (2021)The study's goal was to

see whether a one - way text messaging machine using RFID will be effective to

the students, teachers, and parents/guardians. The study has taken advantage of

the school’s usage of RFID to record the attendance. The same RFIDs are to be

used to register into the Electronic Cartero Machine (ECM). The researchers built

a system where students can message their parents/guardians their concerns by

tapping the students registered RFID using the Raspberry Pi as a controller to

show the GUI (Graphical User Interface) of the system. The main program is

custom made using Java SE (Standard Edition) and Swing.

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According to Reyes, et.,al.25 (2023, June).Cloud services have emerged as a

promising solution to facilitate a wide array of heterogeneous activities,

delivering highly efficient services in various domains. This study focuses on the

design and implementation of a Web-Based Attendance and Class Scheduling

System for Columban College, Inc. (CCI) located in Olongapo City, Philippines. The
system integrates Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and

Raspberry Pi to streamline attendance tracking and class scheduling processes.

The proposed system aims to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of attendance

monitoring while simplifying the class scheduling procedure for both students

and faculty members. RFID technology is employed to facilitate quick and

convenient attendance recording, eliminating manual methods, and reducing

errors. Additionally, the Raspberry Pi serves as the central processing unit for

data management and web-based access.

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According to Juaneza, J. P.26(2023, March). The disruptive responsive

technology has transformed traditional processes and industrial practices

combined with the latest smart technology that evolved locally and globally. The

proponent of this study created the Development of a Disruption Responsive

Smart Room Technology, which will allow modern technologies to be used to

generate a substantial difference from the traditional ones. The objectives of this

study were to establish an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)-based

registration and identification system for faculty and students that will help with

the accuracy of attendance management and an electrical supply relay socket

that will enable the function of a smart room technology that will give the faculty

the power to control the devices connected to and networked with a mobile

console.

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 According to Cabrillas, et.,al.27(2021, December 08). Manual checking of

attendance may lead to inconsistency of data inputs and may generate unreliable

attendance result. Hence, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system has been

developed to solve this problem, but it allows only checking student’s attendance

as they enter and exit the school premise only. In consequence, teachers in every

subject still need to check and monitor students’ attendance manually.

Nevertheless, due to a usual large number of students entering and existing the

school premise as they are tapping their RFID card, there is always a possibility

of proxy attendance.

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According to Aninon, et., al.28(2020, December 15). Throughout the years,

attendance monitoring has widely evolved from manual methods to the

integration of technology. Manual attendance monitoring in an institution

consumes time, hard to maintain, prone to human error, and leads to misplaced

or lost records. Individuals also tend to take advantage of the flaws of the manual

method that leads them to commit hoax and forgery. Despite the innovation of

different automated systems, biometric recognition systems, RFID technology,

and barcodes also have disadvantages. To address the shortcomings of the

existing methods and to minimize the contingencies, this paper describes the use

of a web application that utilizes an ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID with a

motion sensor to monitor the attendance of students from the University of San

Carlos.
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According to Santander, Jean Richel B.29(2018, January). Effective

notification and monitoring of students’ attendance are among the significant

developments of any higher education institution must have. This study

primarily focused on the design and development of an iNotify&Monitor System

with Data Analytics using RFID and Mobile Broadband Technology. It is a 3-in-1

software that is intended to help Jose Rizal Memorial State University-Katipunan

(JRMSU-K) Campus improve its procedures in notifying the students every time

there are important announcements such as class cancellations, delays, schedule

of activities or even a warning in case of emergency for their safety, monitoring

students’ attendance, and examining enrolment and attendance records for

better decision-making.

According to Fortes, et., al.30(2018).Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

system is an emerging technology for automatic identification, where it

automatically identifies things between a stationary location and movable object.

The antenna plays a crucial role for the performance of the RFID system, thus

determining the appropriate material used for antenna is important. Every

fabrication method has a variation of 5 turns and 7 turns for the coil antenna. An

Analysis and comparison of results were done and dictates that the received

voltage is inversely proportional to the reading distance. the number of turns is

also inversely proportional with the received voltage.

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