JSPM’s

JAYWANTRAO SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO.5

Title: Study of PCM

1. Aim: Study of PCM

2. CO 209.5: Discuss the generation and reconstruction of PCM, DPCM and DM.

3. ELO-2: Student will be able to study PCM, DM, ADM and line codes.

4. Objectives: To Generate and study PCM Modulation and Demodulation.

5. Pre-requisites: Basic Knowledge of MATLAB

6. Theory:
In continuous wave (CW) modulation, some parameter of a sinusoidal carrier wave is
varied continuously in accordance with the message. In contrast with this, in pulse modulation,
some parameter of a regular pulse –train is varied in accordance with the message. One may
distinguish two basic types of pulse modulation, namely, pulse -analogue modulation and
pulse- code modulation. In the former, a periodic pulse train is used as the carrier wave, and
some characteristic feature of each pulse (e.g. amplitude duration or position) is varied in a
continuous manner in accordance with the pertinent sample value of the message signal. On
the other hand, in pulse – code modulation (PCM), a discrete-time, discrete amplitude
representation is used for the signal and, as such, it has no CW counterpart. In a PCM system,
the message signal is sampled and the amplitude of each sample is round ed off to the nearest
one of a finite set of allowable values and the rounded values are coded.

(i) PCM

The essential operations on the transmitter of a PCM system are sampling, quantising and
encoding, as shown in Fig. 1. The quantising and encodin g operations are usually performed
in the same circuit. The encoded output is the PCM signal. The PCM pulses get distorted &
corrupted with noise in the transmission. The receiver regenerates these impaired signal
pulses, decodes and filters to reproduce the message signal.

(ii) Sampling
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JAYWANTRAO SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Sr.No. 58, Handewadi Road, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra411028
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

The incoming message wave is sampled with a train of narrow rectangular pulses so as
to closely approxi- mate the instantaneous sampling process. In order to ensure perfect
reconstruction of the message at the receiver, the sampling rate must be greater than twice
the highest frequency component wm of the message wave. In practice, a low-pass filter is
used at the front end of the sampler in order to exclude frequencies greater than w m before
sampling.

(iii) Quantizing

A continuous signal, such as voice, has within its finite amplitude range, an infinite
number of amplitude levels. However, in PCM one retains only a finite number of discrete
levels by using quantisation. This introduce some error in the signal. This is called
quantisation error or quantisation noise. This means that the original continuous signal may
be approximated by a signal constructed of discrete amplitudes selected on a minimum
error basis from an available set. Clearly if one assigns the discrete amplitude levels with
sufficiently close spacing, one can make the approximated signal practically
indistinguishable from the original continuous signal. Graphically, the quantising process
means that a straight line representing the relation between input and output of a linear
continuous system is replaced by a staircase characteristic as in Fig.2.

The quantising error consists of the difference between the input and output signals of the
quantizer. It is apparent that the maximum instantaneous value of this error is half of the
separation between two adjacent permissible amplitude levels.

(iv) Encoding

The quantised sample values are coded. Any plan for representing each of this discrete set of
values as a particular arrangement of discrete event in a code is called a code One of the
discrete events in a code is called a code element or symbol. In a binary code, each symbol
may be either of two distinct values or kinds, such as the presence or absence of a pulse.
The two symbols of a binary code results in the maximum advantage over the effects of
noise in a transmission medium. It is also easy to regenerate. With an n bit (binary
digit) binary code, one can represent a total of 2n distinct numbers. There are several ways
by which binary symbols 1 and 0 can be represented by electrical signals. These constitute
the PCM signal.

DEMODULATION:-

(i) Decoding

At the receiver, the received PCM pulses may be reshaped. The reshaped clean pulses are
regrouped into code words in the receiver and decoded into a quantised PCM signal. The
decoding process involves generating a pulse the amplitude of which is the linear sum of all
the pulses in the code word, each pulse weighted by its place-value (20, 21 , 22 , 23 .... for a
binary code) in the code.
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JAYWANTRAO SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Sr.No. 58, Handewadi Road, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra411028
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

(ii) Filtering

The final operation in the receiving is to recover the signal wave by passing the decoder
output through a low-pass reconstruction filter whose cut off frequency is equal to the
message bandwidth wm. Assuming that the transmission path is error free, the recovered
signal includes no noise with the exception of the initial distortion introduced by the
quantisation process.

(iii) Quantising Noise

As mentioned earlier, quantising noise is produced in the transmitter end of a PCM system
by rounding off the sampled values of a continuous base band signal to the nearest permitted
quantising levels. For a Quantising process, let the step size be uniform and equal to S
volts. It is clear from Fig. 2 that if qe denotes the value of the error produced by the
quantising process, with a random input signal, the quantising error is a random variable
which is bounded by -S/2 = qe = S/2. It can also be shown that the mean squared value of the
quantising noise q e is S2/12.

Figure1: PCM Coder- Decoder

7. Conclusions:

QR Code
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHxjh0sDih0
 JSPM’s
JAYWANTRAO SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Sr.No. 58, Handewadi Road, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra411028
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Question Bank:
Q. No. Description
1 Which are the main blocks of PCM.
2 What is the difference between PCM and DPCM